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Part of the DNA chain turned about 180 degree due to gamma radiation. What type of mutation took place in the DNA chain? Replication Translocation @Inversion Doubling Deletion # 25 During the postsynthetic period of mitotic cycle the synthesis of tubulin proteins was disturbed. These proteins take part in construction of division spindle. It can lead to the disturbance of: @Chromosomes' disjunction Mitosis duration Cytokinesis Spiralization of chromosomes Despiralization of chromosomes # 26 During the postsynthetic period of mitotic cycle the synthesis of proteins - tubulines, which take part in the mitosis formation, was destroyed. It can cause the impairment of: Chromosome despiralization Cytokinesis Duration of mitosis @Chromosome separation Chromosome spiralization # 27 In the woman of 60 years the tumor uterus is removed. At the analyses of tumor cells multipole mitoses were found with divergence of chromosomes to many poles. What organelles were distroyed? @Centrosome Secondary lisosomes Peroxisomes Ribosomes Rough-surfaced ER # 28 Hurtnup's disease is caused by point mutation of only one gene. This results in abnormal absorption of tryptophane in the intestine as well as its abnormal reabsorption in renal tubules. This causes synchronous disorders in digestive and urinary excretion systems. What genetic phenomenon is observed in this case? Complementary interaction Polymery Semidominance Codominance @Pleiotropy # 29 After prophylactic medical examination a 7 y.o. boy was diagnosed with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (only boys fall ill). His parents are healthy, but his grandfather by his mother's side has the same disease. What type of inheritance is it? @Recessive, sex-linked Autosomal and recessive Semidominance Dominant, sex-linked Autosomal and dominant # 30 A 32 y.o. man is tall, he has gynecomastia, adult woman pattern of hair distribution, high voice, mental deficiency, sterility. Provisional diagnosis is Klinefelter's syndrome. In order to specify diagnosis it is necessary to analize: @Caryotype Blood group Genealogy Leukogram Spermatogenesis # 31 An 8 month old child has non-closed palate, a number of eye defects, microcephaly, disorder of cardiovascular system. Cytogenetic analysis revealed 47 chromosomes with an additional 13th chromosome. What diagnosis can be made on the basis of clinical observations and cytogenetic examinations? Down's syndrome Edwards' syndrome @Patau's syndrome Cat cry syndrome Klinefelter's syndrome # 32 Autopsy of a newborn boy revealed polydactylia, microcephalia, cheiloschisis and uranoschisis as well as hypertrophy of parenchimatous organs. These defects correspond with the description of Patau's syndrome. What is the most probable cause of this pathology? @Trisomy of the 13th chromosome Partial monosomy Trisomy of the 21st chromosome Nondisjunction of sex chromosomes Trisomy of the 18th chromosome # 33 Abnormal chromosome disjunction during meiosis resulted in formation of: an ovum with 22 autosomes and polar body with 24 chromosomes. If such an ovum would be fertilized with a normal spermatozoon (22+X) the child might have the following syndrome: Klinefelter's syndrome Trisomy X @Turner's syndrome Down's syndrome Edwards' syndrome # 34 A 28 year old woman consulted a doctor about sterility. Examination revealed underdeveloped ovaries and uterus, irregular menstrual cycle. Study of sex chromatin revealed 2 Barr's bodies in most somatic cells. What chromosome disease is the most probable in this case? Turner's syndrome Patau's syndrome Edwards' syndrome @Triplo-X syndrome Klinefelter's syndrome # 35 Examination of a 12 year old boy with developmental lag revealed achondroplasia: disproportional constitution with evident shortening of upper and lower limbs as a result of growth disorder of epiphyseal cartilages of long tubal bones. This disease is: Congenital Inherited, sex-linked Inherited, recessive @Inherited, dominant Acquired # 36 In course of prophylactic medical examination a 7-year-old boy was diagnosed to have daltonism. Parents are healthy, color vision is normal. But grandfather from the mother's side has the same disorder. What is the type of inheriting of this anomaly? @Recessive, sex-linked Autosomal-dominant Autosomal-recessive Incomplete domination Dominant, sex-linked # 37 A healthy woman has three sons affected by color blindness who were born after her two marriages. Children both of her husbands are healthy. What is the most possible pattern of inheritance of this disease? @X-linked recessive Autosomal recessive Y-linked Autosomal dominant X-linked dominant # 38 While studing of the family tree with history of hypertrichosis (hyperhirsutism of the ear) this sign was founded only in the men and it was inherited from father to the son. Define the type of hypertrichosis inheritance? Autosomal-dominant Autosomal- recessive @Connected with Y-chromosome Connected with Х-chromosome dominant Connected with Х-chromosome recessive # 39 The study of the genealogy of a family with hypertrichosis (helix excessive pilosis) has demonstrated that this symptom is manifested in all generations only in men and is inherited by son from his father. What is the type of hypertrichosis inheritance? X-linked recessive chromosome Autosome-recessive X-linked dominant chromosome @Y-linked chromosome Autosome-dominant # 40 An individual is characterized by rounded face, broad forehead, a mongolian type of eyelid fold, flattened nasal bridge, permanently open mouth, projecting lower lip, protruding tongue, short neck, flat hands, and stubby fingers. What diagnosis can be put to the patient? Alkaptonuria @Down's syndrome Supermales Turner's syndrome Klinefelter's syndrome # 41 Examination of a 7 year old child revealed the following symptoms: small height, broad roundish face, closely placed eyes with narrow palpebral