справочник по английскому. краткий справочник по грамматике АЯ с упражениями. Справочник по грамматике английского языка с тренировочными заданиями
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При необходимости выразить будущее время или какие-нибудь другие временные формы вместо глагола can употребляется конструкция be able to: I shall be able to tell you about it only tomorrow. Я смогу вам об этом сказать только завтра. She has not been able to come to school for a whole week. Она не могла ходить в школу целую неделю. Вместо глагола can после глаголов seem казаться, appear оказаться, used to бывало в качестве формы инфинитива, а также для образования будущего времени употребляется сочетание to be able. Do you think you′ll be able to come three days a week? Ты думаешь, что сможешь приходить три дня в неделю? Вместо could в прошедшем времени может употребляться сочетание to be able в прошедшем времени - was/were able. На русский язык was/were able переводится глаголом совершенного вида: смог, смогла, смогли. I was able to write this test correctly. Ясмогправильнонаписатьэтоттест
Exercise 1 Complete the sentences, using must or can`t and one of the verbs from the box.
Example: Anna lived in America for three years, so she must speak English. Tom`s brother doesn`t know anything about medicine. So he can`t be a doctor. 1. Jane has an incredible number of CDs. She …………… music a lot. 2. Peter doesn`t speak German, so he ………….. from Germany. 3. This jacket ………. to Janet because it`s not her size. 4. That man ………. around here because he doesn`t know any of the street names. 5. Jack …………. a lot of clothes. He wears something different every day. 6. Sam`s grandmother is over 80 years old, so she ………… the Second World War. 7. You`ve got ten cats already. You ……….. to get another one. 8. Susan buys a new dress every day. She ………. a lot of money on clothes. 9. The Browns both have part-time jobs. They ………. much money 10. Mark studied hard for his exams, but he got poor marks. He ………… very clever. Exercise 2. Complete the sentences with mustn`t ordon`t/ doesn`t have to. Example: I don`t want anyone to know. You mustn`t tell anyone. He doesn`t have to wear a suit to work but he usually does. 1. I can stay in bed tomorrow morning because I … go to work. 2. Whatever you do, you … touch this switch. It`s very dangerous. 3. There is a lift in the building, so we … climb the stairs. 4. You … forget what I told you. It`s very important. 5. Sue … get up early. She gets up early because she wants to. 6. Don`t make so much noise. We … wake the baby. 7. I … eat too much. I`m supposed to be on a diet. 8. You … be a good player to enjoy a game of tennis 9. I --- eat too much. I'm supposed to be on a diet 10. You --- be a good player to enjoy a game of tennis. Exercise 3.Complete these sentences with must or have to (in the correct form). Sometimes it is possible to use either; sometimes only have to is possible. Example:- It's later than I thought. I must or have to go now. - Jack left before the end of the meeting. He had to go home early. 1. In Britain many children. --- wear uniform when they go to school. 2. When you come to London again, you --- come and see us. 3. Last night Don became ill suddenly. We --- call a doctor. 4. You really --- work harder if you want to pass the examination. 5. I'm afraid I can't come tomorrow. I.. --- work late. 6. I'm sorry I couldn't come yesterday. I --- work late. 7. Paul doesn't like his new job. Sometimes he --- work at weekends. 8. Caroline may --- go away next week. 9. We couldn't repair the car 10. Julia wears glasses. She --- wear glasses since she was very young. Exercise 4. Complete the sentences, using should or shouldn`t and the words in brackets (). Example: You shouldn`t work ………. (You/work) so hard. Have a holiday. 1. ………. (You/park) here. It`s not allowed. 2. What ………. I/cook) for dinner tonight? 3. …….. (You/wear) a coat. It`s cold outside 4. ………. (You/smoke) It`s bad for you. 5. ………. (We/arrive) at the airport two hours before the flight. 6. ………. I/pay) now or later? 7. Do you think ………. ( I/ apply) for this job? 8. What do you think ………. ( I /write) in this space on the form? 9. ………. (I/eat) any more cake. I`ve already eaten too much. 10. This food is terrible. ………. (We/complain) to the manager. 11. Which shirt do you think ………. (I/ buy)? Прошедшее неопределенное время. The Past Simple Tense. ThePastSimpletenseобозначает действия или состояния, происходившие в какой-то период в прошлом и не связанные с моментом речи. ThePastSimpletense – форма, типичная для описания следующих друг за другом действий или событий в прошлом. По способу образования прошедшего времени все глаголы в английском языке можно разделить на две группы: правильные (regular) и неправильные (irregular). У правильных глаголов (regularverbs) вторая и третья формы (ThePastSimpletenseu PastParticiple) образуются путем прибавления к основе глагола окончания - ed (- d): to stay – stayed; to live – lived. Неправильные глаголы (irregularverbs) образуют вторую и третью формы различными способами, без четких правил. Это наиболее часто употребляемые глаголы. (Список часто встречающихся неправильных глаголов можно найти в конце учебников, книг, словарей): to see – saw; to go – went. Forming the Past Simple tense.
