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    Comprehension check: answer the following questions:

    1. Which of these subjects would you call, 'science subjects' and which would you call 'arts subjects'?

    2. Do you notice any preferences among boys and girls for one or the other?

    3. What other subjects would you expect to find in the school curriculum (e.g. other modern languages, ancient languages, religious or civic studies, other arts subjects)?

    4. Which three subjects would you take at 'A' level if you wanted to be the following? А) doctor; B) an economist; C) an interpreter; D) a journalist; E) an engineer; F) "an actor; G) a priest; H) a naturalist/ a painter /'a businessman? (Note that they would not necessarily be among the most popular subjects listed here).

    5. Which subjects did you or do you enjoy most at school? Why? Is it because you were or are good at them, or for other reasons?


    Word Study

    Ex.!: Complete the sentences, using the correct word or phrase from those you have seen above. To help you, the first letter of each word is given.

    1. He wants to be a doctor so he is doing three sciences at GCSE, b_____, с_____, and p_____.

    2. When he has got his d_____ at university, he wants to do a postgraduate с_____ in Germany.

    3. I'll give you back your e_____ papers when I've made a note of the m_____s you obtained. It was a difficult t_____, so you did quite well.

    4. The little children at the k_____ were playing games in the p_

    5. He went to a school where the children wore blue and yellow u_____, and the boys had gold b_____s on their с_____.

    6. If you don't pay a_____ to what I'm saying, I'll put you in d_____ and you'll have to do some e_____ work.

    7. Where were you in first p_____ this morning? I've marked you as a_____ in the r_____.

    8. I enjoyed his 1_____ at the Shakespeare Conference in Stratford.

    9. He's one of the best 1_____s at the university. I expect he'll become the p_____one day.

    10. He wanted his son to study at university but he couldn't afford to pay the f_____s so he was delighted when the boy won a s_____, which covered the cost.

    11. Terminology is different at university from what we said at school. At school we said 'holidays', but here they say 'v_____s'; the t_____ here is like the form teacher at school; there they told us to write compositions, here they ask us to write e_____s; and there they talked about homework, but here it's an a_____.


    Ex.2: Using a dictionary, decide which of the words in the box can go in which sections of the chart. You can put one word in more than one column.

    kindergarten high school college classroom playgroup nursery school comprehensive public school sixth form polytechnic pupil reception class evening classes university master deputy-head preparatory school tutor teacher lecturer professor head teacher headmaster headmistress student post-graduate lecture theatre technical college graduate doctorate playground

    -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    PRE-SCHOOL EDUCATION (0 - 5)

    -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    PRIMARY EDUCATION (5 - 11)

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    SECONDARY EDUCATION (11 - 16+)

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    FURTHER EDUCAON

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    HIGHER EDUCATION

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    ADULT EDUCATION

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Ex.3: Discuss, which of these words and phrases have similar meaning, or are used in similar situations. Find one word in each list, which seems to be the odd one out and which is not connected with education or training.
    Model: award, grant, loan, prize, reward, scholarship, trophy.

    (AWARD - GRANT - SCHOLARSHIP; GRANT - LOAN; TROPHY - PRIZE - AWARD; a word "reward" isn't connected with education).

    1. certificate, degree, diploma, doctorate, license, recommendation, reference;

    2. article, assignment, composition, dissertation, essay, paper, report, thesis;

    3. law school, medical school, private school, public school, state school, Sunday school.



    Text I-D.

    School in the USA.

    In the United States, the word "school" describes any place where people learn.

    I You can call a college a "school". You can even call a university a "school". You can use the word "school" for any English language institute, graduate program, or secondary ("high") school.

