Книга о современных супергероях людях, которые, вопреки тяжелым жизненным обстоятельствам, сумели добиться успеха и стать счастливыми
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55 Steven P. Broglio et al., «Cumulative Head Impact Burden in High School Football», Journal of Neurotrauma 28, no. 10 (2011): 2069–2078; Philip H. Montenigro et al., «Cumulative Head Impact Exposure Predicts Later-Life Depression, Apathy, Executive Dysfunction, and Cognitive Impairment in Former High School and College Football Players», Journal of Neurotrauma 34, no. 2 (2017): 328–340. 56 «Breaking the Silence on Child Abuse: Protection, Prevention, Intervention, and Deterrence», свидетельство Роберта Блока от имени Американской академии педиатрии перед комитетом Сената на слушании по вопросам здравоохранения, образования, труда и пенсионного обеспечения, 13 декабря 2011 года, по состоянию на 2 сентября 2016 года, http://www.help.senate.gov/hearings/breaking-the-silence-on-child-abuse- protection-prevention-intervention-and-deterrence 57 Corina Benjet, Guilherme Borges, and Maria Elena Medina-Mora, «Chronic Childhood Adversity and Onset of Psychopathology During Three Life Stages: Childhood, Adolescence and Adulthood», Journal of Psychiatric Research 44, no. 11 (2010): 732–740; Vincent J. Felitti et al., «Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences(ACE) Study», American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14, no. 4 (1998): 245–258; Norman Garmezy, Ann S. Masten, and Auke Tellegen, «The Study of Stress and Competence in Children: A Building Block for Developmental Psychopathology», Child Development 55, no. 1 (1984): 97–111; Richard S. Lazarus and Susan Folkman, Stress, Appraisal, and Coping (New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1984). 58 James Hamblin, «Why Succeeding Against the Odds Can Make You Sick», New York Times, January 27, 2017, по состоянию на 26 февраля 2017 года, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/27/opinion/sunday/why-succeeding-against- the-odds-can-make-you-sick.html ; см. также Gene H. Brody et al., «Is Resilience Only Skin Deep? Rural African Americans’ Socioeconomic Status — Related Risk and Competence in Preadolescence and Psychological Adjustment and Allostatic Load at Age 19», Psychological Science 24, no. 7 (2013): 1285– 1293; Gene H. Brody et al., «Resilience in Adolescence, Health, and Psychosocial Outcomes», Pediatrics 138, no. 6 (2016): e20161042; Gregory E. Miller, Edith Chen, and Gene H. Brody, «Can Upward Mobility Cost You Your Health?», New York Times, January 4, 2014, по состоянию на 26 февраля 2017 года, https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/01/04/can-upward- mobility-cost-you-your-health ; Gregory E. Miller et al., «Viral Challenge Reveals Further Evidence of Skin-Deep Resilience in African Americans from Disadvantaged Backgrounds», Health Psychology 35, no. 11 (2016): 1225–1234; Mahasin S. Mujahid, «Socioeconomic Position, John Henryism, and Incidence of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Finnish Men», Social Science and Medicine 173 (2017): 54–62. 59 Gene H. Brody et al., «Is Resilience Only Skin Deep? Rural African Americans’ Socioeconomic Status — Related Risk and Competence in Preadolescence and Psychological Adjustment and Allostatic Load at Age 19», Psychological Science 24, no. 7 (2013): 1285–1293; Gregory E. Miller et al., «Viral Challenge Reveals Further Evidence of Skin-DeepResilience in African Americans from Disadvantaged Backgrounds», Health Psychology 35, no. 11 (2016): 1225–1234. 60 Laurence Maslon and Michael Kantor, Superheroes!: Capes, Cowls, and the Creation of Comic Book Culture (New York: Crown Archetype, 2013), 30–34. 61 Эти первые строки из радиопостановки о приключениях Супермена 1940-х годов менялись со временем; резюме см. в Steven Younis, The Superman Homepage, по состоянию на 26 февраля 2017 года, http://www.supermanhomepage.com 62 «Supernormal», Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online, по состоянию на 26 февраля 2017 года, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/supernormal 63 Erving Goffman, Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009), 5. 