Аракин, 2 курс, решебник. Учебнику Практический курс английского языка
 Скачать 496.82 Kb.
|
|
Ex. 46, p. 463 In all the affirmative and interrogative sentences to have to serves to express necessity or obligation imposed by circumstances and in the negative sentences it expresses the absence of necessity or obligation. 1. Боюсь, мне придется отослать его. 2. В камин уже поло жили уголь или вам пришлось сделать это самому? 3. Веревка I была такой крепкой, что ему пришлось взять нож, чтобы раз- I резать ее. 4. Но стоило ли ложиться спать, если ему надо было ] вставать в пять утра? 5. Полагаю, мне придется поехать в Лон- I дон, не так ли? 6. Вам приходится/надо рано вставать каждое ] утро? 7. Ему придется/Он должен заплатить мне до воскресе нья. 8. Сколько времени вам пришлось там пробыть? 9. «Нам придется долго ждать каникул», — сказала она со вздохом. 10. Вам надо/Вы должны ходить туда два раза в неделю, верно? Ex. 47, p. 463 1. Don't worry about that. You must do as you think best. 2. My mother was unwell, and I had to go to the chemist's. 3. I must/have to go and look at the dinner. 4. Yesterday's rain spoilt my hat completely; I have to buy a new one. 5. There was no one to help him so he had to move the furniture himself. 6. "Oh, hallo," she said. "I thought you must have gone home." 7. They didn't answer my first knock so I had to knock twice. 8. You must always come to me if anything goes wrong. 9. He was very sorry to think that he would have to part with it. 10.1 had a sleepless night. I must/have to/will have to go and see the doc and get him to give me something,.! can't go on like that. Ex. 48, p. 464 1. a) He wonH have to come again, b) Will he have to come again? 2. a) My sister doesn't have to go to work, b) Does my sister have to go to work? 3 a) They didn't have to go back alone, b) Did they have to go back alone? 4. a) You don't have to answer all these questions, b) Do you have to answer all these questions? 5. a) I won't/shan't have to go out after all. b) Will I have to go out after all? 6. a) He won't have to come on foot, b) Will he have to come on foot? 7. a) The students didn't have to read the whole book, b) Did the students have to read the whole book? 8. a) She doesn't have to come every week, b) Does she have to come every week? 9. a) He doesn't have to stay the night, b) Does he have to stay the night? 10. a) They didn't have to begin very early, b) Did they have to begin very early? Ex. 49, p. 464 1.1 gather you have read a lot in English, haven't you? 2. He had to wait at the station till it stopped raining, didn't he? 3. The work will have to be done before nightfall, won't it? 4. They usually have dinner at home, don't they? 5. She often has to go to the dentist's, doesn't she? 6. You have to go to school on Saturday, don't you? 7. They will have to do what they are told, won't they? 8. We have to begin before five o'clock, don't we? 9. As far as I understand, you had to stay there a fortnight, didn't you? 10. You look a bit tired, you've had a long walk, haven't you? 11. She has to clean the house herself, doesn't she? 12. They had to finish that last night, didn't they? Ex. 50, p. 464 (1) A previously arranged plan: 1.1 am to see him tomorrow. 5. She is to return tomorrow;] 7. He inquired when the secretary was to come. 10. Something] must have happened. He was to have come at eight. 11. Jim! reminded me that we were to be at the station not later than seven. < 12. Which of you is to bring the magazines and newspapers? (2) Instructions and commands: 2. You are not to communicate with anybody. 4. She said that! I was not to leave the house. 6. He said that Tom was to apologize.] 8. She says that I am not to lay the table before twelve o'clock. r In sentences 2 and 9 the speaker is not giving but asking for] instructions. Both can be referred to (2). Ex. 51, p. 465 Comments 1. An order. 2. Asking for instructions. 3. Obligation (fromJ the character's point of view). 4. Supposition implying certainty.] 5. Prohibition. 6. Emphatic invitation. 7. Necessity imposed by] circumstances. 8. Urgent necessity (from the speaker's point ofj view). 9. An order. 10. The Perfect Infinitive used with was to shows that there was an arrangement, but it was not realized^ 11. Prohibition. 12. Past obligation. Translation 1. Я хочу, чтобы ты ее слушался. Ты должен в точности исполнять все, что она велит, и не шуметь. 2. «Ну так что мне делать с обедом? — спросила миссис Хэндфорт. — Перевари! и пережарить или пусть остывает?» 3. Рэндал был взволно-i ван. Ему казалось, что он должен позвонить ей немедля, дол жен каким-то образом сегодня же увидеть ее. 4. Должно быть,] в молодости Эмма была очень красива. У нее правильные черч ты лица. 5. «С нами шутки плохи», — угрожающе сказал пс лицейский. 6. Вы должны как-нибудь обязательно зайти пообедать со мной. 7. Он проиграл все свои деньги на скачках, и мне пришлось одолжить ему пять фунтов. 8. Надеюсь, 41 не огорчу и не раздосадую вас, если буду говорить откровен-1 но. Мне совершенно необходим/во что бы то ни стало нужен ваш совет. 9. Проснись, слышишь? Ты должен немедленно' проснуться. 10. «Значит, Фрэнк приехал?» — «Да, и весьма неожиданно. Он должен был пробыть там еще неделю». 11. Он все еще помнил рассказанное очень ясно и знал, что надо/что должен сделать. Он взял перо и своим аккуратным, твердым почерком написал заглавие нового романа. need Ex. 52, p. 465 1,5. Need is an ordinary notional verb that serves to express necessity. 