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An endoscopy of a patient with peptic ulcer and haemorrhage showed coffee-like liquid. What pigment coloured the gaster content? @Haematin chloride Haemosiderin Bilirubin Ferritin Porphyrin # 52 A 38-year-old female with chronic stomach ulcer complicated with bleeding examined endoscopically. Stomach masses had coffee ground coloring. Which pigment responsible for this coloring? @Hematin chloride. Hemosiderin. Bilirubin. Ferritin. Porphyrin. # 53 An endoscopy was performed on a patient with a chronic stomach ulcer complicated with hemorrhage. This procedure revealed a brownish (coffee-like) liquid in the stomach. Which pigment results in the color of the stomach contents? @Hematin hydrochloride Hemosiderin Bilirubin Ferritin Porphyrin # 54 During post-mortem of a patient arrived from a tropical country, it is discovered that there is a hemomelanosis of a liver, spleen and elements of the reticuloendothelial stroma. These changes are characteristic for which disease? @Malaria Dysentery Diabetes mellitus Exanthematic typhus Grippe # 55 The post-mortem of a patient who suffered from malaria revealed jaundiced skin, sclera and mucous membranes. Also, the spleen was enlarged and had dark-grey color. This colour of the spleen is due to the presence of: @Hemomelanin Hemosiderin Lipofuscin Melanin Hemoporphyrin # 56 A post-mortem was performed on a 55-year-old male, who over last eight years suffered from chronic form of malaria. At the dissection both grey matter of the cerebrum and a spleen had the ash- grey color. Which pigment is responsible for this discoloration? @Hemomelanin Lipofuscin Hematoporphyrin Melanin Hemosiderin # 57 An autopsy of 55-year old man, who suffered from chronic tropical malaria revealed grey brain substance and spleen of greyish colour. What pigment caused this? Haemosiderin Lipofuscin Haematoporphyrin Melanin @Haemomelanin # 58 Patient experienced increased susceptibility of the skin to the sunlight. His urine after some time became dark-red. What is the most likely cause of this? Pellagra Alkaptonuria @Porphyria Albinism Hemolytic jaundice # 59 A patient has high sunlight sensitivity of skin. During standing his urine turns dark-brown. What is the most probable cause of this condition? Pellagra Albinism Haemolytic jaundice Alkaptonuria @Porphyria # 60 A patient, who suffers from congenital erythropoietic porphyria, has skin photosensitivity. The accumulation of which compound in the skin can cause it? Coproporphyrinogen 3 Protoporphyrin @ Uroporphyrinogen 1 Uroporphyrinogen 2 Heme # 61 A mother consulted a doctor about her 5-year-old child who develops erythemas, vesicular rash and skin itch under the influence of sun. Laboratory studies revealed decreased iron concentration in the blood serum, increased uroporphyrinogen I excretion with the urine. What is the most likely inherited pathology in this child? Methemoglobinemia Coproporphyria @Erythropoietic porphyria Hepatic porphyria Intermittent porphyria # 62 A 29-year-old man goes on a snorkeling trip to Looe Key Marine Sanctuary and later spends time on the beach at Bahia Honda State Park. The next day he has adarker complexion. His skin does not show warmth, erythema, or tenderness. His skin tone fades to its original appearance within a month. Which of the following substances contributes the most to the biochemical process leading to these skin changes? Heme Lipofuscin @Tyrosine Homogentisic acid Glycogen # 63 Which of the following pigments is derived from thyrosin: Lipofuscin @Melanin Hemosiderin Bilirubin Ferritin # 64 In the bit of the skin 1x2 cm, which was delivered for hystologic examination, brown-coloured formation 0,5 cm in diameter is found, Microscopically formation consists of nevus cells streak- and nestlike, located in the derma with brown pigment in the cytoplasm, which gives negative Perl's reaction. What pigment is the most probable? @Melanin Hemosiderin Bilirubin Hemomelanin Hematoidine # 65 The skin of a patient with bilateral affliction of adrenal glands became dark brown. The Perls’ test is negative. What pigment determines the color of the skin? @Melanin Haemosiderin Porphyrin Lipofuscin Biliverdin # 66 A patient with bilateral adrenal gland failure gained dark-brown skin colour. Histochemical research of skin showed Pearl's reaction negative. What pigment causes such skin colour? @Melanin Haemosiderin Porphyrin Lipofucsin Biliverdin # 67 Nappies of a newborn have dark spots that witness of formation of homogentisic acid. Metabolic imbalance of which substance is it connected with? Galactose Cholesterine Methionine @Thyrosine Tryptophane # 68 A patient with a long history of tuberculosis was examined at the hospital. Physical examination revealed a grayish-brown skin color, lowered arterial pressure, hypodynamia and a decline of the level of 17-oxycorticosteroids