Учебное пособие Кривцова, Кочетова. Учебное пособие для обучающихся по техническим и экономическим направлениям подготовки бакалавров
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5. Now read the text again and decide whether these statements are true or false. 1. The Sheldonian Theatre was a building more remarkable for its architectural attraction than for its constructional and acoustical properties. 2. Wren’s plans for the rebuilding of the City after the Fire weren’t implemented. 3. Christopher Wren wasn’t allowed to rebuild the cathedral. 4. St.Paul’s Cathedral is in the Grand manner, called Baroque. 5. Classical design was adopted only by architects. 6. Match the words from the text with their definitions: Astronomer a person qualified to design buildings; Architect a person skilled in woodwork; Carpenter a person skilled in building with stone; Mathematician a scientist who studies astronomy; Mason an expert or specialist in mathematics.
TEXT№2 Adam Smith 1. Discuss these questions with your partner: • Do you have any idea where the word economics comes from? • Do you know the names of any famous economists from the past or anything about their ideas? 2. Read the text and check your answers. Adam Smith and the history of economic thought Economic thought goes back thousands of years. The ancient Greek, Xenophon, used the word oikonomikos (from oikos, meaning family, household, estate, and nomos, for usage, law). He was talking about skilful or clever ways to manage land and households. We could call many of Aristotle’s political writings economics, although he did not use the word. The English word economics first appeared in the 19th century – two and a half thousand years after Xenophon. At this time, thinkers like Adam Smith wrote down ideas that are still important today. His work «Enquiry into Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations», which was published in 1776, was a great event in economic science and won him world recognition. Adam Smith is often called the Father of Modern Economics, although the science was called political economy then. Smith realized that a nation’s wealth depended on its ability to produce goods. The value of these goods depended on the cost of production. The cost of production depended on the cost of workers, raw materials and land. This was really the first example of macroeconomics. In his understanding the economic development is guided by objective laws and is independent of the volition of an individual. He called those laws “natural” and tried to deduce them from the nature of the human being. “The natural properties of man” upon which Smith proceeded were characteristic features of the capitalism of his time. Smith and other classical economists were writing at a time of great change. The industrial revolution had begun. Paper money began to replace precious metals. The middle classes were growing stronger. Economists’ theories echoed these changes. They wrote about the division of labour (each worker taking their part in the production process). They discussed the problems of population growth. They influenced thinking about social classes.
3. Answer the following questions: 1. What was Adam Smith? 2. What helped him to win the world recognition? Why? 3. What is the real source of a nation’s wealth? 4. What are the features of the capitalism of his time? 5. How can you characterize the period of classical economists? 4. Now read the text again and decide whether these statements are true or false. 1. Aristotle did not use the word economics, but he did write about economic ideas. 2. Modern Economics was called political economy then. 3. Adam Smith gave the first example of microeconomics. 4. The economic development is guided by “natural” laws. 5. The industrial revolution had no effects on economists’ theories. 5. Read the text quickly and put the sentences in the correct order to explain ideas of Adam Smith. 1. The cost of production depended on the cost of workers, raw materials and land. 2. Adam Smith wrote down ideas that are still important today. 3. Nation’s wealth depended on its ability to produce goods. 4. This was really the first example of macroeconomics. 5. The value of these goods depended on the cost of production.
TEXT№3 Henry Ford 1. What do you know about Henry Ford? What is the secret of his success? 2. Read the text and check your answers. Henry Ford Henry Ford (1863 – 1947) was the American founder of the Ford Motor Company and father of modern assembly lines used in mass production. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry. The Model T was introduced on October 1, 1908. It had the steering wheel on the left, which every other company soon copied. The entire engine and transmission were enclosed, the four cylinders were cast in a solid block, the suspension used two semi-elliptic springs. By 1918, half of all cars in America were Model T's. However, it was a monolithic block. As Ford wrote in his autobiography, "Any customer can have a car painted any colour that he wants so long as it is black". Model T's were available in other colors including red. The design was fervently promoted and defended by Ford, and production continued as late as 1927. The final total production was 15,007,034. This record stood for the next 45 years. As owner of the Ford Company he became one of the richest and best-known people in the world. He is credited with “Fordism”, that is, the mass production of large numbers of inexpensive automobiles using the assembly line, coupled with high wages for his workers. Ford had a global vision, with consumerism as the key to peace. Ford didn’t believe in accountants. He amassed one of the world’s largest fortunes without ever having his company audited under his administration. Henry Ford’s intense commitment to lowering costs resulted in many technical and business innovations, including a franchise system that put a dealership in every city in North America, and in major cities on six continents. Ford left most of his vast wealth to the Ford Foundation but arranged for his family to control the company permanently.
