практик. Ббк 81. 2 Англ923 т 23
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a duck is a class countable one. Duck is derived from a duck as a result of a metonymic transfer. 16. Gold is an uncountable material noun meaning a soft yellow precious metal - золото. A gold as a countable noun is a case of a metonymic transfer from gold. It can mean either the colour of gold and or a gold medal in which sense it is always countable and can take the indefinite article. 17. Play is an abstract uncountable noun meaning the things people do for amusement rather than work - игра. A play is a story written to be performed by actors - пьеса. As such is a countable noun which can be used in plural and take the indefinite article. 18. Thought is an abstract uncountable noun meaning an act or process of thinking or careful consideration - раздумье, размышления, e.g. lost in thought. A thought is an abstract countable noun meaning an idea, an intention or an opinion formed by thinking - мысль. II.
Exercise 8, p. 367 I. 1. a lottery – lotteries, 2. a fisherman – fishermen, 3. a fish - fish, fishes, 4. a series – series, 5. a Japanese - the Japanese(the entire nation), two, three etc. Japanese (people/men/women ), 6. progress, 7. a person - people, persons, 8. a woman – women, 9. advice, 10. a mouse – mice, 11. petrol, 12. a chef – chefs, 13. information, 14. a foot – feet, 15. weather, 16. a tomato – tomatoes, 17. a means – means, 18. a photo – photos, 19. a leaf – leaves, 20. an ox – oxen, 21. a species – species, 22. a carp - carp, carps, 23. a tooth – teeth, 24. a cuckoo – cuckoos, 25. a taxi – taxis, 26. a menu – menus, 27. toast, 28. a mongoose – mongooses, 29. a disco – discos, 30. a Swiss - the Swiss (the entire nation), two Swiss (people/ men/ girls), II. 1. a class-mate -class-mates, 2. a forget-me-not- forget-me-nots, 3. a man-of-war - men-of-war, 4. a man-servant - men-servants, 5. a merry-goround - merry-gorounds, 6. a mother-in-law - mothers-in-law, 7. a passer-by - passers-by, 8. a woman-driver- women-drivers, 9. a grown-up - grown-ups, 10. a hanger-on- hangers-on, 11. a boy-friend - boy-friends, 12. an officeblock - office-blocks, 13. a cupful – cupfuls, 14. a court-martial – courtsmartial, 15. a school-inspector – schoolinspectors. Exercise 9, p. 367 Complete the table. Note that some of these words of foreign origin have regular plurals.
Exercise 10, p. 368 1,2,4,8, 13, 15, 16, 18. All these uncountable abstract nouns are used without articles because in a general sense such nouns take no article. It is notworthy that all these nouns: information, advice, neivs, weather, money, work (in the meaning a job or an activity that one does, especially in order to earn money -работа) are never used with the indefinite article. 3. The definite article is used with the uncountable abstract noun information because the limitation is clear from the context out of which the sentence has been taken. 5. The definite article is used with the uncountable abstract noun advice because there is the limiting attribute I gave you. 6. One instance of giving or receiving advice is a piece of advice. One needs such a long construction because advice remains an invariable singular noun no matter how often you give of receive it. 7. For advice see 4 and 6. As for good name the word combination generally takes an article, mostly the indefinite one, as name is an abstract countable noun. Here, however, it is used with zero article, probably to echo good advice which cannot take the indefinite article. 10. The countable abstract noun weather never takes the indefinite article. When preceded by a descriptive attribute it takes no article at all. I I . The uncountable noun money is never used with the indefinite article. 12. The definite article is used with the uncountable abstract noun money because there is a limiting attribute. 14. The abstract uncountable noun weather is always used with the definite article if it is not preceded by a descriptive attribute. 17. When used in a general sense abstract uncountable nouns take no article and this is just the case. Exercise 11, p. 368 1. Play and no work will make you lazy. 2. History repeats itself. 3. Grammar is taught deeply in this school. 4. My father has an old French grammar. 6. Nature should be protected against pollution. 7. He was a man who lived for pleasure. 8. He has a nature like his grandfather’s. 9. It was a pleasure to talk to you. 10. Can you do me a favour? 11. Get down to business, all of you! 12. Charity begins at home. 13. You should study law at university. 14. Language is unique to humans. 15. To succeed in life you need a will. 16. In her youth she was a beauty. 17. We are looking for people with experience. 18. I need a study where I can work quietly. 19. They are looking for work at the moment. 20. Speech is a manifestation of language. Exercise 12, p. 369 1. What is news and how is it gathered? 2. What is the latest news? - It is very interesting. 3. There is a piece/bit of news I’d like to discuss. 4. Be careful! Such fatal news can kill the old man. 5. A reporter looks through the news he has managed to obtain/he has been able to get. 6. Bad news travels fast. 7. Most information comes from the press. 8. The spy brought important information. 9. Is the information accurate? Can it be trusted? 10. “Mom, we’ve come to you for advice.” 11. A good piece/bit of advice is what you need now. 12. Do you want advice? OK, I can give you a bit of it. 13. This is an invaluable piece/bit of advice! It comes from the heart. 