64 Dante Cicchetti and Fred A. Rogosch, «Equifinality and Multifinality in Developmental Psychopathology», Development and Psychopathology 8, no. 4 (1996): 597–600. 65 Dante Cicchetti and Jennifer A. Blender, «A Multiple-Levels-of-Analysis Perspective on Resilience», Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1094, no. 1 (2006): 248–258; Suniya S. Luthar, Dante Cicchetti, and Bronwyn Becker, «The Construct of Resilience: A Critical Evaluation and Guidelines for Future Work», Child Development 71, no. 3 (2000): 543–562; Suniya S. Luthar, Jeanette A. Sawyer, and Pamela J. Brown, «Conceptual Issues in Studies of Resilience: Past, Present, and Future Research», Annals of the New York Academy of Science 1094 (2006): 105–115. 66 В этой книге при обсуждении жизненных трудностей я предпочитаю термину «травма» такие фразы и слова, как «неблагоприятные жизненные обстоятельства», «невзгоды» или «негативный опыт», поскольку они, как правило, описывают ситуации, статистически ассоциируемые с серьезными проблемами или риском, но все равно предполагающие возможность их преодоления или хотя бы некоторого улучшения. Термин же «травма» происходит от греческого слова, которое переводится как «рана», что, очевидно, изначально подразумевает определенный ущерб. 67 Ralph Nichols, «The Struggle to Be Human», Keynote Address at the First Annual Convention of the International Listening Association, Atlanta, GA, February 17, 1980, http://www.listen.org/resources/Nichols Struggle to be Human.pdf 68 Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014), 3. 69 Hole, «Gutless», by Courtney Love and Eric Erlandson, in Live Through This, DGC Records, 1994, по состоянию на 27 февраля 2017 года, https://genius.com/Hole-gutless-lyrics 70 D. W. Winnicott, «Delinquency as a Sign of Hope» (выступление на конференции заместителей управляющих Борстальского исправительного учреждения для несовершеннолетних преступников, Колледж короля Альфреда, Винчестер, April 1967), по состоянию на 31 февраля 2015 года, https://johnwhitwell.co.uk/archives/general-archive-entries/delinquency-as-a- sign-of-hope 71 Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (New York: Random House, 2009), 53. 72 Shawn Carter, Jay-Z Decoded (New York: Spiegel and Grau, 2010), 12. 73 D’Vera Cohn, «At Long Last, Divorce», Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, June 4, 2010, по состоянию на 20 декабря 2015 года, http://www.pewresearch.org/2010/06/04/at-long-last-divorce ; Центры по контролю и профилактике заболеваний, «Divorce Rates by State: 1990, 1995, and 1999–2011», National Vital Statistics System, 2013, по состоянию на 30 декабря 2016 года, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/marriage-divorce.htm 74 Emmy E. Werner and Ruth S. Smith, Overcoming the Odds: High Risk Children from Birth to Adulthood (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992), 198. 75 Общий обзор законодательной базы развода по взаимному согласию сторон представлен в Herma Hill Kay, «Equality and Difference: A Perspective on No-Fault Divorce and Its Aftermath», University of Cincinnati Law Review 56 (1987): 1, по состоянию на 31 декабря 2015 года, http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/facpubs/1220 76 См. обзор в E. Mavis Hetherington and Anne Mitchell Elmore, «Risk and Resilience in Children Coping with Their Parents’ Divorce and Remarriage», in Resilience and Vulnerability: Adaptation in the Context of Childhood Adversities, ed. Sonya S. Luthar (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 182–212. 77 См. обзор в E. Mavis Hetherington and Anne Mitchell Elmore, «Risk and Resilience in Children Coping with Their Parents’ Divorce and Remarriage», in Resilience and Vulnerability: Adaptation in the Context of Childhood Adversities, ed. Sonya S. Luthar (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 182–212. 78 См. обзор в Joan B. Kelly and Robert E. Emery, «Children’s Adjustment Following Divorce: Risk and Resilience Perspectives», Family Relations 52, no. 4 (2003): 352–362; Lisa Laumann-Billings and Robert E. Emery, «Distress Among Young Adults from Divorced Families», Journal of Family Psychology 14, no. 4 (2000): 671–687. 