fissures, half-open mouth. Valvular defect has been also diagnosed. These clinical presentations are most likely typical for Down's syndrome. Name the cause of such pathology: Nondisjunction of sexual chromosomes Partial monosomy @Trisomy of the 21 chromosome Trisomy of the 13 chromosome X-chromosome trisonomy # 42 A 3-month-old child died of pneumonia. A macroscopical investigation revealed upward slant of palpebral fissures of the eyes, a sinking down dorsum of nose, dolichouranic, a low locating of small auricles. An autopsy revealed a defect of a heart and the main vessels' development. A genetic study showed a chromosome 21 trisomy. What of the listed diagnoses is the most likely? @Down's syndrome Patau's syndrome Shereshevsky-Turner's syndrome (gonadal dysgenesis) Edwards' syndrome - # 43 At the macroscopic exam of a 5-months baby, who died of pneumonia, were revealed: oblique incision of the eyes, retraction of a bridge of the nose, high palate, low location of small auricles (of ear). A defect in a heart and magistral vessels development was detected at the section. The genetic exam revealed a trisomy 21 autochromosome. What is the most possible diagnosis? Cherechewski-Turner syndrome Patau’s syndrome @Down syndrome Edwards’ syndrome Klinfelter’s syndrome # 44 A 40-year-old pregnant woman underwent amniocentesis. The examination of fetus karyotype revealed 47ХУ+21. What pathology of the fetus was found out? Schereschevsky-Terner's disease Patau's disease Phenylketonuria @Down's syndrome Klinefelter's syndrome # Dystrophies. Parenchyma dystrophies. 1 All following mechanisms underlie intracellular accumulation EXCEPT one: The rate of production is increased The rate of the breakdown is decreased Genetic defect of metabolism The absence of degrading or transporting enzymes @Permanent chronic inflammation # 2 During the examination of a newborn, some apparent skin differences are noted. The skin is dry, with an uneven surface and with the presence of grey plates which can be removed layer by layer. These changes are related to which type of dystrophy? @Horny dystrophy Hydropic dystrophy Hyaline dystrophy Fibrinoid swelling Mucoid swelling # 3 While examining newborn baby, there were several skin changes found: dryness, dull with rough surface. What kind of dystrophy could cause such changes? @Keratous Hydropical Hyalin-droppy Fibrinoid swelling Mucoid swelling # 4 A stillborn child was found to have thickened skin resembling of the tortoise shell, underdeveloped auricles. Histological examination of skin revealed hyperkeratosis, atrophy of the granular epidermis layer; inflammatory changes were not present. What is the most likely diagnosis? Xerodermia Leukoplakia Dermatomyositis @Ichthyosis Erythroplakia # 5 A male patient had a prosthetic appliance on the lower jaw. The ventral surface of tongue revealed a dense, gray plaque with a clear boundary. Histology revealed the thickened of the stratified squamous epithelium due granular and to basal layers thickening, hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, lymphocyte's infiltration of connective tissue. Make a diagnosis. @Leukoplakia Erythroplakia Papilloma Cancer in sity (intra-epithelial neoplasia) Condyloma # 6 During the preventive examination of a worker employed in the coal resins production the areas of thickening and keratinization of the nucous membrane in the oral cavity were found. This occured mainly on the cheeks areas, showing a whitish color with a rough surface. They were not painful. Which pathology is this related to? @Leukoplakia Papillomatosis Glossitis Stomatitis Calcification # 7 A 77-year-old male with a dental prosthesis on his upper jaw is seen by his dentist because of a solid gray patch on his tongue. A lesion has irregular contour, uneven surface, and clear borders. Microscopic investigation of its biopsy revealed the thickening of stratified squamous epithelium, its hyperkeratosis, and acanthosis accompanied with lymphocytes and macrophages infiltration of subjacent connective tissue. What is the most likely diagnosis? @Leukoplakia. Erythroplakia. Papilloma. Cancer in situ. Condyloma. # 8 A solid gray patch, irregularly shaped with uneven surface, but with clear borders was founded on a ventral surface of a tong of a man with prosthesis of mandible. During the histological examination of the formation there were noticed the saved structure of stratified flat epithelium, its thickening through prickle and basal cell layers, hyperkeratosis, acanthosis. Lymphomacrophagal infiltration of underlied connective tissue was detected, too. Make a right diagnosis. Condyloma Erythroplakia Papilloma Cancer in situ @Leucoplakia # 9 While examining oral cavity, there was found a white lamella on mucous membrane, slightly bulging above its surface. Histologically: nodosity of multilayer epithelia, hyperkeratosis, acanthosis. Which diagnosis from below is the most suitable in this case? @Leucoplaqia Desquamative glossitis Flat-cell cancer Papilloma Rhomboid glossitis # 10 Mucous membrane of a patient's oral cavity has a greyish-white focus, the mass is dense and protrudes above the mucous membrane. Histological examination revealed hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis and acanthosis of epithelium in this are A. What pathological process was revealed in the mucous membrane? @Leukoplakia Hyalinosis Local tumourous amyloidosis Focal ichthyosis Leukoderm # 11 In an experiment, a series of immunohistochemical stains are employed to identify different cellular components. One particular stain identifies the presence of intermediate filaments within cells. This cytokeratin stain is most likely to be useful for which of the following diagnostic purposes? Cytoskeletal alterations are seen with impending cell death A neoplasm can be determined to be a carcinoma Contractile properties of the cells can be determined @A history of chronic alcoholism can