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Exercise 3. Put in at, onorin: 0. Mozart was born in Salzburg in 1756. 1. I’m busy just now, but I’ll be with you _____ a moment. 2. The price of electricity is going up _____ October. 3. _____ weekends, we often go for long walks in the country. 4. Jenny’s brother is an engineer, but he doesn’t have a job _____ the moment. 5. I don’t like driving _____ night. 6. The telephone and the doorbell rang _____ the same time. 7. Mary and David always go out for dinner _____ their wedding anniversary. 8. It was a short book and easy to read. I read it _____ a day. 9. _____ Saturday night I went to bed _____ midnight. 10. We travelled overnight to Paris and arrived _____ 5 o’clock _____ the morning. Exercise 4. Which is correct: a, b, or both of them? 0. a. I’ll see you on Friday. 0. b. I’ll see you Friday. both 1. a. I’ll see you on next Friday. 1. b. I’ll see you next Friday. _____ 2. a. Paul got married in April. 2. b. Paul got married April. _____ 3. a. They never go out on Sunday 3. b. They never go out Sunday _____ evenings. evenings. 4. a. We often have a short holiday on 4. b. We often have a short holiday at _____ Christmas. Christmas. 5. a. What are you doing the weekend? 5. b. What are you doing at the weekend? _____ 6. a. Will you be here on Tuesday? 6. b. Will you be here Tuesday? _____ 7. a. We were ill at the same time. 7. b. We were ill in the same time. _____ 8. a. Sue got married at 18 May 1996. 8. b. Sue got married on 18 May 1996. _____ 9. a. He left school last June. 9. b. He left school in last June. _____ 10 a. She’ll be here in a moment. 10. b. She’ll be here a moment. _____ Модальные глаголы. Modal Verbs Глаголы can (could), may (might), must, ought, need относятся к группе так называемых модальных глаголов (Modal Verbs). Модальные глаголы не употребляются самостоятельно, а только в сочетании с инфинитивом смыслового глагола. Они обозначают возможность, способность, вероятность, необходимость совершения действия, выраженного смысловым глаголом. Модальные глаголы в сочетании с инфинитивом смыслового глагола употребляются в предложении в роли составного глагольного сказуемого: Не can do it himself. Он может это сделать сам. They may come tonight. Они, может быть, придут сегодня вечером. Модальные глаголы не выражают конкретных процессов (действий), а показывают лишь отношение говорящего к действию, оценку действия, т. е. возможность, необходимость, предположительность, долженствование, разрешение и т. д. Модальные глаголы являются недостаточными глаголами (Defective Verbs), так как они не имеют всех форм, какие есть у других глаголов. Глаголы сап и may имеют формы настоящего и прошедшего времени: can — could, may — might, глаголы must, ought и need — только форму настоящего времени. Модальные глаголы имеют ряд формальных отличительных особенностей.
Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи частицы not, которая ставится непосредственно после модального глагола, в результате чего значение меняется на противоположное: must должен - must not не должен. В настоящем времени can пишется слитно с not: He cannot do it. You may not take it. He must not go there. В разговорной речи в отрицательной форме обычно употребляются следующие сокращения: cannot = can't [ka:nt], could not = couldn't [kudnt], may not = mayn't [meint], might not = mightn't [maitnt], must not = mustn't [masnt], ought not = oughtn't [o:tnt], need not = needn’t [ni:dnt]. В вопросительных предложениях модальный глагол стоит на первом месте, либо сразу после вспомогательного слова: Who can do it? Кто может сделать это? МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ, ВЫРАЖАЮЩИЕ ПРЕДПОЛОЖЕНИЕ
Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with modal verbs: 0. Nicole can drive, but she hasn’t got a car. 1. I … go to the post office. I … some stamps. 2. My eyes are not very good. I … to wear glasses. 3. Catherine got the job because she … speak five languages. 4. What … we see on this map? 5. You … listen to music but not very loudly. 6. …. I come in? Yes, you … . 7. At English the students … speak English only. 8…. you speak Spanish? - No, unfortunately I … . 9. He … not speak English yet. 10. You … not smoke here. Exercise 2. Complete the sentences use the modal verbs can, may or must: 0. May I come in? 1. Garry travelled a lot. He ______ speak five languages. 2. You ______ not smoke here. 3. ______I take your book? – I am afraid not, I need it. 4. He ______ not speak English yet. 5. I have very little time, I ______ go. 6. They ______ not go to the park today because they are busy. 7. You ______ read this text, it is easy enough. 8. What ______ we see on this map? 9. ______ you speak Spanish? – No, unfortunately, I ______ . 10. At what time ______ you come to school? Exercise 3. Complete the sentences with must, mustn’t or needn’t: 0. We haven’t got much time. We must hurry. 1. We’ve got plenty of time. We __________ hurry. 2. We have enough food at home, so we __________ go shopping. 3. Gary gave me a letter to post. I __________ remember to post it. 4. Gary gave me a letter to post. I __________ forget to post it. 5. There’s plenty of time for you to make up your mind. You __________ decide now. 6. You __________ wash those tomatoes. I washed them. 7. This is a valuable book. You __________ look after it carefully and you __________ lose it. 8. A: What sort of house do you want to buy? Something big? B: Well, it __________ be big – that’s not so important. But it __________ have a nice garden – that’s essential. 9. Don’t tell anybody what I said. You __________ keep it in a secret. 10. You can come with me if you like, but you __________ come if you don’t want to. Exercise 4. a) Complete the sentences, using must or can`t and one of the verbs from the box. 0. She must still live in Paris. 1. He is busy. He … be writing a book about his travels. 2. But he is happy. He … enjoy it. 3. I … come and see you tomorrow if I have time. 4. What time is it? – It … be about six o`clock, but I am not sure. 5. Only a person who knows the language very well … answer such a question. b) Complete the sentences using needn’t + the following verbs: ask come explain leave tell walk We’ve got plenty of time. We needn’t leave yet. 1. I can manage the shopping alone. You __________ with me. 2. We __________ all the way home. We can get a taxi. 3. Just help yourself if you’d like more to eat. You __________ first. 4. We can keep this a secret between ourselves. We __________ anybody else. 5. I understand the situation perfectly. You ______ further. Эквиваленты модальных глаголов. Вместо недостающих неличных и аналитических форм модальных глаголов используют их эквиваленты: to have, to be (=must), to be able (=can), to be allowed, to be permitted (=may). To have to
При необходимости выразить будущее время или другие сложные времена вместо may употребляется конструкция be allowed to: You will be allowed to smoke in that room. Вы сможете курить в этой комнате. I have not been allowed to talk for at least twenty minutes. Я не могла (мне не давали) говорить по крайней мере 20 минут. To be allowed to
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