in the urine and blood plasma. A problem with the metabolism of which pigment is indicated by the clinical signs of this patient? @ Melanin Bilirubin Lipofuscin Lipochrome Hemosiderin # 69 A fragment of skin (1x2 centimeters) delivered for histological research. Grossly a small (0,5 cm in diameter) slightly elevated brown lesion, sharply demarcated from the surrounding normal skin, was recognized. Microscopically, a lesion presented with nevus cells nests, rich with brown pigment. This pigment had negative Perls' reaction. Name the pigment. @Melanin Hematoidin Hemosiderin Bilirubin Hemomelanin # 70 A 55-year-old patient with bilateral adrenal glands lesions presented with dark brown colouring of the skin. During histochemical examination of the skin the Perls' reaction was negative. Which pigment is responsible for this discoloration of the skin? @ Melanin Hemosiderin Porphyrin Lipofuscin Biliverdin # 71 A 38-year old female is found to have bilateral adrenal adenopathy resulted in brownish coloring of her skin. Perls' test of her skin's biopsy was negative. What pigment altered the color of the skin? @Melanin. Hemosiderin. Porphyrin. Lipofuscin. Biliverdin. # 72 Metabolism of which of the following pigments is disturbing due to Addison's disease: Lipofuscin @Melanin Hemosiderin Bilirubin Ferritin # 73 A 66-year-old male, with a history of hematogenic tuberculosis was examined. This revealed hyperpigmentation of skin and mucous membranes, cachexia and insufficiency of the cardio-vascular system. Which disease caused such changes? @Addison's disease Phaeochromocytoma Simmond's disease Cushing disease Grиves' disease # 74 A 47-year-old male, with a history of secondary syphilis, has noticed foci of the skin depigmentation at his neck. Name the pathological process of the skin. @Leukoderma. Metaplasia. Leukoplakia. Dysplasia. Parakeratosis. # 75 A patient with a secondary syphilis presents with skin focal depigmentation in the upper part of the back. Name the pathological process of the skin. Dysplasia Metaplasia Leucoplakia @Leucoderma Parakeratosis # 76 The light brown perinuclear pigment seen on H&E staining of the cardiac muscle fibers in the grossly normal appearing heart of an 80-year-old man at autopsy is: Hemosiderin resulting from iron overload @Lipochrome from "wear and tear" Glycogen resulting from a storage disease Cholesterol as a consequence of atherosclerosis Calcium deposition following necrosis # 77 An autopsy of a patient, who died of chronic sepsis, revealed atrophy of skeletal muscles, brown myocardial and liver dystrophy. What pigment metabolism is failed? @Lipofuscin Lipochrome Haemosiderin Haemomelanin Melanin # 78 A man died from chronic sepsis. A post-mortem revealed an atrophy of the skeletal muscles and brown atrophy of both myocardium and liver. Which one of the following pigments accumulated in tissues? @Lipofuscin Lipochrome Hemosiderin Hemomelanin Melanin # 79 A 62-year-old female with a history of stomach cancer with plural metastases died from a cachexia. Select the characteristic changes of the heart expected to be revealed on dissection. @Brown atrophy of myocardium. Amyloid cardiomegaly. Dilatation cardiomyopathy. Hypertrophy cardiomyopathy. "Tabby cat" ("Tiger's heart"). # 80 An 80-year-old man dies from complications of Alzheimer disease. At autopsy, his heart is small (250 gm) and dark brown on sectioning. Microscopically, there is light brown perinuclear pigment with H&Estaining of the cardiac muscle fibers. Which of the following substances is most likely increased in the myocardial fibers to produce this appearance of his heart? Hemosiderin resulting from iron overload @Lipochrome from "wear and tear" Glycogen resulting from astorage disease Cholesterol as aconsequence of atherosclerosis Calcium deposition following necrosis # 81 A 90-year-old woman dies from pneumonia complicating Parkinson disease. At autopsy her heart is normal in size. On microscopic examination, there is increased lipochrome (lipofuscin) seen adjacent to the nuclei within the myocardial fibers. This microscopic finding is most likely to result from which of the following cellular mechanisms? Nuclear pyknosis Myocardial fiber hypertrophy Coagulative necrosis @Autophagocytosis Anaerobic glycolysis # 82 At autopsy 68-year-old male is found to have cancer of the esophagus, accompanied with cachexia. Grossly, fatty tissue disappeared; both a liver and a heart were atrophic. Microscopy revealed brown- yellowish corn-like deposited next to nuclei of myocardial cells. These accumulations had negative Perls' reaction. Name the material of accumulations. @ Lipofuscin Melanin Hemosiderin Ferritin Hemomelanin # 83 A 90-year-old woman dies from pneumonia complicating Parkinson disease. At autopsy her heart is normal in size. On microscopic examination, there is increased lipochrome (lipofuscin) seen