110302_мет._проф_2018.docx1. Методические указания к практическим занятиям по дисциплине Иностранный язык в профессиональной сфере для студентов направления подготовки
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PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES1. A programming language is an artificial language that can be used to control the behavior of a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages are defined by syntactic and semantic rules which describe their structure and meaning respectively. Many programming languages have some form of written specification of their syntax and semantics; some are defined only by an official implementation. 2. Programming languages are used to facilitate communication about the task of organizing and manipulating information, and to express algorithms precisely. Some authors restrict the term "programming language" to those languages that can express all possible algorithms; sometimes the term "computer language" is used for more limited artificial languages. Thousands of different programming languages have been created, and new languages are created every year. 3. Traits often considered important for constituting a programming language: Function: A programming language is a language used to write computer programs, which involve a computer performing some kind of computation or algorithm and possibly control external devices such as printers, robots, and so on. Target: Programming languages differ from natural languages in that natural languages are only used for interaction between people, while programming languages also allow humans to communicate instructions to machines. Some programming languages are used by one device to control another. For example PostScript programs are frequently created by another program to control a computer printer or display. Constructs: Programming languages may contain constructs for defining and manipulating data structures or controlling the flow of execution. Expressive power: The theory of computation classifies languages by the computations they can express. All Turing complete languages can implement the same set of algorithms. ANSI/ISO SQL and Charity are examples of languages that are not Turing complete yet often called programming languages. 4. A prominent purpose of programming languages is to provide instructions to a computer. As such, programming languages differ from most other forms of human expression in that they require a greater degree of precision and completeness. When using a natural language to communicate with other people, human authors and speakers can be ambiguous and make small errors, and still expect their intent to be understood. However, computers do exactly what they are told to do, and cannot understand the code the programmer "intended" to write. The combination of the language definition, the program, and the program's inputs must fully specify the external behavior that occurs when the program is executed. 5. Many languages have been designed from scratch, altered to meet new needs, combined with other languages, and eventually fallen into disuse. Although there have been attempts to design one "universal" computer language that serves all purposes, all of them have failed to be accepted in this role. Task 3.Answer the following questions. Задание 3. Ответьте на следующие вопросы. 1. Are programming languages artificial or natural? 2. What types of programming languages do you know? 3. What programming languages are preferable to programmers? 4. Which of programming languages do you like best? 5. What programming languages have you already worked with? 6. What are the differences between them? Task4.Match the names and definitions to them Задание 4.Сопоставьте названия и определения к ним.
Task 5.Matchtheheadingsandexplanations Задание 5. Сопоставьте заголовки и тексты-объяснения. 1. We know at least three meanings of this word. First, it is the rules and conventions governing the interpretation of and assignment of meaning to a construction in a language. Hence, semantics is the science of the development of the meanings and changes in words. And since any programming language is a language, a programmer can describe semantics as the relationship between the words and symbols in a programming language and the meanings assigned to them. 2. It is a grammatical structure in sentences. In programming languages, syntax means the rules governing the structure of statements used in a program: for example, the statements in some programming languages must begin in certain columns and be terminated with a specific symbol, such as a period, in order to be executed properly. 3. Though parsing is essentially the same as syntax analysis, it differs greatly from syntax analysis of a natural language. Parsing is the process of separating a programming statement into the basic UNITs that can be translated into machine instructions: this process is performed by a language processor according to the laid down rules in a given programming language. A.PARSING B.SYNTAXANALYSIS C.SEMANTICS. SYNTAX. Task 6. Read and translate the conversation. Задание 6.