Английский пособие. англ. From the history of pharmacy (part i) Запомните суффикс ity образует существительные суффикс ly
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IV. Поставьте прилагательные ( или наречия ) в нужную форму: 1. This is … exercise … … ( easy ). 2. Your paper … ( good ) in the class. 3. This is … ( simple) experiment … … . 4. That is … ( difficult ) problem. 5. It is … ( expensive ) apparatus in our country. 6. Liquid hydrogen is … (light ) of all liquids. 7. This microscope is … ( good ) of all. 8. This is … ( many ) interesting substance. V. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные значения as: 1. The stem as well as the leaves of this plant are used as feed for livestock. 2. As the young plant grows it needs more water. 3. To know the structure of the plant is as important as to know the functions of its plants. 4. Flowers are very important, as seeds are produced in them. 5. This plant requires much water and good soil conditions as well. 6. These reactions serve as an additional method for identification. VI. Вставьте вместо пропусков данные прилагательные в необходимой степени сравнения: bright, good, green, familiar 1. Petals are … than sepals. 2. Flowers in the south are usually … coloured than in the north. 3. You should be … with the parts of the flower. 4. The structure of the fruit is examined … with a magnifying glass than with the naked eye. VII. Выберите из списка соответствующий глагол и поставьте его в повелительное наклонение: to boil, to dissolve, to acidify, to shake, to filter, to dilute, to cool, to add 1. ( Взболтайте ) the contents of the flask for a minute. 2. ( Давайте разбавим ) the filtrate to 1 litre and stir it in an orange – colored bottle. 3. ( Окислите ) the contents by the addition of 25 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid. 4. ( Давайте вскипятим ) 0.5 gm of the preparation in 5 ml of sodium hydroxide solution for 3 minutes. 5. ( Добавьте ) to both cylinders 1 ml of 0.2 per cent acid solution of ammonium ferric alum. 6. ( Давайте растворим ) 0.1 gm of picric acid in water – solution. 7. ( Охладите и профильтруйте ) the obtained solution. VIII. Изучите случаи употребления слова «еnough». enough + N Adj | Adv| V+ enough enough money warm enough enough time good enough enough houses well enough enough water to sleep enough enough books to earn enough IX. Выразите то же самое на английском: Достаточно холодно, достаточно хорошо, достаточно хороший, достаточно раствора, достаточно зарабатывать, достаточно чисто, достаточно еды, достаточно светлый, достаточно трудиться X. Дополните предложения, чтобы они соответствовали действительности: 1. Yesterday I didn’t have enough time … . 2. My room is not big enough to … . 3. We didn’t have enough chairs when … . 4. I’m old enough to … . 5. I have enough money to … . 6. Last Sunday I was lazy enough to … . 7. In this classroom we don’t have enough … . ХI. Прочитайте и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на значения слова «еnough»: 1. Have you made enough sandwiches? 2. I’ve only got 20 dollars – will that be enough? 3. She didn’t move quickly enough. 4. There aren’t enough of us to make up a team. 5. You’ve had more than enough time to finish the job. 6. She’s intelligent enough to understand that. 7. I’ve had enough of work for today. 8. It’s bad enough that you were late. 9. That’s enough! Stop that noise! 10. Some of the workers don’t earn enough to live on. ХII. Прочтите слова, запомните их произношение и дайте их русские эквиваленты: peculiarity, dissolve, medication, circular, rectangular, triangular, selection, diameter, efficiency, variety, various, antibiotics, cardiacs, sedatives, analgetics, narcotics, stimulate, depressants, recommendations XIII. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания: circular – круглый, округлый convex – выпуклый rectangular – прямоугольный triangular – треугольный to dissolve – растворять average – средний, средняя величина blood clothing – сгустки крови according to – согласно, в соответствии for convenience – для удобства in addition – кроме, в дополнение XIV. Ответьте на вопросы перед тем, чем начать работу с текстом. 1. What do you know about a process of tablets and substances used in making tablets? 2. What shapes and sizes have the tablets? 3. What peculiarities have the tablets for solutions? 4. What peculiarities have the tablets for dissolving in the mouth? 5. You’ll be able to answer all these questions after having studied this topic. Прочитайте текст и запомните типы лекарств, упомянутые в тексте: Text A. Tablets The tablet is the most common form of medication in a dry state. Tablets have a great variety of shapes and sizes. The most common shape is a circular body with flat or slightly convex sides. There are also rectangular, triangular and many other shapes. The selection of particular shapes and sizes of the tablets is essentially ethical. A pleasing appearance of the tablets is very important for a patient. There are a number of features which are helpful for better use. Tablets which are to be dissolved as quickly as possible are thin. They are for making solutions. These tablets have a large diameter than average tablets of the same weight. Tablets which are to be