110302_мет._проф_2018.docx1. Методические указания к практическим занятиям по дисциплине Иностранный язык в профессиональной сфере для студентов направления подготовки
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ВВЕДЕНИЕЦель и задачи освоения дисциплины Цели дисциплины: формирование набора общекультурных и профессиональных компетенций будущего бакалавра по направлению подготовки 44.03.01. - Педагогическое образование, профиль подготовки: Информатика и информационные технологии в образовании Перечень осваиваемых компетенций:
Наименование практических занятий 7.4 Наименование практических занятий
СТРУКТУРА И СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ПРАКТИЧЕСКИХ ЗАНЯТИЙ LESSON 2 THE HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Task 1. Read and translate the text: Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст HISTORY OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS 1. The very first calculating device was the ten fingers of a man's hand. This, in fact, is why today we still count in tens and multiples of tens. Then people invented the abacus, a bead frame in which the beads move from left to right. People went on using some form of abacus well into the 16th century, and it is used in some parts of the world because it's not necessary to know how to read in order to use it. 2. During the 17th and 18th centuries many people tried to find easy ways of calculating. The French scientist Blaise Pascal invented the first adding machine in 1642. His machine was mechanical in nature and it used gears to store numbers. John Napier, a Scotsman, devised a mechanical way of multiplying and dividing. He also produced the first logarithms. All mathematicians today use logarithm tables. Leibnitz, a German mathematician, developed the binary system of mathematics in the 1600s. Binary mathematics uses only the 0 and the 1, and arranges them to represent all numbers. 3. The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820 as the result of several people's experiments. This type of machine, which saved a great deal of time and reduced the possibility of mistakes, depended on a series of gear wheels and used "punched cards". In 1830 Charles Babbage, an Englishman, began to design a machine that was later called "the Analytical Engine". Babbage showed this machine at the Paris Exhibition in 1855. It contained all of the basic elements of an automatic computer - storage, working memory and input device. Many of his ideas were the basis for building today's computers. Task 2. Answer the following questions: Задание 2.Ответьте на следующие вопросы. 1. What was the first calculating device? 2. What is the abacus? Do people still use it nowadays? 3. Who invented calculus? 4. When did the 1st real calculating machine appear? 5. What is Charles Babbage famous for? Task 4. Make up 5 different questions. Задание4. Задайте все типы вопросов к предложениям. 1. People continued to use some form of abacus well into the 16th century. 2. J. Napier invented a mechanical way of multiplying and dividing. 3. This type of machine is based on a series of gear wheels. Task 5. Answer the following questions Задание 5. Проверьте свои знания о компьютерах. Ответьте на следующие вопросы. 1. When did the first generation of computers appear? 2. The first-generation computers used vacuum tubes, didn't they? 3. What did the second-generation computers use instead of vacuum tubes? 4. How did the computers of the third generation differ from those of the first and the second generations? 5. Do we have computers that complete millions of operations per second? 6. What was the first PC called? Task 6.Read the text and check your answers. Задание 6. Прочитайте следующий текст и проверьте свои ответы. Let's have a look at the history of computers. The first general-purpose electronic digital computer came out in the USA in 1946. It was called ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer). ENIAC contained about 18,000 vacuum tubes, weighed more than 30 tons, occupied more than 1,500 square feet of floor space, and consumed 150 kilowatts of electricity during operation. The first-generation computer performed about 5,000 additions and 1,000 multiplications per second and was slow in comparison with modern machines. In the late 1950s the second generation of computers appeared and these performed work ten times faster than the first computers. The reason for this extra speed was the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes. The third-generation computers appeared in 1965. They performed a million calculations per second, which was 1000 times as many as first-generation computers. Now tiny integrated 2333 controlled computers. By the late 1960s many large businesses depended on computers. Many companies linked their computers into networks and that made it possible for different offices to share information. During this time computer technology improved rapidly. In the 1970s there appeared a microprocessor. And in 1975 American engineers devised the first personal computer, Altair. Millions of individuals, families and schools began to use PCs. Present-day computers complete millions of instructions per second. Some experts predict that a new generation of intelligent machines will processes data with the help of beams of laser light, rather than electric current. They say that these computers will store data on individual molecules and that virtual reality will play a large role in education. Task 7. Add the following sentences with the information from the text. Задание 7. Расширьте предложения информацией из текста. 1. First-generation computers were slow. 2. Second-generation computers used transistors. 3. There were many improvements in the third generation of computers. 4. People became dependent on computers. 