I lived in Chicago last year. I didn’t live in Chicago last year. Did I live in Chicago last year? В специальных вопросах вспомогательный глагол did ставится после вопросительного слова или местоимения: Where did you live last year? When did you live in Chicago? Вопросы к подлежащему образуется без вспомогательного глагола did: Who lived in Chicago last year? Возможные указатели времени: last year (month, week, Sunday, Monday), last night - в прошлом году (месяце, неделе, воскресенье, понедельник), прошлой ночью; a week (month, year) ago - на прошлой неделе (месяце, году) или неделю (месяц, год) назад (тому назад); the other day – недавно; yesterday - вчера; a day before – позавчера; yesterday morning (afternoon, evening) – вчера утром (днем, вечером)и т.д. Exercise 1. Give three forms of the following verbs: Example: to live – lived – lived to become – became – become Learn, live, work, begin, finish, love, discuss, decide, study, see, want, end, pass, come, go, help, take, last, have, prepare, understand, miss, do, be, get, write, speak, play, leave, swim. Exercise 2. Put the sentences into the Past Simple Tense: We learn many new words. – We learnt many new words. 1) We walk through the park every day. 2) He is a good student. 3) He drinks coffee with all his meals. 4) They come to school by bus. 5) He needsa new suit. 6) He talks to us in English. 7) We are good friends. 8) He has many friends here. 9) They have a new car. 10) She and I are students in the same class. Exercise 3. Change the sentences into interrogative form: They lived near us. – Did they live near us? 1) He spoke to me about it yesterday. 2) She waited for us on the corner. 3) They wrote him several letters. 4) The bus stopped on this corner. 5) They had dinner with us last night. 6) She wanted to go with us. 7) He preferred to stay at home. 8) Monica knew him very well. 9) You got up very early this morning. 10) They came to school by bus. Exercise 4. Change the sentences into the negative form. Example: The bus stopped on this corner. - The bus didn’t stop on this corner. 1) He often came to see us. 2) They had many friends in our class. 3) I bought all my books in the school bookstore. 4) They usually spoke English with us. 5) We always ate lunch in the cafeteria. 6) They were good students. 7) She was my teacher. 8) I waited on the corner to them. 9) He asked us for directions. 10) I got up very early. Будущее неопределенное время. The Future Simple Tense. The Future Simple tense употребляется для выражения однократных или повторяющихся действий, которые совершатся в будущем: We shall see you tomorrow. TheFutureSimpletense образуется при помощи вспомогательных глаголов shall для 1-го лица единственного и множественного числа (I,we) u will для всех остальных лиц (you, he, she, they, it) и первой основной формы смыслового глагола: Forming the Future Simple Tense.
