Английский пособие. англ. From the history of pharmacy (part i) Запомните суффикс ity образует существительные суффикс ly
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V. Закончите предложения: 1. Кто helped you to prepare this solution? 2. Почему did the doctor prescribe him this ointment? 3. Где do you keep this powder? 4. Что do we call a combination of two or more substances without any chemical reactions? 5. Сколько drops are necessary for a child? 6. Чьи capsules are these? 7. I don’t know сколько it will cost. VI. Переведите предложения с заменителями модальных глаголов. Укажите, какой модальный глагол заменён в каждом из предложений: 1.The patients aren’t allowed to take medicines themselves at the in-patients departments. 2. She had to take the pills twice a day. 3. He will be allowed to prepare a suspension next week. 4. Who is able to differentiate between hard capsules and soft capsules? 5. In some countries you are not allowed to buy medicines if you are not 18 years old. 6. We’ll have to decide whether it is a tincture or a solution. 7. They were able to powder the drug. VII. Прочтите следующую информацию. Ответьте на поставленные вопросы устно: There are many different types of medicines available to us today, some of which cure diseases while others make us feel better and able to carry on with our lives. They can be represented in various forms. What kinds of medicinal forms do you know? Which of them do you prefer when you are unwell? Why? VIII. Прочтите и запомните следующие формы медикаментов: There are the most common medicinal forms: tablets, pills, capsules, powder, solution, decoction, mixture, tincture, drops, suppositories, ointments. IX. Запомните некоторые определения: o Any chemically and physically homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances is a solution. o A tablet is the most common form of medication in a dry state. (a synonym is a pill). o There are two forms of capsules, hard capsules and soft capsules. Hard capsules are for powders or semi-solid preparations and soft capsules for liquids. o Ointments are semi-solid preparations for external application. o Alcoholic or hydro alcoholic solutions prepared from animal or vegetable drugs or from chemical substances are tinctures. o A drop is a dosage unit of a liquid medication. o Powder is dry homogeneous mixture of fine particles of one or more substances. o Decoction is dried parts of herbs infused in hot water. o A combination of two or more substances without any chemical reactions is a mixture. o A medicinal preparation in solid form suitable for insertion into a body cavity (rectum or vagina) is called a suppository. o A suspension is obtained when comparatively large particles are mixed in water. Besides you can find the following forms at the pharmacy: dragee- драже; infusion- раствор для капельного введения, настой (напр.,трав); extract - экстракт, вытяжка; syrup–сироп; spray, aerosol- аэрозоль; liniment–линимент; emulsion–эмульсия; pessaries–пессарий; paste –паста; lotion–лосьон; cream- крем; plaster -пластырь; dust–присыпка; bolus - лекарственное средство в форме шарика, болюс. X. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетaния: 1.аптека- pharmacy, chemist's (shop) 2.отдел ручной продажи- chemist's department 3.провизор, фармацевт- pharmacist 4.рецепт- prescription 5.рецептурный отдел- prescription department 6.отпускать лекарства- to dispense drugs (medicines) 7.побочное действие лекарственного средства- adverse effect of a drug 8.терапевтическое действие - therapeutic action of a drug 9.лекарственное средство для внутреннего (наружного) применения–drug for internal (external) use 10.принимать лекарство- to take a drug каждый час –every hour натощак - on an empty stomach перед едой- before meals; после еды - after meals по одной столовой ложке 2 раза в день –a tablespoon twice a day 11.капли–drops; накапать 7 капель- to drop seven drops 12.мазь- ointment; намазать мазь- to put the ointment on… 13.микстура- mixture Встряхнуть бутылку с микстурой перед использованием - to shake the bottle with the mixture before use 14.настойка- tincture; принять 10 капель настойки- to take ten drops of the tincture 15.отвар- decoction Давать отвар 3 раза в день после еды- to give decoction three times a day after meal 16.пилюля- pill; обезболивающая пилюля- pain-relieving pill 17.порошок- powder; сложный порошок- compound powder 18.присыпка- dust, powder 19.раствор- solution Давать раствор в соответствии с предписанием врача- to give solution according to the doctor's instruction 20.свеча- suppository; применять свечи - to use suppositories 21.таблетка- tablet, полтаблетки- a half tablet Принимать таблетки 3 раза в день - to take tablets three times a day таблетка, покрытая оболочкой–coated tablet 22.растирать лекарство в порошок –to powder a drug 23.