АЛИМАН. Алиманова Р.Т. - СОШ №12 (1). Областной учебнометодический кабинет организаций дошкольного, общеобразовательного, технического и профессионального образования Управления образования ЗападноКазахстанской области
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Smoking is often bad for the health. It is sometimes quite hot in the room. This medicine is often very good for the flue. The knowledge of a foreign language is often of great value to us. All of us are occasionally forgetful. It is sometimes quite cold here in November. John’s advice is often quite useful. This child is frequently very annoying. Theoretical handbook Appendix №1 a/an – the We use a before words that starts with a consonant sounds: a pen, a car We use an before words that start with a vowel sounds: an elephant, an orange We use a/an before countable nouns in singular form: I have got a dog. I haven’t an elephant. We use a/an for something we mention for the first time. We use the for something we have already mentioned: This is a book. The book is Ann’s. Appendix №2 The verb “to be” As a main verb in a sentence, to be is a stative verb serving as a copula (a verb linking the subject with its complement). As every sentence in English must have a verb, to be is used in many cases where there is no action described in the sentence: She is a doctor. When a sentence the Present Simple tense has to be as a main verb, then no auxiliary verb is needed for negation. The word not is simply added after the verb: She is not (isn’t) a doctor. When a sentence the Present Simple tense has to be as a main verb, then no auxiliary verb is needed for forming questions. The be verb form is inverted before the subject: Is she a doctor? Appendix №3 Have got/has got We use has got in the 3rd person singular (he,she, it), and we use have got with all other persons.
Appendix №4 Use of there is, there are
Contracted forms of there is, there are Contactions are only possibe from there is – there's The form there're is not used. Do not form contracted forms in questions with is there/are there. In informal English you may hear the contracted form there's used with plural nouns. This is grammatically not correct. Appendix №5 Demonstrative Pronouns We use: this and that in the singular, these and those in the Plural. Generally speaking, we use this/these to refer to people and things, situations and experiences that are close to the speaker or very close in time. We use that/those to refer to people and things, situations and experiences that are more distant, either in time or physically. This is a great game. (We are watching the game.) That was a great game. (The game is over.) Appendix №6 Possessive Pronouns
Appendix №7 Some, any, no, every We use some before countable nouns in the plural/uncountable nouns (affirmative sentences/question to offer sth.): We've got some oranges. There’s some milk in the fridge. We use any before countable nouns in the plural/uncountable nouns (negative sentence/question): There isn’t any butter. Are there any apples in the fridge? We use every before countable nouns in the singular: There’s chair for every child in the class. We use no before countable nouns in the plural/uncountable nouns (affirmative sentences to express negative meaning): There are no eggs. I have no money. Exceptions: I would like to buy fruit at a market. I see the man has wonderful apples so I can ask him: Can I have some of these apples? If I do not see apples or if I am not sure whether there are apples at all I use any in this question: Have you got any apples? Appendix №8 Much/many, little/few, a lot of, plenty of When do we use much and when many? much: uncountable nouns (milk, marmalade, money, time etc.) many: countable nouns (bottles of milk, jars of marmalade, dollars, minutes etc.) Examples: How much money have you got? How many dollars have you got? In informal English these questions are often answered with a lot of, lots of. There is no much difference between the two phrases. When do we use a little/little and when a few/few? a little: non countable nouns (milk, marmalade, money, time etc.) a few: countable nouns (bottles of milk, jars of marmalade, dollars, minutes etc.) Examples: He has a little money left. He has a few dollars left. We use few and little without the article a to point out a more negative meaning. Examples: A few students of our school know this. (There are some student who know it.) Few students know this. (It is almost unknown.) When do we use a lot of and when lots of? These phrases are mainly used in informal English – lots of sounds a bit more informal than a lot of. Both forms are used in singular and in plural sentences. It is not the phrase a lot of or lots of which determines singular or plural, but the noun of the sentence (here: water and computers). 1. Informal English Singular Plural A lot of water is wasted. A lot of computers are needed at schools. Lots of water is wasted. Lots of computers are needed at schools. 2. Formal English In formal English we use plenty of or much and many instead of a lot of/lots of. Singular Plural Plenty of water is wasted. Plenty of computers are needed at schools. Much water is wasted. Many computers are needed at schools. Appendix №9 Plural of nouns How to form the plural We form the plural by adding -s to the singular of the noun.
Nouns ending in sibilants Add -es. Add -s if the noun ends in one -e.
Nouns ending in –y y after consonant Change -y to -i, then add -es.
There are two forms of the plural of the word penny: pennies → You refer to the single coins. pence →You refer to the price (how much sth. is). y after vowel Add -s after a vowel.
Nouns ending in -f or –fe Add –s
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