    College or university follows after high school, or secondary school. A college in the U.S.A. is not a high school or secon­dary school. College and university programs begin in the thirteenth year of school, when a student is 17 or 18 years old or older. A two-year "junior" college offers an Associate Degree. A four-year college or university offers a Bachelor's Degree. Programs that offer these degrees are called "undergraduate" schools"

    A "university" is a group of schools for studies after secondary school. At least one of these schools is a college where students receive a Bachelor's Degree. The other schools in a university are "graduate" (also known as "postgraduate") schools where students receive advanced degrees. Therefore, a univer­sity offers both the Bachelor's Degree and graduate degrees such as the Master's (M. A.) and Ph.D.(doctorate) A university usually offers graduate programs both in professional fields such as engineering and in academic subjects such as English literature.

    You can earn a Bachelor's Degree at either a college or a university. However, students in the USA prefer to use the word "college" rather than the word "university" when they talk about the four-year undergraduate program and the Bachelor's Degree. They say “going to college" and "a college degree" when they talk about undergraduate programs at either a college or a university.

    Most "colleges" are separate schools. They are not located in a university. Some colleges are part of a university and are located on the university campus. (The "campus" is the school buildings and surround­ing area.) A few colleges offer graduate programs in selected subjects. Usually, however, it is universities that offer graduate programs. So, Americans use the word “university" and not "college" when they talk about graduate study.
    Vocabulary:

    to describe - описывать;

    high school - старшие классы школы

    to follow - следовать (за);

    junior - младший;

    degree - научная степень;

    undergraduate - студент последнего курса;

    secondary - средний (о школе, образовании);

    to receive - получать;

    post-graduate course - аспирантура;

    advanced - продвинутый, повышенного типа;

    therefore - следовательно;

    to earn - зарабатывать;

    either... or... - либо... либо..;

    to prefer - предпочитать;

    separate - отдельный, раздельный;

    to be located - размещаться, находиться;

    surrounding – окружающий

    to select - отбирать, выбирать.
    Comprehension check: answer the following questions.

    1. What does the word "school" mean in the USA?

    2. What follows after secondary (high) school?

    3. At what age do American students enter colleges/universities?

    4. What degree does a two-year "junior" college offer?

    5. What degrees do four-year colleges provide?

    6. What is a University?


    Word Study

    Ex.1: Translate the following phrases into English.

    следовательно; средняя школа; старшие классы школы; степень бакалавра;

    аспирантура; учебные предметы; профессиональная сфера; получить ученую

    степень; студент последнего курса; предлагать; окружающая территория.


    TEXT II-A
    SYSTEM OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE USA
    Americans regard education as the means by which the inequalities among individuals are to be erased and by which every desirable end is to be achieved.”

    George S. Counts

    TYPES OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS.

    BASIC SUBJECTS, GRADES, EXAMS, CERTIFICATES.

    Education in the United States comprises three levels: elementary, secondary and higher education. There are two types of educational institutions* - private and state. State institutions are called public schools, they are open to all classes and financed by taxes collected from all citizens. Americans view their public school system as an educational ladder, rising from secondary school to university programs. Kids start school by going to kindergartens at the age of 6, which is often a part of grade schools (each year of study is called a grade*). First six years are elementary school, then come junior high (grades 7 - 8) and high school (grades 9 - 12).

    Most pupils follow a course that includes basic subjects - English, science and mathematics, social sciences and physical education - as well as elective subjects for high school students who plan their careers and select subjects that will be useful in their chosen work - foreign languages, fine arts, advanced mathematics and science, and vocational training.

    Students usually receive grades from A (excellent) to F (failing) in each course they take on the basis of performance in tests given throughout the year, participation in class discussions and completion of written and oral assignments. End-of-the-year examinations are given in many schools, but it’s not a must.

    Sometime during grade school students are given an IQ test* (an Intelligence Quotient test). It is not a test of their knowledge, but of their ability to think. The results (scores) from these tests are known only by the teachers, and not by the students or their parents. If you have a high IQ score the teachers expect more of you, and give you more interesting work to do. At the same time, you could have a bad IQ score and be quite bright because the tests aren’t perfect and often fail to bring out your best abilities.