be confirmed The degree of metaplasia or dysplasia can be assessed # 12 During the section of a 49-year-old man, that was hospitalized with symptoms of hepatotropic intoxication and suddenly died, an enlarged liver of yellow-brown color, soft consistence was revealed. Drops of oil were noticed on the surface of incision of the liver and on the scalpel. Microscopically: peripheral hepatocytes of a classic hepatic lobule are filled with small drops that are placed in the cytoplasm and displaced the nucleus to the cell periphery. About what process in the liver do the following changes testify? Gangliosidelipidosis (Tay-Sachs disease) Cerebrosidelipidosis (Gaucher’s disease) Sphyngomyelinlipidosis (Niemann-Pick disease) @Hepar adiposa dystrophia Generalized gangliosidosis (Norman- Landing disease) # 13 A 53 year old patient died with symptoms of liver insufficiency. A post-mortem examination revealed the enlarged, flabby, yellow-brown liver. Gross examination of the liver's section showed drops of fat. Microscopically: hepatocytes on the peripheries of the hepatic lobules contained masses of small drops within the cytoplasm. Which process most likely took place in the liver? @Fatty dystrophy of the liver Glucosylceramide lipidosis (Gaucher's disease) Sphingolopidosis (Niemann-Pick disease) Gangliosidosis (Tay-Sachs disease) Systemic lipoidoses # 14 An autopsy of a 49-year man, who was hospitalized with liver intoxication and suddenly died afterwards, shows: liver is enlarged, yellowish-brown coloured and of soft consistency. On section, there are lipid drops found. Microscopically: peripheral hepatocytes contain many small drops, which completely fill the cytoplasm and push aside the nucleus. Name the process. @Liver lipid dystrophy Cerebrosidelipidosis (Gaucher’s disease} Sphyngomyelinlipidosis (Niemann-Pick disease) Gangliosidelipidosis (Tay-Sachs disease) Generalized gangliosidosis (Norman-Landing disease) # 15 A 38-year-old patient, suffering from chronic alcoholism and cirrhosis of the liver, developed profuse bleeding due to varicose veins of the esophagus which resulted in death. During the autopsy a liver was noted to be diminished in size with micronodular tuberosity. The organ was dense and rather yellow in color. A histological evaluation of the cryostat specimens of the liver, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, revealed hepatocytes with large, optically empty vacuoles. These vacuoles were black when stained with osmium acid. These optically empty vacuoles hepatocytes indicate: @Fatty dystrophy • Inclusions of hyaline. Alcoholic hyaline (Mallory bodies) Vacuolar dystrophy. Carbohydrates dystrophy. # 16 A patient died from pulmonary-cardiac insufficiency. During the dissection a significantly enlarged anemic liver, with yellow doughy consistencies was found. A liver specimen stained with hematoxylin and eosin exposed various sizes of vacuoles in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes. Which one of the following dystrophies occurred? @Parenchymal fatty Parenchymal carbohydrate Hyaline Mesenchymal fatty Hydropic # 17 A 44-year-old woman died from chronic alcoholic intoxication. During the autopsy a significamtly enlarged liver of doughy consistency and rather yellowish color was found. Microscopically, after staining with hematoxylin and eosin, cytoplasm of the hepatocytes contained optically empty vacuoles. Which type of dystrophy has taken place? @Parenchymal fatty dystrophy Carbohydrate parenchymal dystrophy Hyaline dystrophy Mesenchymal fatty dystrophy Hydropic dystrophy # 18 An examination of a woman having diabetes mellitus showed enlarged liver. Blood analysis showed increased level of triglycerides, lipoproteins. What kind of liver dystrophy is this? Amyloidosis Hyalin-droppy dystrophy @Lipid parenchymal dystrophy Hyalinosis Mucoid swelling # 19 An autopsy of 45 year old woman, who died of chronic alcohol intoxication, has shown grossly enlarged liver of yellowish colour and gummy consistency. Microscopically: haematoxylin-eosin staining showed various shaped, translucent vacuoles. Name the type of dystrophy. @Lipid parenchymal Carbohydrate parenchymal Hyalin-droppy Lipid mesenchymal Hydropical # 20 A 36-year-old female develops liver failure followed with lethal outcome. Autopsy has shown an enlarged liver of yellow-brown color and soft consistence. Drops of fat are noticed on the liver cut surface and on the scalpel. Microscopically: hepatocytes at peripheral zone of a liver lobules contain small drops that fill cytoplasm and push the nucleus to the periphery. What process in the liver do the following changes testify to? @Fatty degeneration of liver. Cerebrosidelipidosis (Gaucher's disease). Sphingomyelinlipidosis (Niemann — Pick disease). Gangliosidelipidosis (Tay —Sachs disease). Generalized gangliosidosis (Norman—Landing disease). # 21 A 48-year-old man has a history of chronic alcoholism. He is able to perform his work at his job. He has had no major illnesses. On physical examination, there are no significant findings. Which of the following microscopic findings in his liver is most likely to be present: Cholestasis @Fatty change Hemochromatosis Hypertrophy of smooth endoplasmic reticulum Coagulative necrosis # 22 A 55-year-old male alcoholic presents with symptoms of liver disease and is found to have mildly elevated liver enzymes. A liver biopsy examined with a routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain reveals abnormal clear spaces in the cytoplasm of most of the hepatocytes. Which of the following materials is most likely forming these cytoplasmic spaces? Calcium Cholesterol Hemosiderin Lipofuscin @Triglyceride # 23 A 45-year old male is found to have a severe intoxication. A diagnosis of sepsis is made. Several days later he dies. At autopsy, his myocardium grossly had a 'tiger heart' pattern. Microscopically, lipids were detected in the cytoplasm of cardiac