79 Tamar Lewin, «Poll Says Even Quiet Divorces Affect Children’s Path», New York Times, November 5, 2005, по состоянию на 22 января 2017 года, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/05/us/poll-says-even-quiet-divorces-affect- childrens-paths.html 80 См. обзор Joan B. Kelly and Robert E. Emery, «Children’s Adjustment Following Divorce: Risk and Resilience Perspectives», Family Relations 52, no. 4 (2003): 352–362; Lisa Laumann-Billings and Robert E. Emery, «Distress Among Young Adults from Divorced Families», Journal of Family Psychology 14, no. 4 (2000): 671–687. 81 См. обзор в E. Mavis Hetherington and John Kelly, For Better or for Worse: Divorce Reconsidered (New York: Norton, 2003); Lisa Laumann- Billings and Robert E. Emery, «Distress Among Young Adults from Divorced Families», Journal of Family Psychology 14, no. 4 (2000): 671–687; Judith S. Wallerstein, Julia Lewis, and Sandra Blakeslee, The Unexpected Legacy of Divorce: A 25 Year Landmark Study (New York: Hyperion, 2001). 82 Judith S. Wallerstein, Julia Lewis, and Sandra Blakeslee, The Unexpected Legacy of Divorce: A 25 Year Landmark Study (New York: Hyperion, 2001), 298. 83 Joan B. Kelly and Robert E. Emery, «Children’s Adjustment Following Divorce: Risk and Resilience Perspectives», Family Relations 52, no. 4 (2003): 352–362; Lisa Laumann-Billings and Robert E. Emery, «Distress Among Young Adults from Divorced Families», Journal of Family Psychology 14, no. 4(2000): 671–687. 84 Lisa Laumann-Billings and Robert E. Emery, «Distress Among Young Adults from Divorced Families», Journal of Family Psychology 14, no. 4 (2000): 671–687. 85 Lisa Laumann-Billings and Robert E. Emery, «Distress Among Young Adults from Divorced Families», Journal of Family Psychology 14, no. 4 (2000): 671–687. 86 Lisa Laumann-Billings and Robert E. Emery, «Distress Among Young Adults from Divorced Families», Journal of Family Psychology 14, no. 4 (2000): 671–687. 87 Judith S. Wallerstein, Julia Lewis, and Sandra Blakeslee, The Unexpected Legacy of Divorce: A 25 Year Landmark Study (New York: Hyperion, 2001). 88 Paul Alexander, Rough Magic: A Biography of Sylvia Plath (New York: Da Capo Press, 2003). 89 Virginia Satir, The Satir Model: Family Therapy and Beyond (Palo Alto, CA: Science and Behavior Books, 1991). 90 E. Mavis Hetherington, «Coping with Family Transitions: Winners, Losers, and Survivors», Child Development 60, no. 1 (1989): 1–14; E. Mavis Hetherington, «An Overview of the Virginia Longitudinal Study of Divorce and Remarriage with a Focus on Early Adolescence», Journal of Family Psychology 7, no. 1 (1993): 39–56; E. Mavis Hetherington and John Kelly, For Better or for Worse: Divorce Reconsidered (New York: Norton, 2003); см. обзор в Joan B. Kelly and Robert E. Emery, «Children’s Adjustment Following Divorce: Risk and Resilience Perspectives», Family Relations 52, no. 4 (2003): 352–362. 91 D’Vera Cohn and Rich Morin, «American Mobility: Who Moves? Who Stays Put? Where’s Home?», Social and Demographic Trends Report (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, December 17, 2008), по состоянию на 30 декабря 2015 года, http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2008/12/17/who-moves- who-stays-put-wheres-home 92 Miller McPherson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and Matthew E. Brashears, «Social Isolation in America: Changes in Core Discussion Networks over Two Decades», American Sociological Review 71, no. 3 (2006): 353–375; см. также классический труд на эту тему Claude S. Fischer, To Dwell Among Friends: Personal Networks in Town and City (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982). 93 E. Mavis Hetherington, «Should We Stay Together for the Sake of the Children?» in Coping with Divorce, Single Parenting, and Re-Marriage, ed. E. Mavis Hetherington (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1999), 93–116. 