    Though there is no separate educational system for the wealthy, there have always been private schools at all levels which are not supported primarily by public funds and charge fees*. The organization and curriculum* of private schools and colleges are similar to those of public schools but the administration differs. Private schools are usually smaller, some are open to all classes and some are not. The latter are elite private schools which serve mainly upper-class children. The tuition costs are so high that only wealthiest families can afford. Many private schools are boarding schools where kids often stay at school and don’t go home after classes, so their parents have to pay not only for better training but for their rooms and food as well. Some schools are single-sex, whereas most public schools are coeducational (coed*). Private high schools are sometimes called prep schools, that is , preparatory schools, meaning preparation for college.

    Most young Americans graduate from school with a high school diploma* upon satisfactory completion of a specified number of courses. Each student is given a high school transcript* which summarizes the courses taken and the grades obtained. That is the end of mandatory free public education, however, some students drop out of school and never graduate. ). At that point young people have to decide whether they want to continue with their education or whether they want to seek employment. Over half of the students enter institutions of higher education, others may get further education at special colleges. It is mainly vocational, and leads to a certificate, or a diploma, not a degree. Courses vary in length - from a few months to two years. There are full-time , part-time and sandwich courses, that is, courses where periods of full-time study alternate with periods of full-time work, usually in industry.


    Образование в США состоит из трех уровней: начального, среднего и высшего образования. Существует два типа образовательных учреждений; - частные и государственные. Государственные учреждения называются государственные школы, они были открыты для всех классов и финансируются за счет налогов, собранных из всех граждан. Американцы просматривать их системы государственных школ в качестве учебно лестнице, поднимаясь из школы в вузы. Дети идут в школу, перейдя в детских садах в возрасте 6 лет, которые часто является частью класса школ (каждый год обучения называется класс*). Первые шесть лет начальной школы, то приходите школы (классы 7 - 8) и средней школы (9 - 12 классы).
    Большинство учеников следовать курсом, который включает в себя основные предметы - английский, науки и математики, общественных наук и физической культуры, а также предметы по выбору для старшеклассников, которые планируют свою карьеру и выбрать предметы, которые будут полезны в их выбрали работы - иностранных языков, изобразительного искусства, высшей математики и науки, а также профессиональной подготовки.
    Студенты, как правило, получают оценки от A (отлично) до F (failing) в каждом они, конечно, взять на основе показателей в тестах, учитывая в течение всего года, участие в классных дискуссиях и завершения устных и письменных заданий. В конце года экзамены проводятся во многих школах, но это не обязательно.
    Когда-то в начальной школе учащиеся получают тест на IQ* (тест Коэффициента Интеллекта). Это не проверка их знаний, но их способность мыслить. Результаты (баллы) из этих тестов будут известны только учителя, а не ученики или их родители. Если у вас высокий IQ оценка учителя ожидать еще больше вас, и дать вам более интересную работу. В то же время, вы могли бы плохой балл IQ и быть достаточно ярким, поскольку тесты не идеальны и часто не в состоянии вывести ваши лучшие способности.
    Хотя не существует отдельной системы образования для состоятельных людей, всегда были частные школы на всех уровнях, которые не поддерживаются в основном за счет общественных фондов и взимают плату*. Организации и учебного плана; частных школ и колледжей, похожими на те, в публичных школах, но администрация отличается. Частные школы, как правило, меньше, некоторые открыты для всех классов, а некоторые-нет. Последние элитных частных школ, которые служат, главным образом, высшего среднего класса, дети. В стоимость обучения, так высоко, что только богатые семьи могут себе позволить. Многие частные школы-интернаты, где дети часто остаются в школе и не возвращайтесь домой после занятий, чтобы их родители должны платить не только для лучшего обучения, но и для их номера и продовольствия, а также. Некоторые школы являются только одного пола, в то время как большинство государственных школ являются смешанные (студентка*). Частных вузах, иногда называют подготовительных школ, подготовительных школ, смысл подготовки к поступлению в колледж.
    Большинство молодых американцев, заканчивают школу с дипломом об окончании школы* после удовлетворительного завершения определенное количество курсов. Каждому студенту дается в средней школе стенограмма*, в котором обобщаются курсов и оценок, полученных. То есть в конце обязательное бесплатное государственное образование, однако, некоторые студенты бросают школу и никогда не выпускник. ). В этот момент молодые люди должны решить, хотят ли они продолжать свое образование или хотят ли они, чтобы искать работу. Более половины студентов поступают в высшие учебные заведения, другие могут получить дальнейшее образование в специальных заведений. Это, в основном, профессионально, и приводит к сертификат или диплом, а не степень. Курсы различаются по продолжительности - от нескольких месяцев до двух лет. Есть full-time, part-time и сэндвич-курсы, курсы, где сроки очного обучения чередуются с периодами полного рабочего времени, как правило, в промышленности.