14. People like to talk about the weather because it’s a safe subject. 15. What is the weather like today? - The weather is cold. It looks like snow 16. I like to roam the forest in the weather favourable to the growth of mushrooms. 17. Work in a bank was difficult for him. 18. Is this interesting work? Do you like it? 19. He has got an extensive knowledge of physics. 20. The rock concert was a great success. 21. My students are making great progress in the foreign language. 22. There is money in the box. Take it. The money is yours. 23. He counted the money carefully and put it into his wallet. 24. Education is the best investment. 25. He has given his son a first-class education. Exercise 13, p. 369 1. In both sentences particular sorts of cheese are mentioned, so the noun cheese has become a class countable one. 2. Material uncountable nouns used in a general sense (food in this case) take no article. The presence of a descriptive attribute good makes no difference. 3. Snack is a countable noun used as an attribute to foods which is also countable because it denotes different sorts of food. Popcorn is an uncountable noun of material. Since it is used in a general sense no article is used. A treat is a class noun used with the indefinite article in its classifying function. 4. Lunch is a class noun. As it is used with a descriptive attribute very fancy it takes the indefinite article in its classifying function. Meats is a countable plural noun here because it denotes different kinds of meat. A salad is also a class countable noun as it denotes a particular sort of salad. As such it is used with the indefinite article in its classifying function. 5. In the first sentence the material noun wine is used in its general sense, so it is uncountable, takes no article and is used with a singular verb. In the second sentence the noun wines denotes various sorts of wine so it is countable and plural. 6. A wine denotes a particular sort of wine, so it is countable and can take the indefinite article. 7. See 5, the second sentence. 8. See 5, the second sentence. 9-10. See 5. Vegetable (9) and Jruit (10) are material nouns used as attributes. 11. A salad denotes a particular sort of salad, so it is countable. Fruit is an uncountable noun of material used as an attribute. 12. Two teas mean two cups of tea, and a coffee denotes a cup of coffee. When one speaks of portions of tea, coffee, beer, salad, etc. these material nouns become class countable ones and can be used with numerals or with “a” meaning “one”. 13. Chicken here is not a bird but its flesh which one eats as food, so it is an uncountable noun of material. Fruit is an uncountable material noun used attributively. Fruil here is a singular invariable noun. The same applies to toast which unlike fruit is always singular. 14. See 1. 15. Different sorts of soup are mentioned so the noun becomes a class countable one. A particular kind of broth is mentioned, so it is countable and can take the indefinite article. Teas mean different sorts of tea, so the noun has also become a class countable one. Exercise 14, pp. 370-371 I. 1. A singular invariable noun. 2. If the word fruit is used in the botanical sense, that is the part of a plant, bush or tree which contains the seeds, it can be countable ( ruiod). 3. The fruits of nature or of the earth are those plant or vegetable products that may be used for food. These are set expressions and the word fruit in them is countable. 4. In this sentence the noun fruit is singular and is used in its botanical sense (See 2). Most oftenfruit has no plural but it doesn’t mean that it can’t be used with the indefinite article like advice or toast. 5. To bear fruit is a set phrase meaning to yield results. Although here the word fruit is used in its figurative sense and when used figuratively fruit is countable, originally to bearJruit must have had only a literal meaning and was used with reference to fruit trees and bushes, so fruit in this sentence is a singular noun. 6. A singular invariable noun. 7,10,12. Here fruits is a countable noun which means sorts of fruit. 8. See 1. As fruit is a singular invariable noun it is used with singular verbs. 11,13,14. See 1 and 4. II. I . I spend a lot of money on fruit because I like it. 2. What shall we have for dessert? 3. Fruit is cheap this season, especially apples, bananas and plums. 4. Formerly/In the past fruit was brought from the Crimea and the Caucasus/Fruit used to be brought.... Now it is mostly brought from Latin America, Africa and Italy. 5. They say that you should eat the fruits that grow where you live. 6. What’s the English for “the fruits of learning”? 7. Fruit salad should consist of different fruits. 8. A lot of exotic fruit can be seen nowadays in our markets. 9. There isn’t much fruit this year. But this is no problem. It will be imported from abroad. 10. The play “The Fruits of Enlightenment” was written by Leo Tolstoy. 11. His knowledge is a result/a fruit of long learning. 12. The apricot is a very wholesome food, it is especially good for the heart. 13. Now I can fully enjoy the fruits of my labour. 14. What fruits do you sell? - Whatever you like. 15. In the north cold-resistant fruit is cultivated. 16. Fruit and vegetables are vegetarians’ main food. 17. We’ve run out of fruit. Someone has to go to the market. 18. Different fruits are used for cosmetic purposes. Exercise 15, pp. 371-372 |