Английский пособие. англ. From the history of pharmacy (part i) Запомните суффикс ity образует существительные суффикс ly
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II. Find the English equivalents in the text: в соответствии с несколькими различными критериями; основывается на; все остальные соединения; органические соединения связаны с атомами металлов; положительно заряженные ионы; хорошо известные ионные соединения; реактивность соединений; образуют водные растворы; растворяются в воде; самая распространенная основа III. Find the synonyms: content, rich, quantity, to lower, to carry, danger, to decrease, abundant, threat, to tend, to accumulate, level, to transport, to have a tendency, burden, load, to pile up, amount LESSON 9 Грамматика: неопределеннее местоимения и их производные; both … and …; thus CHEMICAL REACTIONS Запомните: суффикс – sion – образует существительные от глагольных корней. - tion, - ssion - его варианты. I.1. Прочитайте и переведите: consultation, occlusion, attention, invasion, occupation, obstruction, titration, solution, condition, contamination, distillation, proportion, possession, decision, commission, II. 2. Прочтите и подберите к каждому существительному из списка А соответствующее ему по смыслу прилагательное из списка В: А. heart, lungs, kidneys, stomach, intestine, brain, blood, vessel, gland, muscle B. hepatic, cerebral, gastric, colic, haemal, vascular, nephritic, cardiac, pulmonary, glandular, muscular III. Постойте вопросительную, утвердительную или отрицательную форму следующих предложений, содержащих неопределенные местоимения. There are some students in the classroom. I want to go to some interesting places on Sunday. Have you got any relatives abroad? We have some scientific papers on the shelves. They often read some English newspapers. There are some students in the dissecting-room. Some scientists were present at the meeting. There was some new material in the lecture yesterday. 1V. Дополните таблицу недостающими формами производных местоимений some, any, no, every и переведите их.
V. Поставьте предложения с производными местоимениями some, any, no, every сначала в вопросительную форму, а затем в отрицательную. 1. I know something about it. 2 Somebody must estimate red blood cells. 3. He wants to go somewhere on Sunday. 4. Everybody must come to the meeting. 5. Someone was discharged from the hospital yesterday. 6. We have discovered something new in the treatment of this disease. 7. Somebody can help us. 8. I see our students everywhere. V I. Вставьте местоимения somebody, anybody, nobody или everybody. Has… in this group got a dictionary? …left an atlas in our classroom yesterday. The question was so difficult that… could answer it. …knows that water is necessary for life. You must find …who can help you. I saw… in the bus yesterday who looked like you. …knows this surgeon very well. … knew anything about America before Columbus discovered it. VII. Найдите, в каком предложении слово both имеет самостоятельное значение, а в каком оно употребляется в составе парного союза: 1. The ability of bromine to dissolve both in many common organic solvents and in inorganic bromide solutions permits early control of the reactions. 2. If both atoms have the same electronegativity, the elements are fairly distributed between the two atoms. 3. Although both are elementary particles, electron and quark differ in some respects. 4. Many microscopic organisms exhibit properties of both plants and animals. 5. Sodium and potassium are both sort metals that react violently with water to produce alkaline solutions. 6. The oxygen and carbon cycles are closely linked, in part because both involve the process of photosynthesis and cellular metabolism. 7. Boyle’s contributions to theoretical science were both profound and far-reaching. 8. Plants and animals have one thing in common – both are alive. 9. All modern research recognizes that in both unicellular and multicellular organisms the cell is the fundamental unit, housing the genetic material and biochemical organization that account for the existence of life. VIII. Прочитайте предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на слово thus : 1. Fewer pupils will attend the school, and they will thus need fewer teachers. 2. The oil producers will raise prices, thus increasing their profits. 3. .. Many scholars have argued thus. 4. The universities have expanded, thus allowing many more people the chance of higher education. 5. He is the eldest son and thus heir to the title. 6. We do not own the building. Thus, it would be impossible for us to make any major chances to it. IX. Прочтите слова, запомните их произношение и дайте русские эквиваленты: chemical, phenomenon, aspect, initially, atmosphere, fermentation, cement, corrosion, synthesis, freezing, classify, unique, characteristic, equal, category X. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания: initially – первоначально are converted – превращаются vapour – пар combustion – горение, сгорание; хим.