    • Vocabulary:

    • to regard - рассматривать;

    • means - средство;

    • inequality - неравенство;

    • to erase - стереть;

    • desirable - желаемый;

    • to achieve - достигать, добиваться;

    • to comprise - включать;

    • institution = establishment - учреждение;

    • Institution of Higher Education - ВУЗ;

    • public school - государственная школа (субсидируемая государством);

    • taxes - (мн.ч.) налоги;

    • to view - рассматривать;

    • ladder - лестница, лесенка;

    • kids - амер. разг. : дети;

    • grade - амер. класс; оценка;

    • junior - младший;

    • basic - основной;

    • elective - факультативный, необязательный, по выбору;

    • advanced - продвинутый, повышенного типа;

    • vocational - профессиональный;

    • training - обучение;

    • to receive - получать;

    • failing - провал, т.е. неудовлетворительно;

    • performance - здесь: участие, успеваемость;

    • throughout - через, в продолжение (всего времени);

    • IQ = Intelligence Quotient - коэффициент умственного развития;

    • completion - выполнение, завершение;

    • ability - способность;

    • scores - баллы, результат очках;

    • bright - здесь: смышленый, сообразительный, умный;

    • wealthy - состоятельный;

    • to support – поддерживать

    • to charge - взимать (плату);

    • fee - плата за обучение;

    • curriculum (мн.ч. curricula) - учебный план, программа;

    • similar - подобный, схожий;

    • latter - последний (из названных);

    • elite - элита, элитный

    • to serve - обслуживать;

    • tuition - обучение;

    • tuition fee - плата за обучение;
      cost - стоимость;

    • to afford - позволять (в финансовом отношении

    • boarding school - школа-пансионат (т.е. с проживанием);

    • co-educational school - школа совместного обучения (юношей и девушек);

    • preparatory - подготовительный;

    • high school diploma - диплом о среднем образовании;

    • specified - определенный;

    • high school transcript - аттестат зрелости (с указанием отметок);

    • to obtain - получать;

    • mandatory - обязательный;

    • to drop out - бросать (школу);

    • point - точка, момент;

    • to seek employment - искать работу;

    • over - свыше;

    • to enter - поступать ( колледж, университет);

    • further - дальнейший;

    • degree - научная степень;

    • to vary - варьировать, различаться;

    • full-time courses - дневное обучение;

    • to alternate - чередовать(ся).


    Comprehensive check: answer the following questions:


    1. What are the levels of education in the USA?

    2. What age groups do they include?

    3. What are the basic subjects at school?

    4. What does the word "elective" mean?

    5. How are the students graded?

    6. Does a bad IQ test score necessarily mean, that a student is not bright?

    7. Are the IQ test scores known to students and their parents?

    8. Is there a separate educational system for the wealthy?

    9. What are boarding schools like? Who can afford to study there?

    10. What information does a high school transcript include?

    11. What are the possible ways to get further education?

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