dissolved slowly in the mouth are flat for convenience of the user and thick enough to have a lasting effect. Efficiency of the tablet depends on these peculiarities. Coated tablets have convex shape and they are harder than other tablets. Tablets have a variety of action. Anti-inflammatory drugs are used in the treatment of various infections. Antibiotics compose a large group. Sulfa drugs are also in majority. In addition, there are cardiacs, sedatives, laxatives, analgetics. Cardiacs include drugs that affect the heart, drugs that affect blood pressure, and drugs that prevent blood clotting. Analgetics are also called pain-killers. Sleeping pills make a separate group of tablets. Narcotics are drugs which in moderate doses can suppress the central nervous system and relieve pain. Central nervous system drugs are of two main types: those which stimulate the nerves in the brain and spinal cord, stimulants, and those which depress the nerves in the brain and spinal cord, depressants. One should remember that all tablets must be taken only according to the doctor’s recommendations. TASKS I. Complete the sentences: 1.1. A tablet is a common medication in ...... . 2.The most common shape is ... . 3. ...of the tablets is very important for a patient. 4. Thin tablets are for making ... . 5. Coated tablets have ....... shape. 6.There are cardiacs that prevent ... ... . 7. The other name of analgetics are ... . II. Answer the questions: 1.What shapes and sizes have the tablets? 2. Have you ever used tablets of the shape not mentioned in the text? 3. What peculiarities have the tablets for solutions? 4. What peculiarities have the tablets for dissolving in the mouth? 5. What groups of tablets do you know? 6. What drugs are used to manage the heart problems? 7. What is the action of stimulants? 8. What is the action of depressants? 9. What rule of taking drugs must every patient follow? Different Types of Drugs III. Match the names of different drugs given below with their description: 1. Miracle drugs 2. Anti-inflammatory 3. Analgetics 4. Tranquillizers 5. Digitalis 6. Narcotics 7. Diuretics 8. Sedatives 9. Insulin 10. Anti-emetics 11. Decongestants 12. Anticoagulants 13. Stimulants 14. Aspirin 15. Laxatives a. A wide range of drugs to relieve pain. b. They help to remove excess fluid from the body. c. They increase activity. d. These drugs are used to reduce and suppress inflammation. e. Excellent painkillers originally derived from opium. f. These drugs help suppress nausea and vomiting. g. One of the best known drugs which anyone can buy and use to relieve pain, inflammation and fever. h. They prevent blood clots forming. i. They soothe patients and help them sleep. j. These are to calm people and relieve anxiety. k. They are taken to relieve constipation. l. These help to clear a stuffy nose. m. Antibiotics are sometimes given this name because of the rapid relief they bring to many infectious diseases. n. A protein hormone secreted in the pancreas that controls the concentration of glucose in the blood. Its deficiency results in diabetes mellitus. o. It’s used to increase the performance of a weak heart. IV. Read and translate text B: Text B. Preparation of Tablets The tablet is the most common form of medication for the administering of a drug in a dry state. From a purely physical point of view, the technique of tablet making (tabletting) may be defined as a process whereby a known volume of a drug in a finely divided state3 is subjected to pressure in a die between two punches. A tablet shows definite properties of mechanical strength and is also characterized by a definite rate of desintegration when brought into contact with water. It is generally observed that tablets can be made easily from certain drugs, such as sodium chloride and other alkali halides, even without the addition of auxiliary substances. For some other drugs, such as lactose, the addition of auxiliary substances is found to be necessary to overcome certain difficulties in their tabletting. Some difficulties are occasionally experienced in the process of tabletting certain materials because of persistent binding or sticking in the tablet machine. The application of different pressure during tabletting plays a very important role. The correct pressure must be applied in order to avoid unnecessary complications. Tablets which should dissolve in the mouth must be more strongly compressed than other average tablets 7 for internal administration. Another important effect of higher pressures is an increase in friction which obviously necessitates the use of greater amounts of lubricants and glidants.8Glidants are added to the tablet materials to improve their flow properties.9 They are generally powdery substances which deform only slightly when subjected to the compressing pressures. To glidants belong such substances as natural starch, which has excellent flow improvement properties. Lubricants are substances which facilitate smooth ejection of the compressed tablets. Words: The most common form of medication — самая распространенная форма лекарственных препаратов; tablet making (tabletting) — изготовление таблеток; a drug in a finely divided state — лекарство в мелкоизмельченном состоянии; subjected to pressure in a die between two punches — подвергается прессованию в штамповальном прессе; alkalihalides — щелочные галоидные соединения или галогениды; because of persistent binding or sticking in the tablet machine — вследствие постоянного прилипания или приклеивания вещества в машине; average tablets — обычные таблетки; lubricants and glidants — смазывающие и скользящие вещества; flow property — скользящее свойство V. Answer the questions: 1. What is the most common form of medication for the administering of drugs in a dry state? 