adjacent to the nuclei within the myocardial fibers. This microscopic finding is most likely to result from which of the following cellular mechanisms? Nuclear pyknosis Myocardial fiber hypertrophy Coagulative necrosis @Autophagocytosis Anaerobic glycolysis # 84 A 70-year old man complains about pain in small joints both in upper and lower extremities. Joints are deformed, painful. There is an increased level of urates in blood and urine. The metabolism of what substances is failed? Calcium @Nucleoproteides Chromoproteins Lipoproteins Potassium # 85 A patient has increased content of uric acid in his blood that is clinically presented by pain syndrome as a result of urate deposition in the joints. What process does this acid result from? Reutilization of purine bases @Lysis of purine nucleotides Heme catabolism Proteolysis Lysis of pyrimidine nucleotides # 86 A 45-year-old man presents with severe pain in both knee joints. At the time of surgery, his cartilage is found to have a dark blue-black color. Further evaluation reveals that the patient’s urine has darkened rapidly with time. Which of the following is most likely diagnosis? Hyperphenylalaninemia Tyrosinemia Tyrosinase-positive oculocutaneous albinism @Alkaptonuria Maple syrup urine disease # 87 A 70-year-old man complains of the articular pains in his hands and feet. Joints are alterated, painful. An elevated level of urates in blood and urine was determined. The metabolic disturbance of what substances is meant? Potassium Calcium Chromoproteins Lipoproteins @Nucleoproteins # 88 A patient has increased contents of uric acid in his blood, what is clinically manifested by pain syndrome due to accumulation of urates in his joints. What process does the formation of this acid result from? Purine bases re-using Proteolysis @ Purine nucleotide decay Heme catabolism Pyrimidine nucleotide decay # 89 A 65-year-old suffering from the gout man complains of the pain in the kidney's region. On ultrasonic examination the renal calculi were revealed. As a result of what process were they formed? Ornithine cycle Protein catabolism Heme decay Restoration of cysteine @Decay of purine nucleotides # 90 A 66-year-old patient complained of pain in the hands and feet joints. Physical examination revealed a deformation and painful of the joints. Laboratory tests showed the increased level of uric acid salts in the blood and urine. Which one of following is not being fully metabolized? @Nucleoprotein. Calcium. Chromoprotein. Lipoprotein. Potassium. # 91 A 70-year-old man has noticed recent swelling of joints of his hands and feet. Joints are painful and stiff. Laboratory tests revealed an increased level of urates in blood and urine. What is the most likely substance caused described pathology? @Nucleoproteins. Calcium. Chromoproteids. Lipoproteins. Potassium. # 92 A man 65 years old, who has suffered by gout, has been complaining on the pain in the kidney region.There are renal calculus on the ultrasound diagnosis. What substance is the most probably cause of the calculus forming? @Owing to uric acid Owing to bilirubin Owing to oxalate Owing to phosphate Owing to cholecterol # 93 The patient, 55 years old, is admitted to a hospital with a joint pain syndrome. During examination the contents of uric acid in the blood was 2.1 mmol/l, in the urine 0,066 g/l of protein and blood were found, deposits of lithates in joints and kidney were detected. The cause of such state can be: @podagra (gout) phenylketonuria branched chain aminoaciduria (maple syrup disease) alkaptonuria Hartnup’s disease # 94 A 54-year-old man present with chronic knee pain. Resection of the patella reveals chalky white deposits on the surface of intraarticular structures. Histologic sections reveal long, needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals. The photomicrograph below was taken under polarized light. These finding are most consistent with a diagnosis of Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Ochronosis @Gout Pseudogout # 95 Secondary gout may be seen in association with all the following EXCEPT Polycytemia Psoriasis Hemolytic anemias Myeloprolyferative disease @Chonddrocalcinosis # 96 An animal with aortic valve insufficiency got hypertrophy of its left heart ventricl E. Some of its parts have local contractures. What substance accumulated in the myocardiocytes caused these contractures? Sodium Carbon dioxide Lactic acid @Calcium Potassium # 97 Periodic renal colics attacks are observed in a woman with primery hyperparathyroidizm. Ultrasonic examination revealed small stones in the kidneys. What is the most plausible reason of the stones's formation? Hyperphosphatemia @Hypercalcemia Hypercholesterinemia Hyperuricemia Hyperkalemia # 98 All following states are associated with hypercalciemia EXCEPT one: Tumour of parathyroid glands @Tumour of thyroid gland Multiple bones