справочник по английскому. краткий справочник по грамматике АЯ с упражениями. Справочник по грамматике английского языка с тренировочными заданиями
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Оборот «There is / are» Оборот «There is / are» используется, когда мы говорим о существовании или присутствии людей или наличии вещей где-либо: There is a book on the table. – На столе (лежит) книга. В предложения с оборотом «There is / are» глагол «to be» обычно согласуется с подлежащим, которое следует непостредственно за ним: There is a table in the room.– В комнате стол. There are four chairs in the room. – В комнате четыре стула.Оборот «There is / are» может использоваться в разных временах. При этом глагол «to be» ставится в соответствующую форму: There was a pen here. – Здесь была ручка. There were books here. - Здесь были книги. There will be a lot of people in the center of the city. - В центре города будет много людей. В общих вопросах с оборотом «There is / are» глагол «to be» в нужном времени ставится перед словом there: Were there a lot of mistakes in the report? – В докладе было много ошибок? В вопросах к подлежащему с оборотом «There is / are» сохраняется порядок слов утвердительного предложения, в качестве подлежащего выступают слова who/what: What is therefore breakfast today? - Что сегодня на завтрак? Когда вопрос ставится к определению подлежащего, употребляются вопросительные слова how much/ how many и вопросительное местоимение what, которые ставятся перед подлежащим: How many mistakes are there in this sentence? – Сколько ошибок в этом предложении? What mistakes are there in the text? – Какие ошибки (есть) в тексте? Отрицательная форма оборота«There is / are» образуется при помощи отрицательной частицы «not», которая ставится после глагола «to be» в нужной форме, при чём чаще всего используются сокращённые формы: There aren`t any books on the table. – На столе нет никаких книг. Exercise1. Choose the right variant of the verb be (is ,are, was, were, will be) 1. There… a large forest near our city. 2. There …many berries and mushrooms there. 3. There … much work about the house yesterday. 4. There … some students and a teacher in the lecture hall. 5. There … a bird in the cage. 6. There … some books in the bookshelves. 7. There …no vacant seats in the café last Saturday. 8. There … an interesting lecture on literature tomorrow. 9. There … a sofa and two armchairs in our living-room. 10. There …a beautiful theatre in this street next year. Exercise 2. Complete the sentences using wasorwere. Начало формы Last year there ............... a circus in my town. When I was at school there ... any computers. But now every school has many computers. This morning there is water on the ground everywhere. I think there... a lot of rain last night. There ................... many fountains in this park 20 years ago. There ....................five bananas in the fridge 2 days ago. There .................. a Chinese restaurant in Moscow in 2001. There .................. one tailor in my village 10 years ago. There .................. many children in the park yesterday. There .................. an alien in your garden last night. There .................. five elephants in the zoo in Cracow five months ago.Конецформы Начало формы
Exercise 3. Add there is or there are to the following sentences. Example: There are many stars in the sky. 1. … … a fly in my soup. (There is, There are) 2. … … many parks in New York. (There is, There are) 3. … … any tigers in Africa. (There isn't, There aren't) 4. … … lots of hotels in big cities. (There is, There are) 5. … … a bank near here? (Is there, Are there) 6. … … life on Mars? (Is there, Are there) 7. … … a telephone I can use? (Is there, Are there) 8. … … a football game tomorrow. (There is, There are) 9. … … 25 students in my class. (There is, There are) 10. … … many people my town. (There isn't, There aren't) Exercise 4. For each sentence, choose the best word or phrase to complete the gap from the choices below. In our class we have students from Italy, Spain and Saudi Arabia but ... no students from France.(there is, there are, there was, there were) In our school every Friday ... a 'Conversation Club' in the afternoon after lunch.(there is, there are, there was, there were) On Wednesday morning ... two students absent from our class.(there is, there are, there was, there were) Please look in the teachers' room. ... any teachers in the teachers' room right now? (there is, is there, there are, are there) I don't like the garden in winter time. ... any flowers. The only colour is green. (there isn`t, there aren`t, is there, are there) Excuse me. ... a student called Andreas in this class? (there`s, there are, there isn`t, is there) I can't have a cup of coffee this morning. ... no black coffee in the coffee machine and I don't like coffee with milk.(there`s, there are, there isn`t, there aren`t) Why ... empty beer cans and wine bottles in the classroom this morning? Did somebody have a party in here yesterday? (there is, there are, are there, there aren`t) Are there any students in the school from Switzerland? Yes, ... one in class G and two in class A.