Прочитайте диалог по ролям. Какую известную Вам информацию об обсуждаемых языках программирования Вы можете сообщить? COMPUTERLANGUAGES interviewer: C was originally written to support the development of the UNIX operating system. Is that right? david wendt: Yes, that's right. Dennis Ritchie designed C in the early 1970s and UNIX is written in C. However, it's actually the result of a development process that began with a language called BCPL, which was developed in 1967. interviewer: So C is based on BCPL? david wendt: Indirectly, yes. Ken Thompson, the developer of UNIX, had been using both assembly language and a language called B. C evolved from B and BCPL. In 1973, Ritchie and Thompson rewrote UNIX in C. interviewer: C was used almost exclusively for systems programming to begin with, so why has it become so popular as a general purpose language? david wendt: Well, it's true that it was - and still is - used for systems programming. Much of MS/DOS and OS/2, and of course UNIX, is written in C. However, when UNIX became one of the most popular multi-user operating systems, C was adopted by programmers for almost any programming task. interviewer: But what do you think makes C more attractive than, say PASCAL? david wendt: C's main attraction is that it has a small but very powerful set of operators. It combines the power of Assembler with the elegance of high-level languages. interviewer: Could you give some examples of how it does that? david wendt: Yes. With C, the programmer can access the underlying hardware. He can access memory addresses directly, he can perform operations on values stored as bits, and he can store variables in registers, just as in Assembler. This produces faster and more efficient code than is produced by high-level languages like PASCAL. At the same time, it provides the fundamental control flow constructs required for well-structured programs: decision-making, loops, and subprograms. These features combined together provide a very powerful tool for the programmer. interviewer: You make it sound like the ideal language for everyone. david wendt: Well, no, I'm not saying that. But if you need to write programs that are compact, fast in execution, and yet portable from one computer to another, then C is the language you should be using. interviewer: One last point: you said earlier that C was the result of a development process. Is this development continuing? I mean, are we going to see a language called D? david wendt: (laughs) As you know, nothing stands still in the field of computing. There is a language C++ which has developed from C, and its use is increasing. Things are definitely moving to object-orientated programming. Language like C++ and Smalltalk are the languages of the next decade (pause) as are functional languages, but that's another story. Методическая литература 1. Методические указания к практическим занятиям по дисциплине «Английский язык»: аннотирование и реферирование, для студентов вторых курсов технических специальностей. Ставрополь2015 г. 2.Учебное пособие. Английский язык в сфере профессиональной коммуникации для студентов института информационных технологий и телекоммуникаций. Ставрополь 2018 г. 3.Иностранный язык в сфере профессиональной коммуникации: методические рекомендации по организации самостоятельной работы студентов направления 11.03.02.Инфокоммуникационные технологии и системы связи. Профиль подготовки - Сети связи и системы коммутации (английский) / сост. ; ФГАОУ ВО Сев.-Кав. федер. ун-т. - Ставрополь: СКФУ, 2017. - с., экземпляров неограниченно. http://catalog.ncfu.ru/catalog/ncfu Ресурсы информационно-телекоммуникационной сети «Интернет» http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/ глоссарий.содержащий более 950 лингвистических терминов с перекрестными ссылками и списком источников (SIL International). Ред. Е. Е. Loos, S.Anderson. D.H.Day Jr., P.C.Jourdan, J.D.Wingate. http:// biblioclub.ru – Университетская библиотека онлайн/ http://www.ldc.upenn.edu/ LinguisticDataConsortium: лингвистический сайт университета Пенсильвании; http://orlapubs.org/ORLAPTJBS-L/L81.html электронные учебные материалы по отдельным вопросам лингвистики и грамматики. http://www.cal.org/ericcll/faqs/RGOs/linguistics.html сайт Центра прикладной лингвистики (the ERIC Clearinghouse on Languages and Lingu-stics, the Center for Applied Linguistics). Предоставляет материалы для изучающих иностранные языки и теорию языка. http://www.rsl.ru – Российская государственная библиотека. LESSON 10 FROM THE HISTORY OF COMPUTER VIRUSES Task 1. Read and translate the text: Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст: A bit of history 2 November 1988 Robert Morris younger (Robert Morris), a graduate student of an informatics faculty of Cornwall University (USA) infected a great amount of computers, connected to Internet network. This network UNITes machines of university centers, private companies and governmental agents, including National Aeronautics Space Administration, as well as some military scientific centers and labs.4 November the author of the virus-Morris-come to FBI headquarters in Washington on his own. FBI has imposed a prohibition on all materials relating to the Morris virus. 