fractures Chronic renal failure Vitamin D intoxication # 99 During the section of a died woman who had chronic shigellosis, there were found amorphous deposits of violet color in myocardial, renal stroma and parenchyma, in the mucous membrane of the stomach and in the connective tissue of lungs. The Koss’ reaction is positive. What pathological process had developed? Metabolic calcification Dystrophic calcification @Metastatic calcification Amyloidosis Hyalinosis # 100 A 58-year-old female with a long history of chronic dysentery died. At autopsy, the stroma and parenchyma of the myocardium, kidneys, the mucous membrane of the stomach, and the connective tissue of lungs revealed violet color amorphous masses, which had positive Koss' reaction. Which pathological process developed in the patient's organs? @ Metastatic calcification Dystrophy calcification Metabolic calcification Amyloidosis Hyalinosis # 101 The dissection of a patient who suffered from rheumatism and chronic rheumatic valvulitis revealed that mitral valve leaflet was thickened with rough stony deposits. Name the pathology presented with stony appearance of the valves? @Dystrophy calcification Metastatic calcification Metabolic calcification. Fibrinoid Amyloidosis. # 102 A 38-year-old woman presents with intermittent pelvic pain. Physical examination reveals a 3-cm mass in the area of her right ovary. Histologic sections from this ovarian mass reveal a papillary tumor with multiple, scattered small, round, and laminated calcifications. Which of the following is the basic defect producing these abnormal structures? Bacterial infection @Dystrophic calcification Enzymatic necrosis Metastatic calcification Viral infection # 103 A 38-year-old man has a health screening examination. He has a routine chest x-ray that shows a 2 cm nodule in the right lower lobe. The nodule has focal calcifications. A wedge resection of the nodule is done. On microscopic examination the nodule shows caseous necrosis and calcification. Which of the following processes explains the appearance of the calcium deposition: @Dystrophic calcification Apoptosis Hypercalcemia Metastatic calcification Excessive ingestion of calcium # 104 On the autopsy of the woman body 63 years old, who suffered from rheumatism, combine mitral valvular disease. Cusps of the mitral valve are fibrotic, thick, irregular,calcified,adhere together, on the cut crunching is detected. What pathological process is the cause of the stony density of the heart valves? @Distrophic calcification Amyloidosis Hyalinosis Metabolic calcification Metastatic calcification # 105 The best example of dystrophic calcification is seen in a (an): 55-year-old woman with metastases from breast carcinoma and hypercalcemia @Healing granuloma in a 41-year-old man with pulmonary tuberculosis Gangrenous lower extremity in a 50-year-old woman with diabetes mellitus 62-year-old woman with a recent cerebral infarction Abscess of the left fallopian tube in a 19-year-old woman with Neisseria gonorrheae infection # 106 A 38-year-old man has a chest x-ray that shows a 2-cm nodule in the right lower lobe. The nodule has focal calcifications. A wedge resection is done and microscopically the lesion proves to be a granuloma with caseous necrosis and calcification. Which of the following processes explains the appearance of the calcium deposition; @Dystrophic calcification Apoptosis Hypercalcemia Metastatic calcification Excessive ingestion of calcium # 107 A clinical study is performed in which the conditions leading to the apperance of calcification on chest and abdominal CT scans are analyzed in patients from 60 to 90 years of age. One set of patients is found in which the finding of calcification was incidental, with no serious health problems. In which of the following tissue locations was this incidental calcification most likely to be noted? Coronary artery Renal cortex Aortic valve @Pulmonary parenchyma Aortic arch # 108 In which of the following patients would the presence of calcification is LEAST harmful: A 55-year-old man undergoing coronary artery angioplasty Nephrocalcinosis in a 60-year-old woman with hyperparathyroidism Aortic valvular calcification in a 70-year-old man @Alveolar wall calcification in a 41-year-old woman with breast cancer metastatic to bone Aortic arch calcification in a 62-year-old man # 109 A patient suffering from hepatocerebral degeneration has low cncentration of ceruloplasmin in blood serum. What element accumulation will be observed in liver, cerebrum and kidneys of the patient? Potassium @Cuprum Calcium Sodium Ferrum # 110 Complaints and objective data allow to suggest that a patient has inflammation in his gallblader, bile colloidoclasia, probability of gallstones formation. What can be the main cause of gallstones formation? Oxolates Chlorides @Cholesterol Urates Phosphates # 111 Man, 52 years