практик. Ббк 81. 2 Англ923 т 23
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I. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 18. The noun fish and its derivatives such as starfish (5) have identical forms for the singular and for the plural. When it is plural it is used with plural verbs. 4, 8. The form fishes denotes different kinds and species of fish. In 4 and 11 both forms are used. See above. 14. The plural of the noun fish identical to its singular is used. The sentence is a set expression which in this case means “There are many other men you can have a relationship with.” 15. The formfishes is used here just to rhyme with wishes. The noun fish is singular in the first sentence and plural in the sec- ond. An odd fish is an old-fashioned expression meaning someone slightly strange or crazy. A pretty kettle of fish is trouble. 13, 16. Here fish is the flesh of a fish which one eats as food. It is an uncountable material noun and takes singular verbs. II. 1. I usually prefer fish to meat. 2. Fish is necessary for our health/for the functioning of our bodies. 3. Sushi is a popular Japanese food consisting of fish and rice. 4. Fish contains little fat. 5. Amanda swims like a fish. 6. Henry has a large collection of minerals, fishes and birds. 7. My favorite dish is fish and chips. 8. There are very many ways to cook/of cooking fish. 9. There are a lot of fish in this river, but we haven’t caught any today. 10. There is a lot of meat on the table but little fish. 11. The fishermen were happy, they had caught a lot of fish. 12. Stop thinking about Maxim. There are many other fish in the sea. 13. How much fish shall I buy? - Two or three fish. 14. The boy was given an album about exotic fishes as a present. 15. He catches fish for pleasure. 16. A shark is a fish which is dangerous for other fish. 17. She is breathing like a fish out of water. 18. The fish is delicious! It melts in the mouth. Exercise 16, p. 372 1. Here family is viewed as a single undivided body, so it takes a singular predicate verb. 2. Here the group of people denoted by the collective noun family is considered as a collection of individuals doing personal things, so the predicate verb is plural. 3. Here the staff is viewed as an impersonal unit, hence the singular predicate verb. 4. Here the staff are considered as a collection of people doing personal things like deciding, so the predicate verb is plural. 5. The media is a collective noun, which can be used with plural or singular verbs. In conversation both can be used but a plural form should be used in formal writings. 6. The collective noun police is always used with plural verbs. 7. Glasses is the plural of glass. In the plural the noun loses its original meaning and means spectacles. 8. Equipment is a singular invariable noun of material. Under no circumstances can it become plural. 9. If the noun statistics as in this case means the science of collecting and examining numbers which represent facts of measurements, it is always singular and as such is used with singular verbs. 10. The noun statistics if it denotes a set of numbers representing facts or measurements as in this sentence is always plural and is used with plural verbs. 11. Poultry is considered as a collection of living beings, hence the plural verb. 12. The Government is viewed as an impersonal unit so it takes a singular predicate verb. 13. The Government is considered as a collection of people doing personal things like feeling, so this collective noun takes a plural predicate verb. 14. The collective noun plankton is uncountable and takes singular predicate verbs. 15. Linen is a noun of material. As such it is uncountable and takes singular predicate verbs. 16. The noun public is a collective one. Since here the public are a collection of people performing personal actions like stopping and staring, the predicate verb is plural. 17. Crowd is a collective noun. The verb is plural not because here it is a noun of multitude, i.e. a noun denoting a collection of living beings doing personal things, but because the subject is plural: we. Clothes is a plural invariable noun used with plural verbs. Earnings is a plural invariable noun used with plural predicate verbs. 20. The noun tights is a plural invariable one used only with plural verbs. 21. Class is a collective noun. Here it is viewd as a single undivided body, so a single predicate verb is used. 22. The teacher views her class as a collection of individuals doing separate things, hence the plural predicate verb. 23. Measles like the names of some other diseases (mumps, shingles, rickets) is a singular invariable noun taking singular verbs. Exercise 17, p. 373 1. There are more than 80 species of butterflies on the British Isles. 2. All my family are good musicians. 3. The dregs on/at the bottom of the glass looked suspicious. 4. His memoirs are very interesting to read. 5. Why are your eyelids so red? - I’ve been peeling onions. 6. The customs are at the end of the corridor. 7. What is the novel about? - The police fight the mafia as usual. 