5. Computers of the future will be better. Task 8. Read and write the summary of the text. Задание 8. Прочитайте текст. Составьте схему, отражающую этапы развития компьютеров. Сделайте аннотацию текста на английском языке. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Let us take a look at the history of the computers that we know today. The very first calculating device used was the ten fingers of a man's hands. This, in fact, is why today we shall count in tens and multiple of tens. Then the abacus were invented, a bead frame in which the beads are moved from left to right. People went on using some form of abacus well into the 16th century, and it is still being used in some parts of the world because it can be understood without knowing how to read. During the 17th and 18th centuries many people tried to find easy ways of calculating. J. Napier, a Scotsman, devised a mechanical way of multiplying and dividing, which is how the modern slide rule works. Henry Briggs used Napier's ideas to produce logarithm tables which all mathematicians use today. Calculus, another branch of mathematics, was independently invented by both Sir Isaac Newton, an Englishman, and Leibnitz, a German mathematician. The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820 as the result of several people's experiments. This type of machine which saves a great deal of time and reduces the possibility of making mistakes depends on a series of ten-toothed gearwheels. In 1830 Charles Babbage, an Englishman, designed a machine that was called "The Analytical Engine". This machine, which Babbage showed at the Paris Exhibition in 1855, was an attempt to cut out the human being altogether, except for providing the machine with the necessary facts about the problem to be devolved. He had never finished this work, but many of his ideas were the basis for building today's computers. In 1930 the first analog computer was built by American named Vannevar Bush. This device was used in Word War II to help aim guns. Mark I, the name given to the first digital computer, was completed in 1944. The men responsible for this invention were Professor Howard Aiken and some people from IBM. This was the first machine that could figure out long lists of mathematical problems all at a very fast rate. In 1946 two engineers at the University of Pennsylvania, J. Eckert and J. Maushly, built the first digital computer using parts called vacuum times. They named their new invention ENIAC. Another important advancement in computers came in 1947, when John von Newmann developed the idea of keeping instructions for the computer inside the computer's memory. The first generation of computers, which used vacuum tubes, came out in 1950. UNIVAC I is an example of these computers which could perform thousand of calculations per second. In I960 the second generation of computers was developed and these could perform work ten times faster than their predecessors. The reason for this extra speed was the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes. Second-generation computers were smaller, faster and more in dependable than first-generation computers. The third-generation computers appeared on the market in 1965. These computers could do a million calculations a second, which is 1000 times as many as first-generation computers. Unlike second-generation computers, these are controlled by tiny integrated circuits and are consequently smaller and more dependable. Fourth-generation computers have now arrived, and the integrated circuits that are being developed have been greatly reduced in size. This is due to microminiaturization, which means that the circuits are much smaller than before; as many as 1000 tiny circuits now fit onto a single chip. A chip is a square or rectangular piece of silicon, usually from 1/10 to 1/4 inch, upon which several layers of an integrated circuit are etched or imprinted, after which the circuit is encapsulated in plastic or metal. Fourth-generation computers are 50 times faster than third-generation computers and can complete approximately 1,000,000 instructions per second. Методическая литература 1. Методические указания к практическим занятиям по дисциплине «Английский язык»: аннотирование и реферирование, для студентов вторых курсов технических специальностей. Ставрополь2015 г. 2.Учебное пособие. Английский язык в сфере профессиональной коммуникации для студентов института информационных технологий и телекоммуникаций. Ставрополь 2018 г. 3.Иностранный язык в сфере профессиональной коммуникации: методические рекомендации по организации самостоятельной работы студентов направления 11.03.02.Инфокоммуникационные технологии и системы связи. Профиль подготовки - Сети связи и системы коммутации (английский) / сост. ; ФГАОУ ВО Сев.-Кав. федер. ун-т. - Ставрополь: СКФУ, 2017. - с., экземпляров неограниченно. http://catalog.ncfu.ru/catalog/ncfu Ресурсы информационно-телекоммуникационной сети «Интернет» http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/ глоссарий.содержащий более 950 лингвистических терминов с перекрестными ссылками и списком источников (SIL International). Ред. Е. Е. Loos, S.Anderson. D.H.Day Jr., P.C.Jourdan, J.D.Wingate. http:// biblioclub.ru – Университетская библиотека онлайн/ http://www.ldc.upenn.edu/ LinguisticDataConsortium: лингвистический сайт университета Пенсильвании; http://orlapubs.org/ORLAPTJBS-L/L81.html электронные учебные материалы по отдельным вопросам лингвистики и грамматики. http://www.cal.org/ericcll/faqs/RGOs/linguistics.html сайт Центра прикладной лингвистики (the ERIC Clearinghouse on Languages and Lingu-stics, the Center for Applied Linguistics). Предоставляет материалы для изучающих иностранные языки и теорию языка. http://www.rsl.ru – Российская государственная библиотека. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||