3. Answer the following questions: 1. What role did he play in American industry? 2. When was the Model T automobile introduced? 3. What are the distinctive features of the Model T? 4. How long was it popular? 5. What does the word “Fordism” mean? 4. Now read the text again and decide whether these statements are true or false. 1. The Model T automobile was introduced in XX century. 2. Model T’s were available in any colour that any customer wanted. 3. Fordism is the mass production of large numbers of inexpensive automobiles using the assembly line, coupled with high wages for his workers. 4. Ford had a global vision, he believed in accounts. 5. A franchise system put a dealership only in North America. 5. Match the words from the text with their definitions: Cylinder a circular object that revolves on an axle, fixed below a vehicle. Wheel a machine with moving parts that converts power into motion. Spring a piston chamber in a steam or internal-combustion engine. Engine an elastic device, typically a helical metal coil, that can be pressed or pulled but returns to its former shape when released. MODULE 4. THE ENVIRONMENT   QUIZFriend or Foe? 1. Are you doing enough to help our planet or are you its worst enemy? Do our quiz to find out. 1. What do you do with your rubbish? A. Throw it all away, of course! B. Recycle cans, but throw the rest away. C. Recycle as much of it as I can. 2. How do you usually travel around your area? A. By car. B. By bus or train. C. On my bike. 3. Do you write on both sides of your paper? A. No, never. B. Yes, sometimes. C. Yes, always. 4. Why should we help animals in danger? Because…… A. we need zoos. B. other people do it. C. they need our protection. 5. When you leave a room, do you turn off the light? A. No, never. B. Yes, sometimes. C. Yes, always. 6. Do you leave the water running when you brush your teeth? A. No, never. B. Yes, sometimes. C. Yes, always. Mostly A answers: Oh, dear! You’re one of planet Earth’s worst enemies. You need to change a few things in your life before it’s too late! Mostly B answers: You’re not a bad friend of the planet – but you could do a lot better. Try harder – our planet needs you! Mostly C answers: Well done! You really are a friend in need! Keep up the good work!
Environmental Protection 2. Answer the questions:
3. Read and translate the text: The poisoning of the world’s land, air, and water is the fastest-spreading disease of civilization. It probably produces fewer headlines than wars, earthquakes and floods, but it is potentially one of history’s greatest dangers to human life on earth. If present trends continue for the next several decades, our planet will become uninhabitable. Overpopulation, pollution and energy consumption have created such planet- wide problems as massive deforestation, ozone depletion, acid rains and the global warming that is believed to be caused by the greenhouse effect. The seas are in danger. They are filled with poison: industrial and nuclear waste, chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The Mediterranean is already nearly dead; the North Sea is following. The Aral Sea is on the brink of extinction. If nothing is done about it, one day nothing will be able to live in the seas. Every ten minutes one kind of animal, plant or insect dies out for ever. If nothing is done about it, one million species that are alive today will have become extinct twenty years from now. Air pollution is a very serious problem. In Cairo just breathing the air is life threatening – equivalent to smoking two packs of cigarettes a day. The same holds true for Mexico City and 600 cities of the former Soviet Union. For example, Moscow is covered by a smoggy cloud that can be easily seen in sunrise even without any special gadgets. This smog is permanent and doesn’t disappear even in rainy days. Industrial enterprises emit tons of harmful substances. These emissions have disastrous consequences for our planet. They are the main reasons for the greenhouse effect and acid rains. An even greater environmental threat is nuclear power stations. We all know how tragic the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster are. An awful explosion of a nuclear reactor happened in1986. Since that time the nearest to the Chernobyl nuclear power station towns and settlements were left by the native residents and the “Dead zone” was announced. The list of serious environmental problems could be continued. People are beginning to realize that environmental problems are not somebody else’s. They join and support various international organizations and green parties. In 1987 a «Green Peace» public commission combined the people’s efforts for peace with the huge and ever mounting movement for nature conservation. Another area of its work is to set up and strengthen cooperation among environmentalists from many similar organizations abroad. Russia is cooperating in the field of environmental protection with the United States, Canada, Norway, Finland and other countries. 4. Scan the text and answer the questions: 1/What is the fastest-spreading disease of civilization? 2/ What planet-wide problems have overpopulation, pollution and energy consumption created? 3/ What will happen to our planet if present trends continue? 4/ What is happening to the seas and rivers? 5/ The Aral Sea is on the brink of extinction. Do you think it’s possible to save it? 6/ A lot of animals are dying out. But people wear fur coats, crocodile handbags, leather shoes, etc. Are you for or against hunting? 7/ Is air pollution a serious problem? Why? 8/ What were the tragic consequences of the Chernobyl disaster? 9/ Are nuclear power stations dangerous? 10/ What do people of different countries do to save our planet? 5. Find out, whether these words are synonyms or not:
6. You are given a list of 10 practical ideas. Choose those, which in your opinion can help to save the environment and explain your choice. 1. Buy fresh food that doesn’t need a lot of packing. 2. Save as much water as possible. 3. Find out more about Green organizations in your area. 4. Write letters to the government of your country about Green problems, which you are worried about. 5. Use bottles more than once. 6. Try to save paper. Also, buy and use recycled paper as often as possible. 7. Make sure that your family and friends use unleaded petrol in their cars. 8. Use public transport as often as possible. 9. Use batteries as little as possible. It takes 50 times more energy to make them than they produce. 10. Don’t leave on electric lights, TV, Hi-Fi, etc, if you are not using them.