окисление decay – распад; разложение in a general sense – в общем смысле an application – применение, употребление a definition – определение; ясность, четкость to distinguish – различать mutually exclusive – взаимно исключительный a chain reaction – цепная реакция decomposition – распад. разложение subsequently – последовательно a substitution reaction – реакция замещения an elimination reaction – реакция выделения; реакция очищения an addition reaction – реакция добавления; addition – примесь (хим.) an oxidation-reduction reaction – окислительно-восстановительная реакция to supply – обеспечивать a covalent bond – ковалентная связь a colligation – обобщение a reverse reaction – обратная реакция to carry (lack) the electron pair – нести; (нуждаться) в электронной паре saturated (unsaturated) carbon centre – нейтрализованный (ненасыщенный) центр углерода to employ – употреблять, применять, использовать must be identified – должно быть установлено a volume – объем to measure – измерять XI. Прочтите и переведите следующие словосочетания: Noted by everyone, aspect of the material universe, at least two other substances, are converted into a chemical reaction, the tarnishing of silver, the corrosion of steel, in a general sense, undergo change, is discussed below, as differentiated, are manifested, the appearance of new properties, within the limits of observation, equal to the mass XII . Прочитайте и переведите текст A на русский язык: Text A. Chemical Reactions ( Part I ) The phenomenon of change, noted by everyone almost continuously and said by some to be the only unchanging aspect of the material universe, is the context in which all of the sciences find their place, including the study of chemical reactions. A chemical reaction is a process of change during which either two or more substances both change or one substance changes into at least two other substances. Thus, when wood burns, the substances present initially wood and oxygen in the atmosphere, are converted in a chemical reaction to water vapour, carbon dioxide, and ash. All combustions are chemical reactions. Other types of familiar chemical reactions include decay, fermentation, the hardening of cement, the development of a latent image in an exposed photographic film, the tarnishing of silver, the corrosion of steel, the evolution of gas when vinegar and soda are mixed, the synthesis of nylon, and the digestion of food. In a general sense, material substances can undergo change in three ways: a change of position, called movement; a change of form, such as the freezing of liquid water; and a change of substance, a chemical reaction. Some classify changes of form as chemical reactions, but, historically, the term chemical reaction has been applied only to changes of substance. The application to change of form is discussed below. Using the historical definition, each different chemical reaction displays the same unique characteristics. Thus, a chemical reaction is any type of chemical process in which substances are changed into different substances, as differentiated from other kinds of changes – those of position or form – undergone by matter. Chemical reactions are manifested by the disappearance of properties characteristic of the starting materials and the appearance of new properties that distinguish the products; within the limits of observation, the mass of the products formed is equal to the mass of the substances consumed. TASKS I. Answer the questions: 1. What is a chemical reaction? 2. What do other types of familiar chemical reactions include? 3. In what ways can material substances undergo change? 4. How are chemical reactions manifested? II. Read and translate the text B into Russian: Text B. Chemical Reactions ( Part II ) Chemical reactions are often classified according to some prominent feature of the process under study. These categories are not mutually exclusive, however, for each may combine aspects of two or more categories. A polymerization reaction, for example, may also be a chain reaction. In simple synthesis reaction two reactants, which may be elements or compounds, form a compound as the product. In a decomposition reaction a compound breaks up into at least two simpler parts. A polymerization reaction is a type of synthesis in which the product is formed from hundreds or thousands of simpler reagent species. A chain reaction is a series of reactions in which the product of each step is a reagent for the next. A reaction in which a compound loses one or more atoms and subsequently gains one or more other atoms is a substitution reaction. One in which a compound loses one or more atoms is an elimination reaction. One in which a compound gains one or more atoms is an addition reaction. Oxidation – reduction reactions, a large and important class of chemical processes, are characterized by the transfer of oxygen or hydrogen atoms, or electrons, from one substance to another. A substance that loses electrons is said to be oxidized; one that gains electrons is said to be reduced. Of all the other types of reactions, perhaps the most important is the acid – base reaction. There are several other useful