94 Timothy S. Grall, «Custodial Mothers and Fathers and Their Child Support: 2011», Current Population Reports no. P60–246 (Washington, DC: US Census Bureau, October 2013), по состоянию на 1 января 2016 года. 95 Timothy S. Grall, «Custodial Mothers and Fathers and Their Child Support: 2011», Current Population Reports no. P60-246 (Washington, DC: US Census Bureau, October 2013), по состоянию на 1 января 2016 года. 96 Elizabeth Warren and Amelia Warren Tyagi, The Two-Income Trap: Why Middle-Class Mothers and Fathers Are Going Broke (New York: Basic Books, 2003). 97 Timothy S. Grall, «Custodial Mothers and Fathers and Their Child Support: 2011», Current Population Reports no. P60-246 (Washington, DC: US Census Bureau, 2013), по состоянию на 1 января 2016 года. 98 Lenore J. Weitzman, The Divorce Revolution: The Unexpected Social and Economic Consequences for Women and Children in America (New York: Free Press, 1985), 16–41. 99 Elizabeth Warren and Amelia Warren Tyagi, The Two-Income Trap: Why Middle-Class Mothers and Fathers Are Going Broke (New York: Basic Books, 2003). 100 Elizabeth Warren, A Fighting Chance (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2014). 101 Adam Phillips and Barbara Taylor, On Kindness (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009). 102 Michael Rutter, «Resilience in the Face of Adversity: Protective Factors and Resistance to Psychiatric Disorder», British Journal of Psychiatry 147, no. 6 (1985): 598–611. 103 Tamar Lewin, «Poll Says Even Quiet Divorces Affect Children’s Path», New York Times, November 5, 2005, по состоянию на 22 января 2017 года, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/05/us/poll-says-even-quiet-divorces-affect- childrens-paths.html?_r=0 ; Elizabeth Marquardt, Between Two Worlds: The Inner Lives of Children of Divorce (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2005). 104 Lisa Laumann-Billings and Robert E. Emery, «Distress Among Young Adults from Divorced Families», Journal of Family Psychology 14, no. 4 (2000): 671–687. 105 Judy Dunn et al., «Family Lives and Friendships: The Perspectives of Children In Step-, Single-Parent, and Nonstep Families», Journal of Family Psychology 15, no. 2 (2001): 272–287. 106 Roger Brown and James Kulik, «Flashbulb Memories», Cognition 5, no. 1 (1977): 73–99. 107 Исследования, изучающие воспоминания-вспышки, показывают, что особенно эмоциональные события воспринимаются нами как запомнившиеся более ярко и подробно, хотя запомнившиеся детали не всегда соответствуют действительности; см. также обзор в Elizabeth A. Phelps, «Emotion and Cognition: Insights from Studies of the Human Amygdala», Annual Review of Psychology 57 (2006): 27–53; Olivier Luminet and Antonietta Curci, Flashbulb Memories: New Issues and New Perspectives (New York: Psychology Press, 2008). 108 William James, The Principles of Psychology (New York: Holt, 1890), 670. 109 Jean Martin Charcot, «Lessons on the Illnesses оf the Nervous System Held at the Salpetriere», vol. 3, A. Delahaye and E. Lecrosnie, Paris: Progrиs Medical 3 (1887). 110 Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud, Studies in Hysteria (Boston: Beacon Press, 1950). 111 Sigmund Freud, «On the Psychical Mechanism of Hysterical Phenomena», (лекция, прочитанная на собрании клуба Wienermedizinische club, 11 января 1893 года), in Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud 3 (London: Hogarth Press, 1962), 281–387. 112 Pierre Janet, Psychological Healing: A Historical and Clinical Study, vols. 1–2, trans. PG. Paul and E. Paul (New York: Macmillan, 1925; оригинальный труд опубликован в 1919 году), 660. 113 Abram Kardiner, The Traumatic Neuroses of War (Mansfield Centre, CT: Martino, 2012). 114 Roy R. Grinker and John P. Spiegel, War Neuroses (Philadelphia: Blakiston, 1945) 115 Roy F. Baumeister et al., «Bad Is Stronger than Good», Review of General Psychology 5, no. 4 (2001): 323–370. 116 Joseph E. LeDoux, The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), 168. 117 Jacek Debiec and Joseph E. LeDoux, «The Amygdala and the Neural Pathways of Fear», in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Basic Science and Clinical Practice, eds. Joseph E. LeDoux, Terrence Keane, and Peter Shiromani (NewYork: Humana, 2009), 23–38; Elizabeth A. Phelps, «Emotion and Cognition: Insights from Studies of the Human Amygdala», Annual Review of Psychology 57 (2006): 27–53. |