Review test It covers: оборот there is/are/was/were, have got, to be, степени сравнения прилагательных, неопределенные местоимения (few, a few, little, a little, some, any, many, much), времена групп Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous. 8. Choose the correct word to complete each sentence. 1. I often __________ basketball. a) play b) is playing c) has played d) played 2. My brother never _______ for us. a) wait b) waited c) has waited d) had waited 3. I _______ it in the bookcase yesterday. a) was finding b) found c) find d) had found 4. Last winter _____ warm. a) is b) were c) was d) are 5. Now they _______ the street. a) were crossing b) are crossing c) cross d) have crossed 6. I ______ when you rang me up. a) was reading b) am reading c) read d) have read 7. He ______from the University next year. a) will be graduating b) will graduate c) will have graduated d) graduates 8. I ______busy next Monday. a) am b) will be c) was d) have been 9. The picture Mona Lisa ___________ by Leonardo da Vinci. a) painted b) was painted c) had been painted d) has been painted 10. Five fruit- trees ________ in our garden last year. a) were planted b) was planted c) planted d) have been planted 11. I _______ this dictionary yet. a) don’t buy b) haven’t bought c) didn’t buy d) hadn’t bought 12. They ________ just. a) arrive b)have arrived c) arrived d) will arrive 13. There were so many questions he ………..answer. a) can’t b) may not c) couldn’t d) won’t 14. His wife ………. stay at home with their little son yesterday. a) should b) had to c) must d) can 15. How many languages …you speak? a) should b) can c) are able to d) ought to 16. You ……… put a raincoat on. It is raining a) can b) could c) should d) are to 17. She …send e-mail now. She has no time. a) must b) should c) can d) have to 18. She ……in Kiev two years ago a) were b) will be c) was d) is 19. She ….. a lot of work to do last week. a) has b) will have c) had d) have 20. ……….an institute in your town ten years ago. a) There is b) There was c) There were d) There are 21. ……..some girls in the hall. a) There are b) There is c) There were d) There was 22. Where …..the girls? Ten minutes ago they ……here. a) are are b) are were c) were are d) is were 23.In deserts they get ..... rain in all the seasons. a) Little b) few c) a little d) a few 24. All the buses … from the bus stop. a) leaves b)are leaving c) have left d)leave 25. Bob and Mary don't have ..... children. a) some b) every c)any d) anything 26. Yesterday I woke up, opened my eyes and remembered what I ….the day before. a) have do b) do c) had done d) did 27. If you want to become a teacher, you ….. go to teachers training college for four years. a) Mayb)have to c) Should d) must 28. We have to hurry. We don’t have ………….. time. a) many b) much c) a lot d) some 29. Tom drinks … milk. – one liter a day. a) many b) much c) a lot d) any 30. I can’t drink this tea. There is too ……… sugar in it. a) many b) much c) a lot of d) few 31. He’s not popular. He has …… friends. a) few b) much c) little d) a little 32. Last year my friends and I ... to take part in a TV program. а) invite b) invited с) were invited d) are invited 33. 1,000 children ... every year in this city. a) are born b)will be born c) were born d) born 34. This phenomenon ... for five years and now they publish their book. a) has been studied b) has been studying c) was being studied d) was studied 35. When we entered the wall ... bright yellow. a) was painted b) was been painted c) was painting d) was being painted |