22 January 1989 a court of jurors has acknowledged Morris guilty. If denunciatory verdict had been approved without modification, Morris would have been sentenced to 5 years of a prison and 250.000 dollars of fine. However, Morris' attorney Thomas Guidoboni immediately has lodged a protest and directed all papers to the Circuit Court with the petition to decline the decision of the court... Finally Morris was sentenced to 3 months of a prison and fine of 270 thousand dollars. Cornwall University carried a heavy loss, having excluded Morris from its members. The author had to take part in the liquidation of its own creation. It is necessary to differentiate between reproducing programs and Trojan horses. Reproducing programs will not necessarily harm your system because they are aimed at producing as many copies (or somewhat-copies) of their own as possible by means of so-called agent programs or without their help. In the later case they are referred to as "worms". Meanwhile Trojan programs aimed at causing harm or a damage to PC's. Certainly it's a usual practice, when they are a part of "tech-organism", but they have completely different functions. A network worm has struck 6.200 machines that formed 7.3% computers to network. Among damaged things were NASA, Los Alamos National Lab, exploratory center VMS USA, California Technology Institute, and Wisconsin University (200 from 300 systems). According to "Wall Street Journal", a virus has infiltrated networks in Europe and Australia, where there were also registered events of blocking the computers. Here are some recalls of the event participants: Symptom: hundreds or thousands of jobs start running on a UNIX system bringing response to zero. Systems attacked: UNIX systems, 4.3BSD UNIX and variants send mail compiled with debug. This virus is spreading very quickly over the Milnet. Within the past 4 hours, it has hit > 10 sites across the country. Well over 50 sites have been hit. Most of these are "major" sites and gateways. Method: Someone has written a program that uses a hole in SMTP Send mail utility. This utility can send a message into another program. Apparently what the attacker did was this: he or she connected to send mail, issued the appropriate debug command and had a small C program compiled. This program took as an argument a host number and copied two programs-one ending in VAX. OS and the other ending in SunOS-and tried to load and execute them. In those cases where the load and execution succeeded, the worm did two things: spawn a lot of shells that did nothing but clog the process table and burn CPU cycles. It used both individual host files and any other remote hosts it could locate which it had a chance of connecting to. It may have done more: one of our machines changed super user password, but because of other factors we're not sure this worm did it. As you see, there are different types of viruses, and they have already been separated into classes and categories. For instance: dangerous, harmless, and very dangerous. No destruction means a harmless one, tricks with system halts means a dangerous one, and finally with a devastating destruction means a very dangerous virus. Task 2. Answer the following questions: Задание 2. Ответьте на следующие вопросы: 1. What was the attacker? 2. Who infected a great amount of computers, connected to Internet network? 3. Who has imposed a prohibition on all material relating to the Morris virus? 4. When did Robert Morris infect a great amount of computers? 5. When did the author come to FBI headquarters in Washington on his own? 6. How many dollars would have been Morris sentenced? 7. Why do not Reproducing programs harm your system? 8. Why do the viruses evolve as if they were alive? Task 3. Choose the right variant: Задание 3. Выберите правильный вариант: 1. This …. UNITes machines of university centers, private companies and governmental agents. a) engineer; b) network; c) man. 2. Network worm has struck … machines. a) 6500; b) 6200; c) 6300; 3. ... 1988 Robert Morris in feted a great amount of computers, connected to Internet network. a) 1 January; b) 8 March; c) 2 November; 4. ... the author of the virus-Morris-come to FBI headquarters in Washington on his own. a) 22 June; b) 17 September; c) 4 November. Task 4. Find the sentences with the words and word-combinations given below in the text: Задание 4. Найдите в тексте предложения, содержащие нижеследующие слова и выражения: • blocking the computers; • to send mail; • Morris virus; • computer environment; • an integral part of the virus; • a network worm; • to decline the decision of court; • reproducing programs. Task 5. Complete the following sentences corresponding to the contents of the text: |