2. Need is an ordinary notional verb denoting the absence of neseccity. In all the other sentences need is a modal verb: 3. Needn't denotes the absence of necessity to perform the action. 4. Need implies that the speaker may think that there is no necessity to perform the action. 6, 8, 9. Absence of necessity. 7, 10, 11. Neednt't + a Perfect Infininitive and need never + a Perfect Infinitive show that the actions were performed though they were unnecessary, 12. Needn't is part of a predicate in a clause of purpose. It is used to show that the person that is the subject of the principal clause views the action of the said subordinate clause as undesirable. Ex. 53, p. 466 1. You needn't have brought your umbrella, as we are going by car. 2. You need't have watered the flowers, as it is going to rain. 3.1 needn't have translated it for him, he did it himself, he understands Latin. 4.1 didn't have to answer the questions which saved me a lot of trouble. 5.1 knew I didn't have to lock the door after me, but how was I to know you wanted to come out too? 6.1 didn't have to ring the bell because the door opened before I got to it. 7. I didn't have to help them at all, they themselves knew what to do. 8. I didn't have to write him because the news was already known to him. He phoned me shortly afterwards. 9. You needn't have listened to him. His information was misleading. 10. You needn't have bought such a lot of flowers. We've already got more than necessary. 11. He didn't have to get up so early every day. It was only on that particular occasion that he did. 12. You needn't have said it if you didn't want to. We could have done without you just as well. Ex. 54, p. 466 1. You needn't bring your books to class tomorrow, we a going to listen to a wireless programme. 2. I'm glad the lesson will begin later now. The children won't have to get up so early! 3. You needn't/don't have to learn the poem. You must only rea it. 4. Children mustn't play with matches. 5. It was late, and the; had to light a fire to cook their supper. 6. You must give it bac) to me before you go. 7. You mustn't be late for the concert. 8. made a few mistakes, so I had to do the whole exercise again. 9. need hardly say how important it is. 10. She is to be married nex month. 11. You mustn't miss that film, it is extraordinarily good; 12. You needn't strike a match; I can see well enough. 13. Ji was to make a speech at the meeting, but he had fallen ill, so Toi had to speak instead. 14. You needn't bring any food with yo' tomorrow. I'll have enough for both of us. 15. We are to be the; at 12 sharp. 16. We didn't have to wait long. A bus came almos at once. 17. You must learn the whole poem. Ex. 55, p. 466 1. We needn't have left the house/left home so early, the trai doesn't arrive for an hour. 2. We needn't hurry. (We don't nee to hurry./We don't have to hurry.) We needn't be/don't ne to/don't have to be there before 8.30.3. You mustn't follow the? example. It would be foolish of you. 4. I wonder if we have t bring the text-books. 5.1 didn't have to lock the door, someon* had already locked it. 6. If it freezes hard tomorrow, you won' need to/won't have to/needn't go to school. 7. You needn't worryj they will soon be back. They must have lingered near the Hous of Parliament on the Thames embankment: everything interes them here. 8. One mustn't forget that the East End is the horn of those whose work keeps this huge city alive. 9. You needn* continue, I know that next you are going to say that anion London's monuments of architecture the most popular one i Westminster Abbey built in the thirteenth century. 10. They we: to meet on Waterloo Bridge at 6 p.m. 11. "What am I to tell oui guests about my trip to London?" — "Describe to them the ceremony of changing the guard at the gates of the Tower." 12. She said what time we were to come and asked us not to be late. 13. We decided that the children must not go there alone. 14. One needn't mention that the Kremlin is a major museum and ancient monument. Everybody knows that. 15.1 had to accept this invitation although I was feeling off colour/out of sorts/ unwell. I didn't want to offend my new friends. 16. He knew that he might have to stay there more than a month. 17. Ask the monitor who is to bring the head-phones to the Phonetics class today. 18. Yesterday we were to/had to visit Ann in the hospital, so we couldn't call on you. ought Ex. 56, p. 467 1. Ough tto serves to give advice. 2. Ough t to serves to express moral obligation. 2. Advice. 3. Ought to serves to express obligation implying desirability. 4. Advice. 5. Oughtn't implies that the speaker's action may have been undesirable. 6. Ought to + Perfect Infinitive shows regret that a desirable action was not carried out. 7. Oughtn't to + Perfect Infinitive is used to show regret that an undesirable action was performed. 8. Ought to is used to show that the speaker was feeling moral obligation. 9, 10. Supposition implying logical probability. Ex. 57, p. 468 1.1 knew I oughtn't to open the letter. 2.1 said you ought to finish your work before going out. 3. You oughtn't to eat between meals; it will make you fat. 4. You oughtn't to smoke so much; you are wasting money and doing harm to your health. 5.1 ought to have taken these books to the library last week. 6. You ought to have told your guide that you wanted to go sightseeing all by yourself. 