We shall go to the cinema tomorrow. We shall not go to the cinema tomorrow. Shall we go to the cinema tomorrow? В специальных вопросах вспомогательные глаголы shall и will ставятся после вопросительного слова или местоимения: Where shall we go tomorrow? When shall we go to the cinema? В вопросах к подлежащему употребляется только вспомогательный глаголwill: Who will go to the cinema tomorrow? Возможные указатели времени: tomorrow - завтра, tonight – сегодня ночью, next week (year) – на следующей неделе (году), the day after tomorrow - послезавтра, in a week – через неделю, next week (month) – на следующей неделе (месяце) т.д. Exercise 1. Put the sentences into the Future Simple Tense: She speaks to us in English. - She will speak to us in English. 1) He studies in this class. 2) She works in this office. 3) You speak English well. 4) I come to the lesson on time. 5) They walk to their work. 6) He brings his friends to the lesson. 7) He opens the door for us. 8) He studies at the library. 9) She brings all her books to the lesson. 10) She plays the violin well. Exercise 2. Put the sentences into the Future Simple Tense: We are in the first class. - We shall be in the first class. 1) He is in the cafeteria. 2) They are on the second floor. 3) She is your new teacher. 4) He is a good student. 5) It is on the desk. 6) I am in the second class. 7) You are in Chicago. 8) He is a big boy. 9) It is your room. 10) We are very busy. Exercise 3. Change the sentences into the negative form: 0. She will sign her name to the letter. - She will not sign her name to the letter. 1) He will see us at three o’clock. 2) She will be back in an hour. 3) He will be the best student in the class. 4) They will arrive on the two o’clock train. 5) She will meet us here. 6) I shall bring the medicine with me. 7) He will wait for us on the corner. 8) They will return next month. 9) She will help us with the work. 10) I shall leave at three o’clock. Exercise 4. Change the sentences into interrogative form: 0. There will be many students absent tomorrow.-Will there be many students absent tomorrow? 1) He will return next week. 2) She will write a novel. 3) They will leave for California on Wednesday. 4) He will be out of town all month. 5) He will study at the University of Maiami. 6) We shall have our lesson at two o’clock. 7) He will pay $ 2,000 for the car. 8) They will make good progress. 9) Rita will be here in an hour. 10) We shall write her a letter immediately. Hастоящее совершенное время. The Present Perfect Tense. The Present Perfect tense показывает, что действие уже совершено и результат его налицо: All the pupils have done their exercises. The Present Perfect tense образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в настоящем времени и третьей основной формы смыслового глагола: I (we, you, they) have seen this film several times. He (she, it) has seen this film several times. Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not, которая ставится после вспомогательного глагола: I (we, you, they) have not (haven’t) seen you for many years. He (she, it) has not (hasn’t) seen you for many years. В вопросительной форме вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим: Have you (I, we, they) finished this work? Has he (she, it) finished this work? What has he (she, it) done? What have you (I, we, they) done? В вопросах к подлежащему порядок слов не изменяется: Who has opened the door? Возможные показатели времени: already, never, ever, often, seldom, always, yet, lately, recently, just. Exercise 1. Make the sentences negative and ask questions. 1. I have seen the film. I saw it in London 2. Well, I have had a word with the boss 3. I have read this book 4. I have broken my pencil 5. The taxi has arrived. 6. I have seen Tim with a new girlfriend 7. He has been to England twice. 8. I think I’ve seen you somewhere. 9. You have done everything for us. 10. You have spoiled everything. Exercise 2. Use the Present Perfect Tense Dear friend, Lots of things have happened since I wrote to you last. 0. I / buy / a new car –I have bought a new car. 1. My father / start / a new job. _______________. 2. I / give up / smoking. _______________. 3. Charles and Sarah / go / to Brazil. _______________. 4. Suzanne / have / a baby. _______________ 5. Mary / do / many different jobs. – She has done many different jobs. 6. She / travel / to many places. She _______________. 7. We / do / a lot of interesting things. _______________. 8. I / write / two books. _______________. 9. They / meet / a lot of interesting people. _______________. 10. Sarah / become / a doctor_______________. Exercise 3. Supply the Present Perfect Tense of the verbs in brackets. 1. I (not get) the grant this year. 2.The settlers (leave) the bay forever. 3. He (not answer) my letter yet. 4. You ever (eat) caviar? 5. She recently (become) a student. 6.They (travel) across England. 7. How long you (be) here? 8 .My friend (buy) a new car. 9. I (lose) my gloves. 