myocytes. What morphogenetic mechanism prevails in the development of this dystrophy? @Decomposition Infiltration. Transformation Abnormal synthesis. Colliquation. # 24 A man died of chronic cardiac failure. Autopsy revealed a tiger heart. There is yellowish stripy endocardium, myocardium is dull and of clay-yellow colour. What process caused this pathology? @Lipid parenchymal dystrophy Carbohydrate dystrophy Hyalin-droppy Lipid mesenchymal dystrophy Amyloidosis # 25 A 42-year-old female became ill with diphtheria and died from acute cardiac insufficiency. During dissection it was noted that the heart cavities were extended and that the muscle of the heart was dim, motley and on a cut surface had yellow areas. Which process was exposed in the myocardial cells? @Fatty dystrophy Carbohydrate dystrophy Ballooning dystrophy Hyaline dystrophy Hydropic dystrophy # 26 Autopsy of a menopausal woman with a ling history of a chronic ischemic heart disease revealed soft and enlarged heart. Its chambers were extended; the myocardium sectional view was lack-luster with grey- yellowish coloring. An endocardium presented with yellow-white banding, most evident in papillary muscles. What is the most likely pathological process in woman's heart? @Fatty degeneration of myocardium. Fatty heart Dilated cardiomyopathy. Myomalation. Cardiosclerosis. # 27 Autopsy of a man who died from chronic cardiacvascular collapse revealed "tiger heart". Sidewards of endocardium a yellowish-white banding can be seen; myocardium is dull, dark-yellow. What process caused this pathology? @Fatty parenchymatous degeneration Carbohydrate degeneration Fatty vascular-stromal degeneration Amyloidosis Hyaline degeneration # 28 A patient with leukemia died from severe chronic anemia. An autopsy revealed an enlarged heart, with flabby myocardium. It had a dim pale-grey color, yellow spots and bars. Which pathological process was found in the heart at post-mortem? @Parenchymal fatty dystrophy Vacuolar dystrophy. Hydropic dystrophy. Mesenchymal fatty dystrophy. Mixed dystrophy. # 29 A patient died from chronic cardiovascular insufficiency. At the post-mortem a 'tabby cat' heart was found. From the side of the endocardium, a yellow-white striped pattern was noticeable. The myocardium was a dim with gray-yellow color. Which process is most likely diagnosed? @Fatty parenchymal dystrophy. Carbohydrate dystrophy Hydropic dystrophy. Fatty mesenchymal dystrophy. Amyloidosis. # 30 An autopsy of 62-year old man, who died of increasing cardiac failure, showed enlarged heart, dilated cameras. Section of myocardium shows dull, clay-yellow tissue. Endocard is stripy, especially on papillary muscles. What pathological process is the most suitable in this case? @Myocardial lipid dystrophy Cardial adiposis Dilatational cardiomyopathy Myomalation Cardiosclerosis # 31 A 66-year-old male died from cardiac insufficiency. During the dissection an increase volume heart was found. Observation of the heart revealed a flabby consistency with stretched chambers. The myocardium section had a dim, clay-yellowish color. From the side of the endocardium a yellow-white striped pattern was present, which was especially noted in the papillary muscles. Which pathological process is the most credible? @Fatty dystrophy of the myocardium Obesity of the heart Dilatation cardiomyopathy Myomalacia Cardiosclerosis # 32 A man died due to cardiac insufficiency. At autopsy revealed the heart increased volume and flabby. A myocardium was a clay-yellow color and dim. From the side of the endocardium a yellow-white striped pattern was visible ('tabby cat'). Under the microscope the groups of myocardial cells lost their normal structure, their cytoplasm contained shallow drops which were black when stained with Sudan-IV. Which one of the following is the correct diagnosis? @Fatty dystrophy of myocardium Cardiosclerosis Rheumatic myocarditis Obesity of the heart Myomalacia # 33 During the section of a 62-year-old man, who died at the background of facts of progressive heart insufficiency, an enlarged heart of soft consistence was revealed. Its chambers are dilated; on incision the myocardium is dim, of clayish-yellow color. Yellow-white strips can be seen from the endocardium side that is especially manifested in papillary muscles. What pathological process can be diagnosed? Fat heart @Cor adiposa dystrophia Dilated cardiomyopathy Myomalation Cardiosclerosis # 34 During an autopsy a parenchymal fatty dystrophy of the myocardium was diagnosed. What is the common or descriptive name of the heart due to this dystrophy? @Tabby cat' heart ('Tiger's' heart) Bovine heart 'Hairy' heart Solder plaque (bony heart) Cor pulmonale # 35 A seven-year-old child presented with diphtheria of the pharynx. He subsequently died from acute cardiac insufficiency. Post-mortem examination of the heart revealed that the cavities of the heart were extended horizontally. Muscles of the heart were dim and flabby. Gross section showed motley appearance, with yellow areas. Microscopically in the cytoplasm of some myocardial cells small vacuoles were determined. The frozen sections showed vacuoles within cells stained with sudan-III in orange color. Which type of dystrophy was found in myocardial cells? @Fatty dystrophy Carbohydrate dystrophy Vacuolar dystrophy Hyaline dystrophy Hydropic dystrophy # 36 A 62-year-old male who has been ill with diabetes mellitus for 15 years died from a cerebral hemorrhage. Post-mortem revealed kidneys diminished in size with a fine-grained surface. The epithelium of the canaliculi of distal nephron's segment was high, with a light foamy cytoplasm. The Best's carmine staining demonstrated a bright red coloring of the cytoplasm's accumulations. These changes in the epithelium resulted from the accumulation of: @ Glycogen Lipids Hyaline Proteins Amyloid # 37 Mother of 5-year old boy complaints that his ears and tip of nose became