7. You ought to have waited till the lights were green before crossing the road. 8. You oughtn't to have crossed the road when the lights were red. 9. You ought to have seen the performance. It was wonderful. 10. If he starts at eight, he ought to be there by one o'clock. Ex. 58, p. 468 1. Mother always tells me that I must be/ought to be more careful. 2. You don't have to tell him my telephone number, he knows it. 3. You oughtn't to have said that! See how distressed she is. 4. I don't want to do it, but I must/have to. 5.Iought to have taken those books back to the library lest week. 6. You ought to have told our guide that you wanted to go sightseeing all by yourself. 7. But there was no other way out. I had to communicate with him. No one else knew her address. 8. Such things mustn't be allowed. 9. You needn't have written such a long composition. The teacher only asked for 200 words, and you have written 400. 10. "Perhaps I oughtn't to have troubled you." He closed his lips tight. He was offended. should Ex. 59, p. 468 Comments 1. Should expresses obligation implying desirability.j 2,3. Should serves to express moral obligation. 4. Should serves to show that the action is desirable. 5. Should expresses regret that a: desirable action wasn't carried out. 6. Should shows that the action performed is deemed undesirable. 7. Should serves to express regret, that an undesirable action was carried out. 8. Should is used to show' the desirability of the action. 9. The first should is used in giving advice, and the second serves to express moral obligation. Translation 1. Можете ли вы показать мне хоть одну англичанку, кото рая бы как следует говорила по-английски? 2. Жена должна повиноваться мужу. 3. К тому же теперь, когда вы заняли бо лее высокое положение в обществе, вам не стоит/вы не должны игнорировать старых друзей. 4. Надо преподать им урок. 5. Дол жен признаться, что не предвидел такого поворота событий, хотя должен был предвидеть. 6. Вы узнали то, что я никогда не намеревался сообщать вам. 7. Ему не следовало это говорить. Он понял, что сказал не то, едва слова слетели с его губ. 8. Сестры долго спорили, надо или не надо звать Тимоти, чтобы он пови дал Аннет. 9. «Вы должны приходить сюда часто, — сказал он Шелтону. — Вы должны приходить сюда часто», — повторил он. 10. «Вы должны закончить свою работу до того, как уйде те». — «Знаю, что должен». Ex. 60, р. 469 1. Modal. 2. Auxiliary. 3. Auxiliary. 4. Modal. 5. Modal. 6. Modal. 7. Auxiliary. 8. Modal. 9. Auxiliary. 10. Modal. Ex.61, p. 469 1. I'm sorry that I kept you waiting, but I had to call home and say not to expect/tell them (my wife, etc.) not to expect me for dinner. 2. Eventually/Finally we decided that we shouldn't stay there any longer and should go to the mountains. 3. You must dress in your very best, I want you to impress everyone as favorably as possible. 4. You should/ought to have done your homework properly. Then you wouldn't have had to ask such questions. 5. You needn't have waited so long. You should/ought to have left me a note. I would have done all you wanted. 6. They must be working in the laboratory. We/You/One shouldn't bother them. 7. "Why didn't you come yesterday?" — "I was to meet my first cousin at the railway station." — "Then you should/ought to have phoned so that we shouldn't wait for you." 8. Do whatever you like, I'm not going togtand in your way, besides I am to leave soon. 9. The party should/ought to be interesting. It took the students so long to prepare for it. 10. There's nothing funny in what he said. You should/ought to/must be more serious. 11. He will have to work here while the laboratory is being renovated (while the laboratory equipment is being repaired/is under repair). 12. You said it in/for fun, but she has taken offence. You should/ought to/ must be more considerate. 13. It took us all day to prepare for their arrival. Everyone had to do something. 14. Such people should be/ ought to be admired. 15. It didn't occur to me to talk to him though it should have. 16. Don't allow the children to play in my room. They will turn everything upside down, and you will have to tidy up. 17. You needn't have bothered the professor. I could have given you all the necessary information. 18. They should/ ought to have kept him from such an unwise action. They are going to be sorry about it./They will wish they had. 19. I am sticking/keeping to the directions I have received. I know full well what I am to start with. Ex. 62, p. 470 1. The emotional should is used to express annoyance. 2. The emotional should serves to express indignation. 3. The speaker believes that it is most natural for them to want their independence, hence the emotional should. 4. Surprise and annoyance. 5. Should is used in a set phrase meaning Откудамнезнать? which is used as an aggressive reply to a question. 6. Surprise and annoyance. 7. Surprise. 8. The emotional should is used in an object clause after an expression of surprise. 9. The emotional should is used in the object clause to show that the person in question is gloating. 10. Puzzlement. 11. A keen interest. 12. Sadness. 13. Annoyance. 14. Surprise. 15. The] emotional should is used to express the man in question's surprise at seeing the people he hadn 4 expected to see. It can be translated into Russian as follows: И как бы вы думали, кто подъехал к нему с двух сторон? Билл Деннант и сама Антония! Ex. 63, р. 471
|