10. I never (ride) a camel. Exercise 4. Use the Present Perfect. Choose the verbs to make sentences. Break, buy, finish, do, go, go, lose, paint, read, take 1. "Are they still having dinner?” "No, they have …...” 2. I _____________ some new shoes. Do you want to see them? 3. "Is Tom here?” "No, he _____________ to work.” 4. "__________ you __________ the shopping” "No, I’m going to do it later.” 5. "Where’s your key?” "I don’t know. I _____________ it.” 6. Look! Somebody _____________ that window. 7. Your house looks different. __________ you __________ it? 8. I can’t find my umbrella. Somebody _____________ it. 9. I’m looking for Sarah. Where __________ she __________? 10. "Do you want the newspaper?” "No, thanks. I _____________ it.” Прошедшее совершенное время. The Past Perfect Tense. The Past Perfect Tense употребляется для выражения прошедшего действия, которое уже совершилось до определенного момента или до другого действия в прошлом: We have finished our task by Saturday. The Past Perfect tense образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в прошедшем времени (had) и третьей основной формы смыслового глагола: I (you, he, she, it, we, they) had finished homework by that time. В отрицательной форме частица not ставится после вспомогательного глагола: We (I, you, he, she, it, they) had not (hadn’t) come home before it began to rain. В вопросительной форме вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим: Had I (you, he, she, it, we, they) finished homework by that time? What had he done by that time? В вопросах к подлежащему порядок слов не изменяется: Who had finished homework by that time? Возможные показатели времени: by Saturday, by that time, by the end of the year, by 5 o’clock, т.д. Exercise 1. Open the brackets. Use Past Simple or Past Perfect 1. Tom (to return) from the cinema by five o'clock. 2. I (to finish) my homework at seven o'clock. 3. I (to finish) my homework by seven o'clock. 4. He (to think) that he (to lose) the money. 5. Ann (to tell) me that she (to see) an interesting film. 6. When I (to wake) up yesterday, father already (to go) to work. 7. Nick (to think) that his father (not yet to come) home. 8. Mary (to tell) us that she (to cook) a good dinner .9. Yesterday I (to find) the book which I (to lose) in summer. 10. When we (to come) to the station, the train already (to leave). Exercise 2. Make the sentences negative and ask questions. 1. I had hoped you would help me. 2. I had thought you knew each other. 3. When we first met she had lived in the country for two years and was quite happy. 4. She said that she would go home as soon as she had passed all her exams. 5. He would sit with her tonight after Mabel had gone. 6. When we called for Julia, she hadn’t yet got up. 7. When they arrived I had finished my work. 8. Peter had gone away when they reached the castle. 9. Nick had returned from school by 2 o’clock. 10. I had finished my work by 7 o’clock. Exercise 3. Use Past Simple or Past Perfect. When I (to come) home, mother already (to cook) dinner. 2. When father (to return) from work, we already (to do) our homework. 3. When the teacher (to enter) the classroom, the pupils already (to open) their books. 4. Kate (to give) me the book which she (to buy) the day before. 5. Nick (to show) the teacher the picture which he (to draw). 6. The boy (to give) the goats the grass which he (to bring) from the field. 7. Mother (to see) that Nick (not to wash) his hands. 8. The teacher (to understand) that Lena (not to do) her homework. 9. I (to know) that my friend (not yet to come). 10. Tom (to return) from the cinema at five o'clock. Exercise 4. Write the sentences using the verbs in brackets in Past Perfect Tense. 1) Tom (to return) from the cinema by 5 o’clock. 2) I (to finish) my homework by 7 o’clock. 3) By two o’clock the teacher (to examine) all the students. 4) The rain began after we (to come) from the Institute. 5) She (to cook) the cake before the guests came. 6) He went to bed after he (to do) everything. 7) Father rang up after I (to finish) my lessons. 8) I visited them after they (to get) their new flat. 9) The storm (to stop) before they left the village. 10) She poured out tea after her husband (to take) the cake from the oven. Будущее совершенное время. The Future Perfect Tense. The Future Perfect tense образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в будущем времени (shall/ will have) и третьей основной формы смыслового глагола: We shall have signed the contract. В отрицательной форме частица not ставится после вспомогательного глагола: He will not (won’t) have signed the contract. В вопросительной форме вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим: Shall we have signed the contract? Exercise1. Write the sentences using the verbs in brackets in: Future SimpleилиFuture Perfect. 1. I (to do) my homework tomorrow. 2) I (to do) my homework by six o’clock tomorrow. 3) You (to play) volleyball tomorrow? 4) How many pages you (to read) by five o’clock tomorrow? 5) What you (to do) tomorrow? 6) You (to do) this work by next Sunday? 7) I (to do) my homework by the time you come. 8) I ( not to go) to the cinema tomorrow. 