darker, urine is to darken upon standing. Color of feces is as usual. The cause of such state can be: @alkaptonuria phenylketonuria branched chain aminoaciduria (maple syrup disease) Hartnup’s disease podagra (gout) # 38 In a year old child urine is to darken upon standing. In the blood and urine homohentisine acid is found. Metabolism of what substance is disordered? @Tyrosine Purine nucleotides Leicine Tryptophan Melanin # 39 A 2-years-old boy was admitted to the hospital with malabsorption syndrome. Deficiencies of disaccharidases and dipeptidases have been found in this patient. What from the following types of epithelium is providing deficiency of enzymes? @Simple columnar epithelium Simple cuboidal epithelium Simple squamous epithelium Pseudostratified epithelium Simple columnar ciliated epithelium # 40 A 6-month-old boy is being evaluated for failure to thrive, along with persistent vomiting, seizures, and a low-grade fever. Physical examination finds a protuberant abdomen due to enlargement of both the liver and spleen, along with a “cherry-red spot” on his retina and diffuses enlarged lymph nodes. A bone marrow biopsy reveals an abnormal diffuse proliferation of foamy macrophages filled with lipid (“foam cells”). Electron microscopy reveals cytoplasmic bodies that resemble concentric lamellated myelin figures within the foamy macrophages. Rare parallel pallisading lamellas (“zebra bodies”) are also seen in the cytoplasm of these cells with electron microscopy. Which of the following substances is most likely to be found at abnormal high levels within these foamy macrophages? Ceramide trihexose Glucocerebroside Heparan sulfate @Sphingomyelin Sulfatide # 41 A 6 year old child was delivered to a hospital. Examination revealed that the child couldn't fix his eyes, didn't keep his eyes on toys, eye ground had the cherry-red spot sign. Laboratory analyses showed that brain, liver and spleen had high rate of ganglioside glycometid E. What congenital disease is the child ill with? @Tay-Sachs disease Turner's syndrome Wilson's syndrome Niemann-Pick disease MacArdle disease # 42 Examination of cell culture got from a patient with lysosomal pathology revealed accumulation of great quantity of lipids in the lysosomes. What of the following diseases is this disturbance typical for? @Tay-Sachs disease Galactosemia Wilson disease Phenylketonuria Gout # 43 A 10-month-old baby is being evaluated for visual problems and motor incoordination. Examination of the child’s fundus reveals a bright “cherry red spot” at the macula. Talking to the family of this visually impaired 10-month-old infant, you find that they are Jewish and their family is from the eastern portion of Europe (Ashkenazi Jews). Based on this specific family history, which one of the following enzymes is most likely to be deficient in this infant? Aryl sulfatase β-glucocerebrosidase @Hexosaminidase A Hexosaminidase B Sphingomyelinase # 44 A 6-year-old girl is being evaluated for recurrent episodes of light-headedness and sweating due to hypoglycemia. These symptoms are not improved by subcutaneous injection of epinephrine. Physical examination reveals an enlarged liver and a single subcutaneous xanthoma. An abdominal CT scan reveals enlargement of the liver along with bilateral enlargement of the kidneys. Laboratory examination reveals increased serum uric acid and cholesterol with decreased serum glucose levels. Following oral administration of fructose, there is no increased in blood glucose levels. A liver biopsy specimen reveals increased amounts of glycogen in hepatocytes, which also have decreased levels of glucosese-6-phosphatase. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? Andersen’s syndrome (type IV glycogen storage disease) Cori’s disease (type III glycogen storage disease) McArdle’s syndrome (type V glycogen storage disease) Pompe’s disease (type II glycogen storage disease) @von Gierke’s disease (type I glycogen storage disease) # 45 A 9-year-old boy is being evaluated for deafness. Physical examination reveals a child with short stature, coarse facial features (low, flat nose; thick lips; widely spaced teeth; facial fullness), a large tongue, and clear corneas. Laboratory examination reveals increased urinary levels of heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate. Metachromatic granules (Reilly bodies) are found in leukocytes from a bone marrow biopsy. These leukocytes are also found to be deficient in iduronosulfate sulfatase. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? @Hunter’s disease Hurler’s disease I cell disease Metachromatic leukodystrophy Wolman’s disease # 46 A child's blood presents high content of galactose, glucose concentration is low. There are such presentations as cataract, mental deficiency, adipose degeneration of liver. What disease is it? Steroid diabetes Fructosemia @Galactosemia Diabetes mellitus Lactosemia # 47 In newborn the hypertonia of muscles and seizures are observed. On the forth day of life the specific ‘mousy’ odor was felt from infant. After interaction of urine with FeCl3 the green-blue color appears. What disease is it possible to think about? @Phenylketonuria Branched chain aminoaciduria (maple syrup disease) Tyrosinosis Hartnup’s disease Familial cystinuria # 48 In newborn the hypertonia of muscles and seizures are observed. On the forth day of life the specific ‘mousy’odor was felt from infant. After interaction of urine with FeCl3 the green-blue color appears. The cause of such state can be absence of @phenylalaninhydroxylase xantinoxydase oxydase of homogentisic acid phosphorilase glucose-6-phosphatase # 49 In newborn the hypertonia of muscles and seizures are observed. On the forth day of life the specific ‘mousy’ odor was felt from infant. After interaction of urine with FeCl3 the green-blue color appears. What additional investigations are the most important? @Phenylalanine in blood