(there`s, there are, are there, there isn`t) In our living room ... four chairs and a table. We have breakfast there every morning.(there is, `s, there are, are there, there isn`t) Предлоги направления. Prepositions of Direction. В английском языке существует много предлогов, выражающих пространственные отношения между предметами. To указывает на движение одного предмета к другому. На русский язык переводится как к, на, в, до, иногда не переводится вообще. Go to the door. – Идите к двери. I sent a letter to him. – Я послал ему письмо. Into указывает на движение внутрь (комнаты, дома). На русский язык может переводиться как в, но может и не переводиться совсем: Please, go into the room. – Пожалуйста, зайдите в комнату. She wants to go into business. – Она хочет заняться предпринимательской деятельностью. From указывает на движение предмета от чего-либо. Часто переводится как от, из, у: Take your books from John. – Возьмите книги у Джона. I am from Chicago. – Я из Чикаго. They started from New York. – Они выехали из Нью-Йорка. Out of указывает на движение предмета изнутри (комнаты, дома): Go out of the room. – Выйдите из комнаты. By указывает на движение мимо чего-либо/ кого-либо. By переводится на русский язык как мимо, а иногда не переводится: Go by him. – Идите мимо него. Time went by. - Время прошло. Across указывает на движение через, поперёк (дороги). Часто переводится как через, по ту сторону, на той стороне, иногда не переводится вообще: You should go across the road. – Вам нужно перейти (через) дорогу. Along указывает на движение вдоль чего-либо. Along может переводиться как вдоль, по: She is walking along the street. – Она идёт вдоль улицы. Down указывает на движение вниз: He is going down the hill. – Он спускается с холма. Up указывает на движение вверх: The steamer is sailing up the river. – Пароход идёт вверх по реке. Around (round) указывает на движение вокруг чего-либо: I like traveling around the world. – Мне нравится путешествовать вокруг света. Through указывает на движение сквозь, через: Go through the forest. – Идите через лес. Towards указывает на движение по направлению к чему-либо: They are walking towards the city. – Они идут по направлению к городу. Exercise 1. Insert the prepositions from, to, into, towards, out of or under where necessary: 1. Mum comes __________the market. 2. I'll give it _____ you on Sunday. 3. He drove past me without stopping and drove off ______ the centre of town. 4. He jumped over the wall and ______ the garden. 5. It is four o'clock. The children are coming _________ the classroom. 6. She comes________Poland. She is a Polish girl. 7. Keep going. After about 300 metres, you go _______ a railway bridge. 8. Go ________ of the building and turn left. 9. John fell ________a tree and broke his arm.  10. Our next trip will be to the United States. Exercise 2. Complete these sentences with in, at or on. 1. I didn't see you --- the party on Saturday. Where were you? 2. It was a very slow train. It stopped --- every station. 3. I don't know where my umbrella is. Perhaps I left it --- the bus. 4. Shall we travel --- your car or mine? 5. The exhibition --- the Museum of Modern Art finished on Saturday. 6. We stayed a very nice hotel when we were --- Amsterdam. 7. There were fifty rooms --- the hotel. 8. Tom is ill. He wasn't --- work today. He was --- home --- bed. 9. I wasn't in when you phoned. I was --- my sister's house. 10. It's always too hot --- my sister's house. The heating is always on too high. Exercise 3. Choose the right variant. 1. The shop is just _________ the street (across, through, along). 2. The wind blew _________the trees (along, from, through). 3. I like to walk _________ the beach at night(across, through, along). 4. I like walking __________beautiful cities (in, through, across). 5. He prefers walking ___________deserted beaches (across, through, along). 6. The boy is swimming ______________ the river (across, from, along). 7. Two cats are running ______________ the wall (along, from, through). 8. Keep going ___________ Church St. for another 100 metres. (at, along, through) 9. Go ___________ the park until you come to Church St. on the other side, where you turn left. (over, under, through) 10. Go ___________ the bridge and on the other side you will see a park. (in, through, across) Exercise 4. Select the correct answer from the menu to, into, through, around 1. In April I'm going to Paris. 2. It is nine o'clock. The children are going __________ the classroom. 3. Without a visa you can't get _______the country. 4. Can you put your arm ___________the window and open the door? 5. It's a long way _________Europe to China. 6. The teacher came _________ class ten minutes late today. 7. While they were hiking _______ the forest, Laurelle and Frank saw a mountain lion. 8. The train passed ______________ nine tunnels on the way to Denver. 9. When the kids saw the snake in the grass, they started running ________ screaming hysterically. 10. We jumped ___________ the water. Местоимения some, any, no
Неопределённые местоимения Indefinite Pronouns
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