9) I (to translate) the text. 10) He (to do) dinner by 6 o’clock in the evening. Exercise 2. Make the sentences negative and interrogative. 1) We shall have returned here by the time you come. 2) I shall come back to you by next week. 3) My dress will have been ready by next Monday. 4) They will have been in Almaty by 5 o’clock tomorrow. 5) He will have known English well by next year. 6) Mother will have prepared dinner by 2 o’clock tomorrow. 7) They will have told you everything by the time you come. 8) I shall have got my money by next week. 9) She will have bought coat by next winter. 10) My sister will have cooked cake by next Sunday. Exercise 3. Use the Future Perfect Tense. 1. I (finish) cleaning my room by 5 o `clock tomorrow, I hope. 2 .By rhe time Julia arrives I leave the house. 3. They (not build) the house until the end of May. 4. I (not do) mt homework until Friday. 5.She (save) enough money to buy a car by Christmas 6.We (do) cooking by the time the guests arrive 7.I (pass) my exams by the end of August 8. They (make) a decision by Friday 9.She (come) back by July. 10. I (not read) a book until tomorrow afternoon. Exercise 4. Complete the sentences 1)By the time you receive this letter I (finish) my final exams.2)I don’t think I (do) these exercises by 3 o’clock.3)She (tidy up) the flat before he comes.4)The workers (ship) the goods before the telegram arrives. 5)When I come home tomorrow, my family (to have) supper. 6)You (to do) this work by next Sunday? 7)How many pages you (to read) by 5 o`clock tomorrow? 8)I (to do) all housework by that time.9)They (to finish) painting walls by 5 o`clock tomorrow. 10)She (to read) this book by next Monday. Настоящее совершенное продолженное время. Present Perfect Continuous Present perfect continuous образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в форме present perfect, т.е. в форме have/has been и глагола с окончанием -ing. FORM [has/have + been + present participle]
Рассмотрим основные случаи употребления present perfect continuous. Present perfect continuous употребляется, когда мы говорим о каком-либо действии, которое началось в прошлом и до сих пор продолжается. Вопросы : How long…? Since when…? Example: - Is it raining? - No, but the ground is wet. - It has been raining. Have / has been raining - это Present Perfect Continuous.
Exercise 1.Complete the sentences. ’ve been working, have you been waiting,’s been asking, have they been thinking , have you been working,’ve been training, ’ve been waiting, ’ve been driving, have they been learning, ’s been dieting. I ____________ on it for ages but I still haven’t finished. I ____________ for the marathon for six months but I still don’t feel ready. How long __________ Spanish? He__________ about it for days now. I don’t know what to tell him. I____________ to get a new phone for ages and it still hasn’t come. How long __________ for me? She __________ for only a couple of months but has lost twenty pounds. How long __________ for them? I ____________ for a long time but never had an accident. Touch wood. How long ____________ about selling their house? Exercise 2. Put questions. 0. He has been using my computer for 10 minutes. /Who has been using my computer for 10 minutes? 1. I have been waiting for you for more than an hour. 2. She has been reading since 3 o’clock. 3. I have been writing these sentences for an hour. 4. Mary has been watching TV since I returned. 5. They have been discussing this problem since 8 o’clock. 6. My sister has been playing the piano for half an hour. 7. It has been snowing since morning. 8. Somebody has been using my computer for 15 minutes. 9. The boys have been playing football. 10. He has been sleeping for more than two hours now. Exercise 3. Supply the Present Perfect Continuous Tense of the verbs in brackets. I … myself that question for many years (ask)./ I have been asking myself that question for many years. 1.We … our librarian to put the books in the right order for three days (help). 2. He says he … for a long time without achieving good results (work). 3. You … me since the very moment I left the house (follow). 4. She … with us since then (live). 5. How long … the children … (play). 6. She … at this school for twenty years (teach). 7. He is tired. He … all day (dig). 8. He … experiments for a year (make). 9. What … you … with these documents lately (do) ? 10. I think she … lies as usual (tell) Exercise 4. Make questions using the given phrases. Example: the sportsman, to have a rest How long have the sportsmen been having a rest? You, to have a toothache; it, to rain; Caroline, to wear glasses; they, to run; the people of their country, to fight against their aggressors; the cosmonauts, to orbit the earth: I’m. worrying about Kate.; She is. suffering from severe headaches.. Прошедшее совершенное продолженное время. Past Perfect Continuous Tense. Past perfect continuous образуется при помощи глагола to be в Past Perfect и причастия I смыслового глагола. FORM[had + been + present participle]
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