serum and urine Adrenalin, noradrenalin in blood serum and urine Thyroxin, TSH in blood serum Sodium chloride in sweat Glucose in blood serum and urine # 50 A 1,5-year-old child presents with both mental and physical lag, decolorizing of skin and hair, decrease in catecholamine concentration in blood. When a few drops of 5% solution of trichloroacetic iron had been added to the child’s urine it turned olive green. Such alteration are typical for the following pathology of the amino acid metabolism: Tyrosinosis Alkaptonuria @Phenylketonuria Albinism Xanthinuria # 51 Examination of a 6 days old infant revealed phenyl pyruvate and phenyl acetate excess in his urine. What aminoacid metabolism is disturbed in the child's organism? Arginine @Phenylalanine Methionine Tryptophan Histidine # Mesenchyma dystrophies. # 1 On autopsy of the 58-year-old man it is revealed: mitral valve is deformed, thickened, not totally closed. Microscopically: centers of collagen fibers are eosinophilic, have positive fibrin reaction. The most likely it is: Hyalinosis Mucoid swelling @Fibrinoid swelling Amyloidosis Fibrinoid inflammation # 2 The examination of skin biopsy of a patient with hemorrhage vasculitis revealed the next: the vessel wall was thickened, homogenous, stained in yellow colour by means of picrofuchsin, PAS-positive. What pathologic process has developed in the vessels walls? Mucoid swelling @ Fibrinoid swelling Amyloidosis Hyalinosis Lipidosis # 3 The dissection of a 49 year old male reveals a deformed mitral valve, which is thickened and does not completely close. Microscopically the foci of the collagen fibers are eosinophilic and give a positive reaction on a fibrin test? The most credible explanation is: @Fibrinoid swelling Fibrinoid inflammation Mucoid swelling Hyalinosis Amyloidosis # 4 A skin biopsy of a patient with allergic vasculitis was submitted for examination. It is discovered that the vessel walls were thickened and homogeneous. Picrofuxin stained a tissues a yellow color. They were Shiff-positive. Which pathological process developed in the walls of the vessels? @Fibrinoid swelling Amyloidosis Mucoid swelling Hyalinosis Lipidosis # 5 Biopsy examination of skin of patient with allergic vasculitits showed: vessel side is thickened, homogenous, while staining with picrofuxin becomes yellow in colour. Schiff-iodine reaction is positive. Name the pathological process. Lipidosis Amyloidosis Mucoid swelling Hyalinosis @Fibrinoid swelling # 6 A 66 years old patient, had peritonitis 10 years before the death. On the section, the capsules of the liver and the spleen from place to place are much thickened, consolidated, and translucent. What is the most possible diagnosis? Mucoid swellyng Necrosis @Hyalinosis Fibrinoid swellyng Amyloidosis # 7 A 56 year old patient with a six year history of peritonitis has died. During dissection the capsule of the liver and the spleen was markedly thickened in places and was noted as being dense and semi-lucent. The most credible explanation for this is: @Hyalinosis Necrosis Mucoid swelling Fibrinoid swelling Amyloidosis # 8 During the post-mortem performed on a 72 year old man there are noted some diminished areas of the spleen with a pinkish color. Microscopic examination revealed that the follicles are diminished in volume and the walls of the arterioles and trabeculas are thickened as well as containing homogeneous eosinophilic, PAS-positive masses. Staining with picrofuksin dye reveals the masses to be a red color. These changes indicate the presence of: @Hyalinosis Amyloidosis Mucoid swelling Fibrinoid swelling Sclerosis # 9 Macroscopic examination of a stomach delivered from surgery, revealed a round lesion 1.5cm in diameter which extended by the muscle layer at the antral zone of a small curvature. A semilucent dense area on the bottom of the defect was also determined. It resembled hyaline cartilage. Which process developed in the bottom of the stomach lesion? @Localized hyalinosis Amyloidosis Mucoid swelling Fibrinoid changes Generalized hyalinosis # 10 At autopsy a 76-year-old male, with a history of peritonitis 10 years ago, is found to have thickened and dense both liver and spleen capsules. They were translucent on a sectional view. What is the most likely pathology of the described organs capsules? @Hyalinosis. Necrosis. Mucoid swelling. Fibrinoid swelling. Amyloidosis. # 11 Macroscopically: liver is enlarged, thickened, its tissue greyish-yellow colour with greasy shine. Name the pathological process. @Amyloidosis Hyalinosis Lipid dystrophy Mucoid swelling Haemochromatosis # 12 An 87-year-old man develops worsening heart failure. Workup reveals decreased left ventricular filling due to decreased compliance of the left ventricle. Two months later the patients dies, and postmortem sections reveal deposits of eosinophilic, Congo red-positive material in the interstitium of his heart. When viewed under polarized light, this material displays an apple-green birefringence. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? @Amyloidosis Glycogenosis Hemochromatosis Sarcoidosis Senile atrophy # 13 A 55-year-old female, with a long history of rheumatoid arthritis, develops renal failure and dies. An autopsy revealed an enlarged solid spleen. On the sectional view, its tissue had brown-reddish coloring with enlarged follicles that look like translucent grayish-white grains. What is the most likely pathological process? @Sago spleen. Frosted spleen. Lardaceous spleen. Spleen hyalinosis. Porphyry spleen. # 14 The dissection of a 48 year old patient who suffered with rheumatoid arthritis reveals an enlarged, dense spleen. A spleen's section demonstrates its brown-reddish color with enlarged follicles which have the appearance of semi-lucent, grayish-white corns. What is the name of these lesions in the spleen? @Sago-like spleen. Glazed spleen. Sebaceous spleen. Hyalinosis of spleen. Porphyry spleen. # 