8. A new series of short stories for beginners was published a month ago. 9. The gladioli in our garden are very lovely. 10. This information is very interesting, the police are already studying it. 11. I’ve read Charles Darwin’s book “The Origin of Species” with interest. 12. These bears belong to a rare species. 13. Such natural phenomena are frequent in this hemisphere. 14. Your jeans are new, but they have holes on the knees. Is this the latest fashion? - Exactly/Precisely. 15. What are Wellingtons? - They are rubber boots. Even the Queen herself wears them in rainy weather. 16. There are no preservatives in this juice. 17. I owe you 40 pence, and I’ll pay it back to you right away 18. When we were travelling in the Sahara we saw oases all the time but they were just mirages. Exercise 18, p. 374 1, 2. Non-perfect active gerunds used as subjects. 3. Non-perfect active gerunds. Thinking is a subject and knowing is an object. 4. Non-perfect active gerunds. Proposing is a subject and performing is an adverbial modifier of manner. 5. Non-perfect active gerunds performing the function of subjects. 6. Non-perfect active gerunds progressing and denying are subjects and regressing is a predicative. 7. Non-perfect active gerunds. The first choosing is a predicative, and the second is a subject. 8. Non-perfect active gerunds. Crossing is a subject, avoiding is part of an attribute and driving, doing, listening and having are all subjects. 9. A non-perfect active gerund performing the function of a subject. 10. Non-perfect active gerunds used as adverbial modifiers of manner. 11. A non-perfect active gerund used as an adverbial modifier of manner. 12. A non-perfect active gerund performing the function of an adverbial modifier of reason. 13. A non-perfect active gerund serving as part of an attribute. 14. A non-perfect active gerund serving as a subject. 15. A non-perfect active gerund forming part of a compound phasal predicate. 16. A non-perfect active gerund serving as an object. 17. See 16. Exercise 19, pp. 374-375 Possible Variants 1. If you seriously want to save money, you’d better give up smoking/gambling. 2. I don’t mind most housework, but I can’t stand cooking/ washing up/ironing. 3. The puppies looked so sweet that I couldn’t resist patting them/taking one for my daughter. 4. If you want to ride a horse you won’t be able to avoid falling from time to time. 5. Must you keep blowing your nose all the time/belching so loudly every time you drink some soda? It’s really annoying! 6. I’d hate to be a miner! Can you imagine having to work in the entrails of the earth and getting your face all black every day? 7. Can I have the newspaper if you have finished reading it/looking it through? 8. The man the police caught finally admitted stealing/having stolen the diamonds. 9. When he said he had forgotten the phone number, I suggested calling his friend whose number was in the telephone directory. 10. My job as a tourist guide involved showing tourists around places of interest and explaining things to them in their own language. 11. Nobody suspects you of cheating/of stealing/of murdering your wife. 12. Sue never takes the trouble of turning off the lights when she leaves. 13. Is it worth seeing/reading? 14. I can’t help laughing/crying/giving him a piece of my mind. 15. Ted hesitated before jumping into the icy water/before answering. 16. What he loves best is having a good fight/watching videos. 17. There is little hope of ever getting my money back/of his graduating with honours. 18. Don’t insist on telling the truth - it will only cause trouble. 19. Why do you persist in dating this good-for-nothing boy/in using “good” instead of “well” and vice versa? 20. At the reception I had the pleasure of meeting the most beautiful and intelligent woman I had ever seen. Exercise 20, p. 375 1. You must remember to call at the bank on your way home because we need to order some traveller’s cheques. 2. Could you stop typing for a moment? I need to concentrate on this letter. 3. I hope you haven’t forgotten to telephone the garage because the car badly needs servicing. 4. We could try to make a dash for the car if it would only stop raining for a moment. 5. I’m sure you won’t regret buying the house even though it needs painting and decorating. 6. I regret to say that he’s forgotten ever promising you a job. 7. I don’t remember taking my wallet out of my bag, but I must have done it when I stopped to buy petrol. 8. As I told you, he’s rather deaf, so don’t forget to try shouting if he doesn’t answer the door at first. 9. I’ve considered asking him to raise my salary but I don’t think he can afford to do/doing it. 10. If the machine happens to stop working just telephone and arrange for the service engineer to call. 11. I can’t help thinking that we shouldn’t have agreed to lend him our car. 12. If you’ve finished using the typewriter, I’d like to borrow it for a while, so that I can get used to typing with that machine. 