2. In what state is a certain volume of a drug subjected to pressure in a die during the process of tabletting? 3. What is a tablet characterized by when brought into contact with water? 4. What substances are used for tablet making? 5.Are any auxiliary substances added to the above mentioned substances? 6.To what drugs is it necessary to add auxiliary substances? 7.Why are some difficulties experienced in the process of tabletting? 8.What is necessary to do in order to avoid unnecessary complications during tabletting? 9.What kind of tablets must be strongly compressed? 10.What substances improve the flow properties of the tablet materials? 11. What facilitates smooth ejection of the compressed tablets? VI. Communicative situations: 1. It’s known that most children dislike taking tablets. It always becomes a problem for mums to force their sick children take drugs. What kind of tablets would you produce for children if you were a manufacturer? 2. Find the parameters of the tablets (coating, colour, package, size, taste) in the puzzle below: W T A F G X Q R N S H P N H N H X C H I T N F D I Q R U E Z T P Y X T R J G Q E K A Y P A D A M G P S G S P O K Q P W H D P O T C O L O U R D Z B A E H W H U L X F P K V E A Z C O S W B C I S N T E W TEST Choose the proper words: 1. DRUGS RELIEVING PAIN ARE CALLED … . 1. aspirin 2. anti-inflammatory 3. anti-emetics 4. analgetics 2. DRUGS THAT HELP TO REMOVE EXCESS FLUID FROM THE BODY ARE… . 1. decongestants 2. miracle drugs 3. diuretics 4. analgesics 3. DRUGS INCREASING ACTIVITY ARE CALLED … . 1. stimulants 2. tranquillizers 3. narcotics 4. laxatives 4. EXCELLENT PAINKILLERS ORIGINALLY DERIVED FROM OPIUM ARE … . 1. analgesics 2. tranquillizers 3. narcotics 4. stimulants 5. THESE DRUGS PREVENT BLOOD CLOTS FORMING. 1. anticoagulants 2. sedatives 3. anti-inflammatory 4. insulin 6. THESE DRUGS ARE USED TO CALM PEOPLE AND RELIEVE ANXIETY. 1. decongestants 2. tranquillizers 3. diuretics 4. aspirin 7. THESE DRUGS HELP TO CLEAR A STUFFY NOSE. 1. digitalis 2. decongestants 3. miracle drugs 4. anti-emetics 8. IT’S USED IN THE TREATMENT OF DIABETES. 1. digitalis 2. aspirin 3. calcex 4. insulin 9. IT’S USED TO INCREASE THE PERFORMANCE OF A WEAK HEART. 1. digitalis 2. normodipine 3. vertigoheel 4. doxylamin 10. … ARE ADDED TO THE TABLET MATERIALS TO IMPROVE THEIR FLOW PROPERTIES. 1. alkali halides 2. sodium chloride 3. glidants,lubricants LESSON 12 Грамматика: времена Сontinuous Active и Passive; предлоги; типы придаточных предложений; синонимы и антонимы SOLID DOSAGE FORMS Запомните: приставки un-, in-, dis-, im-, il-, ir- - образуют слова с противоположным значением I. 1. Образуйте от этих слов слова с противоположным значением с помощью отрицательных приставок, переведите их на русский язык: accurate, regular, common, advantage, miscible, soluble, pleasant, sufficient, compatible, equal, complete, stable, correct 2. Назовите исходную форму следующих существительных: observer, indicator, visitor, dictator, collector, worker, conductor, investigator, inventor, teacher, experimenter II. Поставьте предложения в отрицательную форму: 1. The chemist is determining the constituents of water. 2. I am heating hydrogen in the tube. 3. They are studying chemistry now. 4. The analyst is still working in the laboratory. 5. They were making experiments from 5 to 8 o’clock in the lab yesterday. 6. They will be studying these elements all day long tomorrow. 7. When I entered the laboratory the students were finishing their work. III. Прочтите предложения; поставьте глагол, данный в скобках, в Present Simple или Present Continuous Active: 1. Water ( to occur ) abundantly in minerals. 2. He ( to pour ) water into a test-tube now. 3. The students ( to take part ) in the experiment at present. 4. Water ( to be ) an important constituent of the earth’s atmosphere. 5. Water ( to dissolve ) a part of nearly everything with which it ( to come ) into contact. 6. Most animals ( to take in ) large quantities of water with their food. IV. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите видовременную форму сказуемого в каждом из них. 1. An organization called the HGI ( Human Genome Initiative ) was set up several years ago, and is now doing research on many diseases including congenital defects, cancers, AIDS, and disorders of the immune system. 2. When we entered the room, the presentation of the new pharmaceuticals was on-going. 3. The doctor wanted to know which medications were being taken by the patient for his asthma and allergic reactions. 4. Research teams in the USA are now exploring the use of gene therapy. 5. Vitamin E is being studied as a possible cancer preventive. 6. When you are working with toxic substances, take all the necessary precautions. |