15 On autopsy of the 40-year-old woman suffering from rheumatic arthritis, the enlarged solid spleen was revealed. On section its tissue is of the mahogany color with enlarged follicles, which look like semi-transparent grayish-whitish grains. What pathological process is the most likely? Waxy spleen Glaze spleen Hyaline spleen Porphyric spleen @Sago spleen # 16 During the section of the 40-year-old woman, who was ill with rheumatoid arthritis, an enlarged solid spleen was revealed. Its tissue is of brown-red color with enlarged follicles that look like translucent grayish-white corn. On what pathological process does the description indicate? @Sago spleen Shugar glazed spleen Diffuse waxy spleen Spleen hyalinosis Porphyry spleen # 17 During dissection of a 65 year old patient, who suffered from a fibrous-cavernous tuberculosis, an enlarged, dense spleen was found. Spleen section grossly had brown-pinkish color, smooth, waxy-like surface. Which pathological process listed below is the most credible? @Sebaceous spleen. Glazed spleen. Porphyry spleen. Sago spleen. Cyanotic induration # 18 A 66-year-old female, with a long history of post-traumatic osteomyelitis, is admitted to the hospital for treatment of nephrotic syndrome. On the night pf admission she suddenly dies. Autopsy revealed dense, white kidneys with scars in the cortical layer; they had a sebaceous glow on the cut surface. What is the most likely kidneys pathology? @Secondary amyloidosis. Primary amyloidosis. Idiopathic amyloidosis. Chronic glomerulonephritis. Chronic pyelonephritis. # 19 The post-mortem of a patient revealed feature of chronic kidney insufficiency. Grossly, kidneys were enlarged, dense, and wax-like, with foci of irregular depressed scars on their surface. Microscopically, the mesangeal areas were expanded and the glomerular capillaries obstructed by Congo red stain-positive amorphous acellular material. In some sections the deposits took on nodular appearance. Which of the following diagnoses is most reliable? @Amyloidosis of the kidneys (Amyloid nephropathy) Acute glomerulonephritis Chronic glomerulonephritis Subacute glomerulonephritis Lipoid nephrosis # 20 An autopsy of a 45-year-old female revealed the kidneys were dense, yellow in color and appears to have a greasy brilliance. Which pathological process is most likely? @Amyloidosis Hyalinosis Fatty dystrophy Mucoid swelling Hemochromatosis # 21 A 56 year bid female has been ill with chronic fibrocavernous tuberculosis of the lungs for the past 20 years. She entered the nephrology department with a uremia syndrome. A test for the presence of amyloid in kidneys was positive. Which form of amyloid is indicated in this case? @Secondary Primary Localized Familial congenital Senile # 22 An autopsy of a man, who suffered from bronchiectasia and died of chronic renal failure revealed enlarged kidneys of thick consistency, with thickened cortex of white colour and greasy shine. Name the disease. @Secondary amyloidosis Glomerulonephritis Chronic pyelonephritis Necrotic nephrosis Membranous nephropathy # 23 A 40-year-old man during 10 years after the fracture of tibia had a chronic osteomyelitis. The patient had also nephritic syndrome 3 years before the death. Uremia caused his death. On section: kidneys are consolidated, white, with scars in cortex; they have waxy glow, on section. Determine the pathology that developed. Idiopathic amyloidosis Primary amyloidosis @Secondary amyloidosis Chronic glomerulonephritis Chronic pyelonephritis # 24 A man suffered from chronic mandibular osteomielitis. Recent blood analysis: hypoproteinaemia, dysproteinaemia. Recent urine analysis: proteinuria, protein cylinders. Cause of death - chronic renal failure. What pathological process was revealed on section? @Amyloidosis Chronic glomerulonephritis Hydronephrosis Chronic pyelonephritis Interstitial nephritis # 25 A 42 y.o. man who had been suffering from chronic granulomatous periodontitis and chronic purulent osteomyelitis of his lower jaw for 8 years died under conditions of acute renal insufficiency. What complication of purulent osteomyelitis was developed in kidneys? Adipose degeneration Atrophy Necrosis of epithelium of convoluted tubules @Amyloidosis Hyalinosis # 26 A man, who suffered from chronic mandibular osteomielitis for a long time, died of renal failure. Section revealed big greasy kidneys. Name the process. @Renal amyloidosis Atherosclerotic nephrosclerosis Glomerulonephritis Necrotic nephrosis Primarily shrunken kidney # 27 A 52 year old male died from a heart attack. At the time of dissection a symmetric type of severe obesity discovered. The rupture of the right ventriculum wall resulted in hemopericardium. Under epicardium an excessive fat tissue formation discovered. A microscopy of the sample showed the excecive growth of fatty tissue accompanied with atrophy of myocardial fibers. Which pathological process is most likely responsible for the patient's death? @Simple obesity of the heart. Fatty dystrophy of myocardium. Ischemic heart disease. Hypertension Acute myocardium infarct # 28 During a section of a 45-year-old man, who died of a sudden heart failure, were determined: symmetrical type of obesity III stage, rupture of the right ventricle with haemopericardium; an excessive amount of fat under the epicardium. Microscopically: fatty tissue penetrates the myocardium with the atrophy of muscle fibers. What pathological process is the most possible? @Simple fatty heart Dystrophia adiposa cordis Cardiac ischemia Hypertonic disease Acute myocardial infarction # 29 A morbidly obese 51-year-old woman dies from complications of heart disease. At autopsy, her heart weighs 600 gm (normal up to 300 gm) with all the chambers enlarged. Microscopically, there is increased fibrous connective tissue seen in the interstitium between myocardial fibers. The fibers are increased in size. Beneath the epicardium can