13. I regret to say I lost my temper with him. 14. He regrets stealing/having stolen money now. 15. Sheila will always regret not going/not having gone to University. 16. The headmaster does not allow running along the corridors. 17. The teacher on duty does not allow us to run along the corridors. 18. Don’t forget to write to me when you are away. 19. Have you forgotten about writing to me already? 20. Tony cannot do any work without being told at least twice. 21. Always remember to wipe your feet before entering the school during the rainy season. 22. Do you remember wiping your feet before you came into the house? Exercise 21, p. 376 1. This is a specifying genitive denoting authorship. 2. This is a specifying genitive denoting subjective relations (a subjective genitive). 3. This is a specifying genitive denoting belonging/possession. 4. See. 3. In this case the noun in the possessive case is a regular plural one, so it is followed only by an apostrophe and there is no suffix “s”. 5,6. Generally only animate nouns are used in the possessive case but some inanimate nouns can also be used in this way. Here belong the nouns denoting cities, towns, countries, the world etc. as well as all locative nouns (schools, cafes, shops etc.). 7. This is a specifying genitive denoting personal or social relations. Since Maria Callas’s surname ends in s it can have both’ and ‘s in the genitive/possessive case, but whether there is an ‘s or just the apostrophe the pronunciation of the ending is [iz]. 8. This is a specifying genitive denoting authorship. The apostrophe plus s here is added not to a single noun but to the end of a whole group of words. 9. This is a specifying genitive denoting subjective relations. Since this noun is a compound one the s is added to its final component. 10. This is a specifying genitive denoting subjective relations. Since the noun is a regular plural one there is just the apostrophe. 11. This is a classifying/descriptive genitive. 12. This is a classifying genitive of measure/a classifying genitive indicating time. 13. 14, 18. These are absolute genitives indicating personal and social relations. 15. This is a group specifying genitive denoting personal relations. Since ‘s comes at the end of the group of words and the noun mother is singular it is clear that Ted and Linda are brother and sister. 16. These are specifying genitives indicating authorship. Since ‘s comes after both names and the noun “projects” is plural it is clear that each of the siblings has their own project. 17. This is a classifying absolute genitive denoting a shop. 19. This is a double specifying genitive denoting subjective relations. Exercise 22, p. 377 I. 1. my neighbour’s dog, 2. a boy’s school, 3. Keats’s poems (Keats’ poems), 4. a fortnight’s holiday, 5. the girl’s dresses, 6. the girls’ clothes, 7. the boss’s car, 8. policemen’s uniforms, 9. children’s education, 10. the country’s problems, 11. secretaries’ working hours, 12. an actress’s life, 13. Mr. Davies’s office (Mr. Davies’ office), 14. France’s foreign police, 15. women’s liberation, 16. a year’s time,17. nature’s way, 18. the princess’s dress, 19. the sun’s rays, 20. the Church’s work. II. 1. To one’s heart’s content - сколько душе угодно, в свое удовольствие, вволю, всласть, вдосталь; 2. То be at one’s wit’s/wits’ end - стать в тупик, не знать, что делать; 3. То have smth. at one’s fingers’ ends/at one’s fingertips - иметь что-л. под рукой, знать что-л. как свои пять пальцев; 4. Out of harm’s way – от греха подальше; в надежном месте; 5. То a hair’s breadth (to a hair, to a hairbreadth) точь-в-точь, точно, тютелька в тютельку; 6. For comfort’s (friendship’s) sake - ради удобства (дружбы); 7. At arm’s reach - под рукой; 8. At arm’s length - 1) на расстоянии вытянутой руки; 2) на почтительном расстоянии; 9. At a stone’s throw – рукой подать, в двух шагах, очень близко; 10. At sword’s point - под дулом пистолета (перен.); 11. on the razor’s edge – на острие ножа, на краю пропасти; to be on the razor’s edge/razor edge - ходить по острию ножа, по краю пропасти; 12. one’s money’s worth - справедливая цена. I’m at my wit’s end what to do with my son, how to make him study instead of what he is doing now - going to discos and the movies all the time. He is quite unlike his twin sister who has all the subjects at her fingers’ ends, especially English and French. How on earth is he going to pass the winter exams? I keep telling him he is on the razor’s edge but he won’t listen to reason. Sometimes I think o flocking him up out of harm’s way and throwing the key away and paying the school teachers to give him lessons at home. Exercise 23, p. 377 I. 1. To McDonald’s 2. To the greengrocer’s 3. To the doctor’s 4. To the ironmonger’s 5. To the hairdresser’s 6. To the (dry) cleaner’s 7. To the tobacconist’s 8. To the jeweller’s 9. To the stationer’s 10. To the confectioner’s 11. To the supermarket 12. To the dentist’s 13. To the chemist’s 14. To the butcher’s 15. To the florist’s 16. To the travel agent’s 17. To the watchmaker’s 18. To Harrods 19. To the vet’s 20. To the dressmaker’s (the tailor’s) |