настой - infusion; настой из трав — herbal potion XI. Прочитайте и переведите текст А. Text A. Solution Any chemically and physically homogeneous mixture of two or more substances is said to be a solution. It is possible to have solutions of solids in liquids, liquids in liquids, gases in liquids, solids in solids, etc. Depending upon the size of the dispersed particles we recognize true solutions, colloidal solutions, and suspensions. If sugar is dissolved in water, it is supposed that the ultimate sugar particle ' is of molecular dimensions and that a true solution is formed. On the other hand if very fine sand is mixed with water, a suspension of comparatively large particles, each consisting of many molecules is obtained. Between these two extremes lie colloidal solutions. From the pharmaceutical stand-point solutions of solids in liquids are of the greatest importance and many quantitative data are available on the properties of such solutions. When an excess of a solid is brought into contact with a liquid, molecules of the former are removed from its surface until equilibrium is established between the molecules leaving the solid and those returning to it. The resulting solution is said to be saturated at the temperature of the experiment. The extent of solubility of different substances varies from almost imperceptible amounts to relatively large quantities but for any given solute the solubility has a constant value at constant temperature. Under certain conditions it is possible to prepare a solution containing a larger amount of solute than is necessary to form a saturated solution. This may occur when a solution is saturated at one temperature, the excess of solid solute removed, and the solution cooled. The solute present in solution, even though it may be less soluble at a lower temperature, does not always separate from the solution and a supersaturated solution is produced. Words: ultimate sugar particle — элементарная частица сахара on the other hand — с другой стороны under certain conditions — при определенных условиях TASKS I. Find the following equivalents in the text: 1.степень растворимости различных веществ 2. с другой стороны 3. количественные данные 4. взвешенные частички 5. истинный раствор 6. элементарная частица сахара 7. взвесь сравнительно больших частичек 8. избыток твердого растворенного вещества 9. растворы твердых частиц в жидкостях 10. растворенное вещество, находящееся в растворе. II. Answer the questions: 1. What mixtures may be defined as a solution? 2. Is it possible to obtain a solution only by dissolving solids in liquids? 3. What kinds of solutions are recognized? 4. What does the variety of a solution depend upon? 5. What is very fine sand mixed with if we want to obtain a suspension? 6. Is much known about the formation of colloidal solutions? 7. Why are many quantitative data available on the properties of solutions of solids in liquids? 8. How does the extent of solubility of different substances vary? III. Complete the following sentences according to the text: 1. Depending upon the size of the dispersed particles we recognize… . 2. … these two extremes lie colloidal solutions. 3. From the pharmaceutical stand-point solutions of solids in liquids are of the greatest importance and many quantitative data … 4. … is said to be saturated at the temperature of the experiment. 5. Under certain conditions it is possible to prepare a solution containing a larger amount of solute than is necessary … . 6. … when a solution is saturated at one temperature, IV. Read and translate the following text: Text B. Ointments Ointments are semi-solid preparations for external application of such consistency that they may be readily applied to the body or to mucous membranes. They should be of such composition that they soften but not necessarily melt when applied to the body. The ointment base1 usually constitutes the major portion of the pharmaceutical preparation and, therefore, may influence the efficacy of the incorporated medicinal substances. Based on their penetration ointments have been divided into three classes. Epidermic ointments are those which demonstrate no, or very slight, power of penetration into the skin. The bases which contain petrolatum, waxes and their combinations have been placed in this group. Endodermic ointments are those which possess some power of penetration into the deeper layers of the skin. Most of them have a somewhat lower melting point, approaching the temperature of the skin, and contain vegetable oils, lard, wool fat, lanolin, and/or combinations of these. Diadermic ointments are those which penetrate the skin, thus offering a better opportunity for absorption of the medicament. Ointments of emulsion type and the water-soluble bases belong to the group of absorption base. Hydrocarbon bases include ointments prepared from petrolatum, or liquid petrolatum, with wax or other stiffening agents. White and yellow ointments are relatively stable to normal climatic temperature changes. Absorption bases generally have a high index of compatibility toward the majority of medicaments used topically. These bases have found a definite place in pharmacy as well as cosmetology. Until recently, ointments and ointment type products were packaged in glass, stoneware, porcelain, polyethylene, or plastic wide-mouth jars. Since a large area of the ointment was exposed to the effects of air, those ointments containing easily oxidized medicinals were packaged in collapsible metal tubes. The use of aerosol containers preventing contamination, drying out of the product as well as protecting water sensitive drugs is preferable. Words: ointment base – мазевая основа; absorption base –быстро и полностью всасывающаяся основа; wide – mouth jars –сосуды с широкими горлышками V. Fill in the proper words from the text: vegetable, divided, petrolatum, absorption, penetration, temperature, wool. 1. Ointments of emulsion type belong to the group of ... base. 2. The substance obtained is stable to normal climatic ..: changes. 