be seen adipocytes interdigitating with the myocardial fibers. Which of the following terms best describes the presence of the adipocytes in her myocardium? Steatosis Lipid degeneration @Fatty infiltration Cholesterolosis Xanthomatosis # 30 A post mortem performed on a 50 year old male who died of a heart attack indicated a symmetric type of obesity of the III degree with rupture of the walls of the right ventricle and hemopericardium. Under the epicardium surplus deposits of fat were found. Microscopically, fatty tissue from the epicardium was dispersed in the myocardium with an atrophy of the muscle fibers. Which process listed below is the most reliable? @Obesity the heart. Fatty dystrophy of myocardium. Acute infarct of myocardium. Ischemic heart disease. Hypertension. # 31 A 55-year-old man, with a long history of a symmetrical type of severe obesity, developed acute heart insufficiency followed with lethal outcome. An autopsy revealed right ventricle wall burst with hemopericardium and excessive amount of fatty tissue under epicardium. Microscopically: adipose tissue from epicardium penetrates myocardium with muscle fibers atrophy. Name the pathological process? @Simple fatty heart. Fatty degeneration of myocardium. Ischemic disease. Essential hypertension. Acute myocardial infarction. # 32 In 45-year-old patient died from sudden cardiac death the symmetrical type of adipose heart of third degree; the rupture of right ventricle’s wall with hemopericardium and redundant accumulation of fat under epicardium were found out in autopsy. Microscopically: the adipose tissue grows from epicardium into myocardium with atrophy of fibers of muscle. What process is more probable? Acute myocardial infarction Ischemic heart disease Fatty degeneration of myocardium @Adipose heart Hypertensive disease # 33 All following statement is associated with cholesterol accumulation EXCEPT one: Increase cholesterol blood level may leads to atherosclerosis Cholesterol may accumulates within cells or extracellular space Xantomas is the reflection of cholesterol-feeling cell aggregation within dermis Crystals of cholesterol may encountered in necrotic debris @With atherosclerosis cholesterol accumu¬lates within endothelial cells of intima # 34 Autopsy of a man ill with severe hypothyroidism revealed that connective tissue, organ stroma, adipose and cartilaginous tissues were swollen, semitransparent, mucus-lik E. Microscopic examination of tissues revealed stellate cells having processes with mucus between them. What type of dystrophy is it? Parenchymatous adipose @Stromal-vascular carbohydrate Parenchymatous proteinaceous Stromal-vascular adipose Stromal-vascular proteinaceous # 35 A child has physical and mental retardation, serious abnormalities in connective tissue of internal organs; urine contains keratan sulfates. This is caused by metabolic disorder of the following substance: Fibronectin Hyaluronic acid @Glycosaminoglycan Elastin Collagen # 36 Decreased blood supply to the organs causes hypoxia that activates fibroblasts function. Volume of what elements is increased in this case? Lymphatic vessels Parenchymatous elements of the organ Nerve elements Vessels of microcircular stream @ Intercellular substance # Mixed dystrophies. # 1 Autopsy of a man who had been working as a miner for many years and died from cardiopulmonary decompensation revealed that his lungs were airless, sclerosed, their apexex had emphysematous changes, the lung surface was greyish-black, and the incised lung tissue was coal-black. What disease caused death? @Anthracosis Silicosis Aluminosis Asbestosis Talcosis # 2 The autopsy of the man's body, that was working for a long time as a miner and died beacuse of chronic pulmonary-cardiac insufficiency, revealed that lungs were not in their ful volume, significantly thickened, sclerotic, the apexis were emphysematously changed, the surface was gray-black in colour, on section the lung tissue was aspid-black in colour. What disease caused the death? Asbestosis @ Anthracosis Aluminosis Silicosis Talcosis # 3 A man had worked in a coal mine for over 20 years. After his death autopsy revealed that his lungs were dense, grayish-black and had large areas of neogenic connective tissue containing a lot of microphages with black pigment in the cytoplasm. What is the most likely diagnosis? @Anthracosis Anthracosilicosis Silicoanthracosis Talcosis Siderosis # 4 While performing a pneumonectomy for a squamous cell carcinoma diagnosed in the right lung of a 54-year-old man, the thoracic surgeon notes that the hilar lymph nodes are small, 0.5 to 1.0 cm in size, and jet black in color throughout. You would describe these lymph nodes as having: @Anthracotic pigmentation Lipochrome deposition Accumulation of melanin Hemosiderosis Metastatic carcinoma # 5 A54-year-old man with a chronic cough has a squamous cell carcinoma diagnosed in his right lung. While performing a pneumonectomy, the thoracic surgeon notes that the hilar lymph nodes are small, 0.5 to 1.0 cm in size, and jet black in color throughout. Which of the following is the most likely cause for this appearance to the hilar nodes? @Anthracotic pigmentation Lipochrome deposition Accumulation of melanin Hemosiderosis Metastatic carcinoma # 6 An autopsy is performed on a 64-year-old man who died of congestive heart failure. Sections of the liver reveal yellow-brown granules in the cytoplasm of most of the hepatocytes. Which of the following stains would be most useful to demonstrate with positive staining that these yellow-brown cytoplasmic granules are in fact composed of hemosiderin (iron)? Oil red O stain Periodic acid-Schiff stain @Prussian blue stain Sudan black B stain Trichrome stain # 7 Sputum analysis of a patient with mitral cardiac disease showed cells with brown pigment. Pearl's reaction is positive. What pigment is it? @Haemosiderin Haematoidin Melanin Porphyrin Bilirubin # 8 |