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АЛИМАН. Алиманова Р.Т. - СОШ №12 (1). Областной учебнометодический кабинет организаций дошкольного, общеобразовательного, технического и профессионального образования Управления образования ЗападноКазахстанской области
Adjectives tell us something about a person or a thing. Adjectives can modify nouns (here: girl) or pronouns (here: she).
Adverbs tell us in what way someone does something. Adverbs can modify verbs (here: drive), adjectives or other adverbs.
adjective
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adverb
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Mandy is a careful girl.
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Mandy drives carefully.
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She is very careful.
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She drives carefully.
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Mandy is a careful driver. This sentence is about Mandy, the driver, so use the adjective.
Mandy drives carefully. This sentence is about her way of driving, so use the adverb.
Adjective + -ly
adjective
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adverb
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dangerous
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dangerously
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careful
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carefully
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nice
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nicely
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horrible
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horribly
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easy
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easily
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electronic
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electronically
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Irregular forms:
adjective
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adverb
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good
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well
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fast
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fast
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hard
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hard
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If the adjective ends in -y, change -y to -i. Then add -ly: happy – happily
but: shy – shyly
If the adjective ends in -le, the adverb ends in -ly: terrible – terribly
If the adjective ends in -e, then add -ly: safe – safely
► Not all words ending in -ly are adverbs:
adjectives ending in -ly: friendly, silly, lonely, ugly
nouns, ending in -ly: ally, bully, Italy, melancholy
verbs, ending in -ly: apply, rely, supply
There is no adverb for an adjective ending in -ly.
Use of adverbs
to modify verbs
The handball team played badly last Saturday.
to modify adjectives: It was an extremely bad match.
to modify adverbs: The handball team played extremely badly last Wednesday.
to modify quantities: There are quite a lot of people here.
to modify sentences: Unfortunately, the flight to Dallas had been cancelled.
Types of adverbs
Adverbs of manner: quickly, kindly
Adverbs of degree: very, rather
Adverbs of frequency: often, sometimes
Adverbs of time: now, today
Adverbs of place: here, nowhere
How do know whether to use an adjective or an adverb?
John is a careful driver. – In this sentences we say how John is – careful. If we want to say that the careful John did not drive the usual way yesterday – we have to use the adverb: John did not drive carefully yesterday.
Here is another example:
I am a slow walker. (How am I? → slow → adjective)
I walk slowly. (How do I walk? → slowly → adverb)
Adjective or Adverb after special verbs
Both adjectives and adverbs may be used after look, smell and taste. Mind the change in meaning.
Here are two examples:
adjective
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adverb
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The pizza tastes good.
(How is the pizza?)
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Jamie Oliver can taste well.
(How can Jamie Oliver taste?)
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Peter's feet smell bad.
(How are his feet?)
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Peter can smell badly.
(How can Peter smell?)
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Do not get confused with good/well.
Linda looks good. (What type of person is she?)
Linda looks well. (How is Linda? – She may have been ill, but now she is fit again.)
How are you? – I'm fine, thank you. /I'm good. (emotional state)
How are you? – I'm well, thank you. (physical state)
One can assume that in the second/third sentence the adverb well is used, but this is wrong – well can be an adjective (meaning fit/healthy), or an adverb of the adjective good.
Conclusion:
Use the adjective when you say something about the person itself.
Use the adverb, when you want to say about the action.
Appendix №17
Modal Verbs in English
The Meaning of Modal Verbs in English
Present
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Past
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Future
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Meaning
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Example
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Purely modal verbs
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can
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could
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———
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The physical ability to perform an action.
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I can play the piano.
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may
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might
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———
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The means and capability (permission) to perform an action.
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He may open the window (He is allowed to open the window).
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must
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———-
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———
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The necessity to perform an action, an order.
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She must read it.
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ought to
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———-
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———
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The same as the verb “Should” – should be used with the “to” participle.
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He ought not to smoke at 15.
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The equivalents of the verb “must”
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to have
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had (to)
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shall/will have (to)
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The same as must and ought to.
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I have to read.
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to be
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was/were (to)
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———–
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Should do what was has been planned.
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They are to come at 5 o’clock.
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Multifunctional verbs
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———–
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———–
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shall
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The need, the necessity. The auxiliary verb used to form the future tense. Rarely used as the modal verb.
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They shall regret it if they do it.
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should
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———–
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———–
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The recommendation. “Softer” that Shall.
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He should do exercises (He is recommended to do exercises).
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———–
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———–
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will
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The desire, the mood. The auxiliary verb used to form the future tense.
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I will see you tomorrow
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need
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———–
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———–
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The need.
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She needs to eat meat.
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dare
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dared
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———–
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To dare, to dare say.
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Do they dare to say this?
I dare say she looks perfectly.
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Table 2. The interrogative form of the modal verbs
Verb
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Interrogative form
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Meaning of the verb
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can
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Саn you float?
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Doubt in the possibility of an action
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may
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May I open a window?
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Permission for an action, request
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must
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Must she go to school?
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Question about the necessity of an action
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ought to
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Ought I to warn him of her illness?
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Question about the appropriateness of an action
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to have
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Do I have to float?
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Doubt in the necessity of an action that needs to be performed.
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to be
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Am I to do it?
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Doubt in the necessity of an action that was planned to performed.
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shall
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Shall we begin?
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Receiving instructions, an order or an offer.
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should
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How should I know?
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Bewilderment, impressive amazement
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will
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Will you give him this notebook?
Will you have some more cake?
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Polite request; polite offer, invitation
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need
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Need I read it?
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Doubt in the necessity of a certain action
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dare
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How dare you do it?
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Having the guts / impudence to do something
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Table 3. The negative form of the modal verbs
Verb
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Negative form
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Meaning of the verb
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can
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He cannot float.
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Prohibition, refusal.
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may
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You may not do it.
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Strict prohibition, flat refusal to perform an action.
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must
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She must not go to school.
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Strict prohibition, flat refusal to perform an action.
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ought to
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You ought not to go without a hat.
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Regret that an undesirable action was performed.
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to have
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You don’t have to help them.
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No need to perform an action, due to certain circumstances.
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to be
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You are not to come.
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No need to perform the action that has been planned.
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shall
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You shall not run away.
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An order, precaution, threat, warning toward another person (other persons).
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should
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She shouldn’t have gone there.
You should have told me the truth.
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Regret that an undesirable action took place; Regret, reproach, reprimand regarding the performed action.
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will
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He won’t (will not) go to dinner.
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Refusal, stubborn reluctance to do something.
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need
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You needn’t worry.
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No necessity to do something
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dare
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For a while he dared not move.
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Have the courage to do something.
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Many modal verbs in English (except equivalents and some multifunctional verbs) have the probable meaning.
Table 4. The probable meaning of the modal verbs
Verb
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The probable meaning
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Example
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can
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Doubt, surprise, mistrust – really, that couldn’t be.
Used only in the interrogative and negative sentences.
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Can he be still sleeps?
They can’t all be lying.
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may
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The assumption with uncertainty, doubt – maybe.
Used in the affirmative and negative sentences.
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He may be at office.
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must
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The assumption with certainty – probably, might be.
Used only in the affirmative sentences.
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She must know his E-mail.
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ought to
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The same as the verb “must”. Used much less frequently.
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He ought to / (should) be at restaurant now.
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to have
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Doesn’t have
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to be
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Doesn’t have
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shall
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Doesn’t have
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should
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The same as the verb “must”.
Used much less frequently.
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You should be sleepy by now.
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will
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Expressing the assumption – probably, might be.
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That would be sister.
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need
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Doesn’t have
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dare
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Doesn’t have
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