principles of classification that can be noted. When two atoms (or groups of atoms) combine and each supplies an electron to their covalent bond, the process is called colligation, and the reverse reaction is called homolysis. If, on the other hand, two atoms (or groups of atoms) combine to form a covalent bond and both electrons come from only one of the reactants, the process is called coordination, and the reverse reaction is called heterolysis. Reagents in a heterolytic reaction may be classified as nucleophilic or electrophilic depending on whether the reactant carries the electron pair (and seeks a nucleus to combine with) or lacks the electron pair (and seeks to combine with a unit having a pair of electrons). Among the major types of reaction mechanisms are nucleophilic substitutions at either saturated or unsaturated carbon centres, electrophilic substitutions, addition reactions, and elimination reactions. In general, modern theoretical studies centre either on reaction mechanisms (variously termed kinetics, kinetics and mechanisms, or dynamics of chemical reactions) or on the physical structure of matter (called structural chemistry). The empirical study of chemical reactions usually employs techniques for separating the products of a reaction. Subsequently the products must be identified, and finally in many cases the masses or volumes of the products and any remaining reactants are measured. III. Make up a scheme of classification of chemical reactions according to their mechanism. IV. Read the descriptions of the following chemical reactions and name the type of every reaction. This reaction, the opposite of oxidation, has very wide applications in the production of pharmaceuticals. Examples of reducing agents are aluminum amalgam, hydriodic acid, hydrogen and a catalyst, hypophosphoros acid, lithium aluminum hydride, metal and acid, sodium and alcohol, stannous chloride, and zinc dust and water. Reduction is employed in the synthesis of racemic menthol, an anti-itching agent. It is produced by the catalytic hydrogenation of the aromatic analogue, thymol, or of the saturated ketone, menthone, or of the unsaturated ketone, pulegone. This chemical reaction can only take place with unsaturated compounds, but the addition products vary greatly in nature. The mode of addition, where there are two possibilities, is determined by the structure of the unsaturated compound and the mechanism of addition. The anesthetic drug halothane is manufactured from trichloroethylene by an addition reaction with hydrogen chloride. The product is treated with hydrogen fluoride; reaction with bromine then gives halothane. The manufacture of the anesthetic drug trichloroethylene involves, as a first step, the addition of chlorine to acetylene, followed by dehydrohalogenation. Medicinal nitro compounds are invariably aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic derivatives. These are usually nitrated with a mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated or fuming nitric acid (mixed acid). Other nitrating agents include oxides of nitrogen and acetyl nitrate, CH3CO2NO2.. Nitrofurantoin is prescribed as a urinary antiseptic and provides an example of nitration. Furfural is reacted with acetyl nitrate, and the resulting triacetate is treated with pyridine to give 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde diacetate. This is condensed (with elimination of acetic acid) with 1-aminohydantoin to yield nitrofurantoin. LESSON 10 Грамматика: словообразование, правила чтения, вопросительные слова, вопросительные предложения, типы вопросов в английском языке, заменители модальных глаголов. Main Medical Forms Запомните : - tion ( ion) , - ison, - ture ( ure), - ment, - ance ( ence) – суффиксы существительного ( повторение) I. Прочтите слова: decoction, mixture, tincture, ointment, medication, preparation, solution, application. II. Образуйте существительные от следующих глаголов: to mix, to prepare, to apply, to develop, to prescribe, to solve, to infuse, to define. III. Переведите предложения на русский язык , обращая внимание на образование вопросительной формы: 1. What is a solution? 2. Can you show me those vitamins, please? 3. Are you a chemist? 4. Do you work at a pharmaceutical company? 5. What is called a suppository? 6. A tablet is the most common form of medication, isn’t it? 7. Is powder a dry or a wet homogeneous mixture? 8. Who works at a pharmacy? 9. What is usually sold at a chemist’s? IV. Работайте в парах. Составьте вопросы, поставив слова в соответствии с правилом составления вопросительных предложений. Проверьте свои ответы с ответами партнёра: 1. Parts, of, plant, may, purposes, what, the, used, be, for, medicinal? 2. When, collected, different, are, plant, parts, of? 3. Preservation, why, storage, important, proper, and, of, a drug, are? 4. Do, the drugs, affect, moisture, how, air, light, and? 5. The, odour, drug, does, of, a plant, depend on, what? 6. Substances, classified, according to, are, how, taste? 7. What, included, physical, in, properties, are, description, the, drugs, of? |