old, is admitted to a hospital with a joint pain syndrome. During examination the contents of uric acid in the blood was 3.0 mmol/l, in the urine protein and blood were found, deposits in joints were detected. What can be found during X-ray examination (excretory urography) of kidney in this patient? @Lithates Oxalates Cancer of kidney Absence of kidney Examination of kidney is not necessary in this patient # Necrosis # 1 A 30-year-old woman present with malaise and increasing fatigue. Physical examination finds a yellow-tinge to her skin and sclera, and laboratory evaluation finds elevated serum liver enzymes. After further work-up, the diagnosis of viral hepatitis is made. This work-up included a liver biopsy, which revealed scattered, eosinophilic cells (Councilman Bodies), but very little inflammation was present. These Councilman Bodies were formed by an active process that characteristically lacks an inflammatory response and results from the activation of genes that forms new enzymes, such as endonucleases. These enzymes subsequently destroy the cell itself. Which of the following terms best describes this process? @Apoptosis Autophagy Heterophagi Metaplasia Necrosis # 2 The investigation of the liver's biopsy revealed that some separately arranged cells burn on small- sized pieces surrounded by a membrane. In some of them there were organelles, other had the fragments of dissolved nuclei. The inflammatory reaction around these cells missed. Name these changes: @Apoptosis Atrophy Necrosis Hypoplasia Dystrophy # 3 Histological investigation of liver's biopsy revealed that some cells burn on small pieces with separate organellas and nuclei fragments surrounded by a membrane. The inflammatory reaction was missing. Select pathological process, the described changes are characteristic for: @Apoptosis Necrosis Karyorrhexis Plasmolysis Plasmorrhexis # 4 An ultrastructural examination of a salivary gland revealed within cells pieces of the nuclei surrounded by a membrane. Also condensate fragments of nuclear material and separate organelles were found. An inflammatory reaction around these cells was missing. Which term most correctly defines these alterations? @Apoptosis Karyorrhexis Coagulation necrosis Karyopyknosis Karyolysis # 5 During embryogenesis the epithelial band also known as vestibular plate gives rise to development of vestibule of mouth. What biological mechanism of the programmed death of cells provides growth of buccolabial sulcus from epithelial plate? Necrosis @Apoptosis Amitosis Meiosis Paranecrosis # 6 All of the following are cellular responses to injury EXCEPT one: Cell death Cellular adaptation Intracellular accumulation @ Repair Reversible changes # 7 Which of the following cellular changes represents is the best evidence for irreversible cellular injury: Epithelial dysplasia Cytoplasmic fatty metamorphosis @Nuclear pyknosis Atrophy Anaerobic glycolysis # 8 A 45-year-old man has a traumatic injury to his forearm and incurs extensive blood loss. On physical examination in the emergency department his blood pressure is 70/30 mm Hg. Which of the following cellular changes is most likely to represent irreversible cellular injury as a result of this injury? Epithelial dysplasia Cytoplasmic fatty metamorphosis @Nuclear pyknosis Atrophy Anaerobic glycolysis # 9 A53-year-old man has experienced severe chest pain for the past 6 hours. On physical examination he is afebrile, but has tachycardia. Laboratory studies show aserum troponin I of 10 ng/mL acoronary angiogram is performed emergently and reveals occlusion of the left anterior descending artery. In this setting, an irreversible injury to myocardial fibers will have occurred when which of the following cellular changes occurs? Glycogen stores are depleted Cytoplasmic sodium increases @Nuclei undergo karyorrhexis Intracellular pH diminishes Blebs form on cell membranes # 10 From a man suffering from tuberculosis a biopsy was taken. Histologically: in a nidus of caseous necrosis there are grains of chromatin chaotically dispersed. These changes are the consequence of what? Nuclear mitosis activity Karyolysis Karyopicnosis @Karyorhexis Apoptosis # 11 A patient with tuberculosis has a kidney biopsy performed. Histological investigation revealed the caseous necrosis of the tissue accompanied by disorderly arranged fine grains of a chromatin. Which term most correctly defines describe lesion? @ Karyorrhexis Karyolysis Karyopyknosis Mitotic activity of nuclei Apoptosis # 12 A 45-year-old male suddenly died with the following findings revealed during the postmortem. In the back wall of the left ventricle of the heart a myocardial infarction was found. Which of the following microscopic changes in the myocardiocytes can be seen in the locus of an infarct? @Karyolysis Fatty dystrophy Carbohydrate dystrophy Calcification Protein dystrophy # 13 |