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Права человека Права личности и права учащегося.Грамматика: эмфатические конструкции, анализ и перевод сложного предложения  A customer is always right Introductory text AGE OF MAJORITY (or GAINING RIGHTS) As you become older, the rights that the law gives you increase. But the ages at which you gain these rights can vary widely from country to country. There are even big differences between what young people can do in Britain and in Scotland. Because young people mature at different rates, and become "responsible" according to their own personality and background, there is no universally agreed age at which they become adults. That is why - according to the Children's Legal Centre, in London, which collected these figures - the minimum age limits are often arbitrary. The most important age from a legal point of view is called the age of majority. This is the age at which the law considers you to have rights and responsibilities, and at which you can take all decisions that affect your life. The most popular age for this in Europe is 18. It was 21 in England and Wales until 1969, but it then came down to 18 - since which time many other European countries have followed. In France and West Germany, for instance, the age came down from 21 to 18 in 1974, and in Italy the following year. In Greece, Ireland, Holland and Denmark the age has also been reduced to 18 - often in response to young people's demands. In Austria it is 19 and in Switzerland, 20. Scotland, where the age of majority is 18, divides under-18s into two categories: boys under 14 and girls under 12 are "pupils", and girls from 12 to18 and boys from 14 to 18 are "minors" who have some rights denied to pupils. Many countries let young people reach the age of majority earlier if they have been "emancipated", or released from all parental control. This might happen on marriage, such as in Denmark, France, Ireland, Spain and Switzerland, or at the request of the young person and a parent or a guardian. In France, a young unmarried woman with a child automatically reaches the age of majority, although she loses it if she gives the child away. Some countries have taken up the principles of "democratic parenting", meaning that parents should exercise their authority in consultation with their children. Greek law says that parents should consider the children's opinions before making any decision regarding their responsibilities. In Finland parents must discuss issues with their children and take into account their opinions, wishes and desires. Vocabulary to the Text. increase - расширять(ся), увеличивать(ся) gain - достигать, обретать vary - варьировать, различаться mature - становиться зрелым, взрослеть responsible - ответственный background - здесь: опыт adult - взрослый figure - здесь: цифра arbitrary - здесь: произвольный legal - легальный, юридический age of majority - совершеннолетие consider - считать, рассматривать affect - воздествовать, влиять come* down (to) - снизить (до) follow - следовать in response (to) - в ответ (на) demand - требование divide - делить, разделять deny - отрицать release - освобождать(ся) parental - родительский guardian - юр. опекун reach - достигать although - хотя lose* - терять exercise - осуществлять, проявлять authority - власть make a decision - принимать решение regarding - относительно responsibility - ответственность issue - вопрос take into account - принимать во внимание opinion - мнение Word Study to the Text. Ex. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents: 1. take into account 2. consider the child's opinion 3. discuss an issue 4. affect one's life 5. come down (to) 6. reach the age of majority 7. gain rights 8. exercise one's authority 9. take/make decisions 10. vary widely 11. collect figures 12. become adult a/ реализовать свою власть b/ достичь совершеннолетия c/ принимать во внимание d/ обретать права e/ принимать решения f/ считаться с мнением ребенка g/ снизить (до) h/ взрослеть i/ обсудить вопрос j/ широко различаться k/ собирать цифры l/ влиять на чью-то жизнь Ex. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents: 1. at different rates 2. universally agreed age 3. arbitrary limits 4. legal point of view 5. age of majority 6. in response (to) 7. parental control 8. under 18s a/ младше 18 лет b/ в ответ (на) c/ родительский контроль d/ совершеннолетие e/ юридическая точка зрения f/ разными темпами g/ произвольные ограничеиня h/ общепризнанный возраст Ex. Translate the following sentences into English.
Comprehension Check. Ex. Answer the following questions: 1. What do you gain when getting older? 2. Do young people mature at the same age? 3. Is there a universally agreed age, at which young people become adult? 4. What is the most important age from a legal point of view? 5. What is the most popular age for this in Europe? 6. Has it always been the same in all the countries? 7. Can young people reach the age of majority earlier that at 18 y.o.? 8. What is meant by "democratic parenting"? Topics to discuss. 1. Age of majority. 2. Priciples of "democratic parenting". Text IA INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. In general, it is not against the law to steal someone else's ideas. If a man I meet in a bar tells me how people can become rich and I publish a best-selling book based on his ideas, I do not have to pay him any money or even mention his name in the book. But most countries do place legal limits on copying the exact words someone has written, the art or music they have created, or the technology they have invented. Such work is known as intellectual property. The main legal instruments for protecting it are patents and copyrights. In order to prevent a new discovery or scientific process from being copied, it is necessary to apply for a patent. If granted, a patent makes it illegal for others to manufacture or use the invention without permission. However, a patent will only be granted if the invention has not been shown in public and if it has industrial application. Ideas - mathematical and scientific theories, for example, - can not be patented. The patent must be carefully worded since it may be possible for someone to copy any part of the process or invention not mentioned in the patent. Literature, works of art, computer programs, movies and radio and TV broadcasts cannot be protected by copyright. In most countries such work is automatically protected when it is created, there is no need to apply for or to register copyright. It is usual to record the date of creation and mark it with the international symbol ©, but it is not essential. As with other kinds of property, intellectual property can only be protected if ownership is clear. The holder of a patent is often a company rather than the individual scientists inventing something in the course of their work. A copyright is usually owned by the creator of the work - the writer, painter or musician - but like other property, it might be passed to someone else. If a journalist is employeed by a newspaper, then the articles he writes are usually the copyright of the newspaper owner. The copyright in a movie is owned by the film maker, not by the individual writers or performers. Vocabulary. property - собственность steal* - красть mention - упоминать limit - ограничение exact - точный create - создавать invent - изобретать protect - защищать copyright - авторское право prevent - предотвратить discovery - открытие apply (for) - подать заявку (на) manufacture - производить permission - разрешение be granted - присуждать(ся) application - применение be worded - быть сформулированным since - поскольку works of art - произведения искусства broadcast - вещание need - потребность, необходимость essential - существенный ownership - собственность holder - держатель, владелец rather than - а не in the course (of) - в ходе own - владеть pass (to) - передать (кому-то) be employeed (by) - работать (у,на) film maker - режиссер performer - исполнитель, актер Word Study. Ex. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents: 1.no need 2. in general 3. individual performer 4. TV broadcast 5. international symbol 6. industrial application 7. work of art 8. legal limit 9. date of creation 10. in the course of work a/ произведение искусства b/ юридическое ограничение c/ дата создания d/ в процессе работы e/ международный символ f/ в целом g/ телевещание h/ тот или иной исполнитель i/ нет необходимости j/ промышленное применение Ex. Match the phrases with their Russian equivalents: 1.to hold a patent 2. to become rich 3. to mark with a symbol 4. to be carefully worded 5. to grant a patent 6. to ake it illegal 7. to mention one's name 8. to apply for a patent 9. ownership is clear a/ пометить символом b/ упомянуть чье-то имя c/ выдать патент d/ обладать патентом e/ право собственности очевидно f/ разбогатеть g/ подать заявку на патент h/ сделать незаконным i/ быть тщательно сформулированным Ex. Translate the following sentences into English.
Comprehension Check. Ex. Answer the following questions:
Topics to discuss.
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