3. Based on their penetration ointments have been ... into three classes. 4. Epidermic ointments possess very slight power of ... into the skin. 5. Most of endodermic ointments contain ... oils, ... fats, lanolin, and/or combinations of these. 6. Ointments belonging to the group of hydrocarbon bases are prepared from ... with wax or other stiffening agents. VI. Answer the questions: 1. What kind of preparations are ointments? 2. Are ointments used for internal or external application? 3. What consistency are the ointments of? 4. Do ointments soften or melt when applied to the body? 5. What classes have ointments been divided into? 6. What ointments possess the power of penetration into the deeper layers of the skin? 7. What is the melting point in the most of endodermic ointments? 8. What substances do endodermic ointments contain? 9. What ointments belong to the group of absorption base? 10. What are ointments belonging to the group of hydrocarbon base prepared from? VII. Communicative situations. Solve the problems: 1. In your drugstore there is no that medicine for which the buyer addressed. Give advice to the visitor, choose one of the modal verbs (must, can, may, have to): You ______ take these drugs in the nearest Chemist’s shop. 2. Read the dialogue, use one of the modal verbs (are allowed to, are able to, have to, should, must, can, may): - Oh, I have a bad toothache! - You ____________ see the dentist. - Yes, but it’s late. I think the clinic is already closed. - Let’s drop into the nearest Chemist’s shop. At the chemist’s you ________ buy medicines of all kinds. TEST 1. THIS TYPE OF MEDICATIONIS PARTICULARLY USEFUL IN CHILDREN AND THE ELDERLY WHO MAY STRUGGLE TO SWALLOW TABLETS OR CAPSULES. 1. pills 2. liquids/syrups 3. decoction 4. tincture 2. THESE TABLETSOFTEN HAVE A MILD ANAESTHETIC EFFECT TO NUMB A SORE THROAT. 1. spray 2.emulsion 3. paste 4. lozenges 3. A MEDICATION THAT IS TAKEN INTO THE BODY THROUGH THE NOSE OR RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, THROUGH BREATHING IN. 1. dragee 2. inhalants, aerosol 3. spray 4. ointment 4. THEY ARE USED EXTERNALLY. THEY ARE APPLIED DIRECTLY ONTO THE SKIN. 1. drops 2. mixture 3. creams, ointments 4. paste 5. NOT THE MOST PLEASANT FORM OF MEDICINE TO ‘ADMINISTER’, BUT THEY ARE VERY USEFUL. 1. plaster 2. suppositories 3. tincture 4. dust 6. THE MEDICATION IS IN THE FORM OF A LARGE “TABLET SHAPE” TO BE INSERTED INTO THE VAGINA, OFTEN USED IN VAGINAL INFECTIONS. 1. cream 2. paste 3. pessary 4. tampon 7. A MEDICINAL FORMULATION COATED WITH SUGAR TO DISGUISE THE TASTE. 1. dragee 2. a tablet 3. a pill 4. tincture 8. ANY FINE, PARTICULATE, DRY MATTER MADE UP OF A BASE AND AN ACTIVE INGREDIENT FOR USE ON SKIN. 1. a tablet 2. dust/dusting powder 3. a pill 4. dragee 9.A LIQUID PREPARATION MADE BY POURING WATER OVER PLANT PARTS (SUCH AS DRIED OR FRESH LEAVES, FLOWERS, FRUITS) AND ALLOWING THE MIXTURE TO STEEP. 1. decoction 2. mixture 3. infusion 4. tincture 10.A COMPOSITION OF TWO OR MORE SUBSTANCES THAT ARE NOT CHEMICALLY COMBINED WITH EACH OTHER AND ARE CAPABLE OF BEING SEPARATED. 1. mixture 2. decoction 3. infusion 4. tincture LESSON 11 Грамматика: степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий; enough (случаи употребления); повелительное наклонение TABLETS Запомните: префикс de- образует глаголы противоположного действия I. 1. При помощи суффикса de- образуйте глаголы противоположного действия, прочитайте и переведите их на русский язык: compose – decompose acidify, alkalize, form, calcify, carbonate, gasify, hydrate, ionize, mineralize, saturate, water 2. Назовите существительные в данной группе слов и укажите их суффиксы: measurement, titration, alkaline, organic, chemical, solution, completely, sensitive, particularly, experienced, observer, estimate, important, occurring, condition, acceptable, measure, contamination, excessive, distillation, proportion 3.Сгруппируйте следующие слова по частям речи: to solve, solution, soluble; to prepare, preparation, preparatory; to precipitate, precipitation, precipitant; to add, addition, additional, additionally; color, coloration, coloring; accurately, accurate, accuracy; intensive, intensity, intensively II. Образуйте степени сравнения следующих прилагательных: difficult, much, few, bad, many, accurate, big, wide, large, high, clean III. Прочтите предложения и переведите на английский язык прилагательные, данные в скобках: 1. Ammonium sulphate is ( самая важная ) commercial ammonium salt. 2. The difference between duplicates was always ( меньше ) than 0.5%. 3. The rate of the former reaction in the presence of excess of air oxygen is 5 times ( больше ) than the latter one. 4. The coloration obtained should not be ( более ) intensive than that of the standard solution. 5. Cyclic acids are ( более трудные ) for isolation. |