Учебное пособие по английскому языку для факультета Международной журналистики Евроуровень B2 москва 2012 Учебное пособие Пособие по английскому языку для факультета Международной журналистики
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Grammar 1. Verbs + infinitive or -ing Verbs followed by either -ing or infinitive with to Can't bear, hate, like, love, prefer Followed by to, theyusually refer to habitual preferences. We like to go out to lunch on Sunday. Not + to means think it wrong to. I don't like to disturb colleagues at home. Attempt, begin, continue, intend, plan, propose, start There is no difference in meaning whether we use -ing or infinitive with to. Intend, plan, and propose can be followed by that + clause. This may include should. Forget, remember With to both verbs refer to an obligation. I had to phone the office but I forgot to do it. With -ing both verbs refer to past events. I don't remember learning to walk. Both can be followed by that + clause. I remembered that I had to pay the phone bill. Try With to this refers to something attempted, which might fail or succeed. I tried to warn him, but it was too late. With -ing this refers to making an experiment, or to a new experience. Try taking an aspirin. You'll feel better. Have you tried windsurfing? It's great! Go on With -ing this refers to the continuing of an action. She went on working even though it was late. With to this refers to the continuation of a speech or a change in actions. The Prime Minister went on to praise the Chancellor. (This means the Prime Minister continued his speech by praising the Chancellor.) Mean With the meaning intend, this is followed by to. Sony, I meant to tell you about the party. With -ing, and an impersonal subject, this refers to what is involved. If we catch the early train, it will mean getting up at 6.00. That + clause is possible when meaning is being explained. This means that you have to report to the police station. Regret With to this refers to the speaker's regrets about what is going to be said. It often occurs in formal statements of this kind. We regret to inform you that your application has been unsuccessful. With -ing this refers to a regret about the past. I regret saying that to him. That + clause is also possible. We regret that we didn't tell her earlier. Stop With to this refers to an intention. Jane stopped to check the oil level in the engine. With -ing this refers to the ending of an activity. The baby has stopped waking up during the night now. Hear, see, watch When followed by infinitive without to, the action is complete. We watched all the cars cross the finishing line. With -ing, the action is still in progress. I heard someone coming up the stairs. Come Use to + infinitive to talk about a gradual change. The same meaning has the phrase grow to do. After some years, they came to accept her as an equal. Use –ing form to say that someone moves in the way that is described. He came hurrying up the path. Verbs with an object, followed by either -ing or infinitive with to Advise, encourage are followed by -ing when there is no object and to-infinitive when there is one. Compare: I'd advise taking more exercise. I'd advise you to take more exercise. Admit This can be used with or without to followed by -ing. They admitted (to) being members of the gang. That + clause is also possible. He admitted that he was wrong. Allow, forbid, permit With an object and to: The school forbids students to smoke in the classrooms. With an object -ing form: The school does not allow smoking. Consider With an object and to this refers to an opinion. She is considered to be the finest pianist of her generation. With -ing this means think about. At one point I considered emigrating to Canada. With that + clause it refers to an opinion. We consider that she has behaved badly. Imagine With an object and to: I imagined the castle to be haunted. With -ing, an object is also possible. I couldn't imagine (her) living in a place like that. With that + clause it means suppose. I imagine that you'd like a cup of tea after your long journey! Require With an object and to: They required him to fill out a form. With -ing: These letters require typing. Verbs normally followed by infinitive with to Verbs marked * can also be followed by that + clause.
Appear, (so) happen and seem are only used impersonally with that + clause. It appears that I've made a mistake. It so happens that he is my brother! It seems that Mary is going to win Want, need The need to have a service done can be described with need doing. Want has a similar meaning to need. Your hair needs cutting. The car wants cleaning. Verbs followed by an object and to Verbs marked * can also be followed by that + clause. *advise, assist, beg, bribe, command, dare, employ, enable, encourage, instruct, invite, lead, *order, *persuade, select, send, *teach, *tell, train, urge, *warn Dare can be used without to when there is no object. Compare: They dared him to jump. I didn't dare (to) say anything. How dare you speak like that to me! Verbs followed by infinitive without to Help can be used with or without to. I helped George (to) carry the bags. Make, and expressions with make They made me leave. We shall have to make do. In the passive, to is used. I was made to leave. Let and expressions with let They didn't let me leave. Let me go! Verbs normally followed by –ing Verbs marked * can also be followed by that + clause.
Appreciate is often followed by possessive + -ing. I appreciate your trying to help. Involve has an impersonal subject. Being an athlete involves regular training. Exercises. Exercise 1. Underline the word or phrase that is correct. a) What do you mean to do/doing about the leaky pipes? b) I never imagined the mountains to be/being so high! c) Don't forget to wake me/waking me before you leave. d) I regret to tell you/telling you that we cannot accept your offer. e) Did you manage to find/finding the book you were looking for? f) I tried taking/to take that medicine you gave me but I couldn't swallow it. g) We have postponed to tell/telling anyone the news until after Christmas. h) Have you considered to buy/buying a microwave oven? i) Sorry I'm late, I had to stop to pick up/picking up the children from school, j) Margaret was slow at school, but she went on to be/being Prime Minister. Exercise 2. Complete the sentences by choosing the correct verb from the box, and putting it in the appropriate form.  a) It's too late to buy any food. We'll have to make do with what we've got. b) I hardly… ask how much it cost! c) Have you ever … taking a year off work? d) I didn't like the town at first, but I …to love it eventually. e) What do you … doing after this course has finished? f) We are all …our holiday in Australia this year. It's going to be such an adventure. g) Jim and I …to meet at 6.00 but he didn't turn up. h) It …that we won't need to pay so much after all. i) I can't wait for Saturday! I'm really …to see you! j) I can't …getting up at 6.30 tomorrow morning! I'll catch a later train. Exercise 3. Complete each sentence using the verb in brackets in an appropriate form. a) Sorry, I meant (tell) I would be out, but I forgot. b) That's all for now. I (hope) hear from you soon! c) If I take the new job, it (mean) working a lot harder! d) Are you still tired? Or do (feel) going out for a meal? e) Jane is (say) the most outstanding player in the team. Exercise 4.Complete the text by putting the verbs in brackets into the correct form, gerund or infinitive. Yukie Hanue is considered by many (1) (be) the finest violinist of her generation - and she's still in her early twenties. When we visited her, in the music department of the University of New York, she was too busy practising (2) (talk), but she invited us (3) (have) a coffee with her in her mid-morning break. Astonishingly, she manages (4) (combine) her PhD at the university with international concerts and recitals, numerous public appearances and interviews. She evidently thrives on the workload, buzzing around the place with an industrious enthusiasm that leaves us all breathless. Her fame as a performer means (5) (make) regular appearances at high profile events. Last month, for example, she agreed (6) (appear) in a series of recitals organised by Coca-Cola. This involved (7) (travel) to far-flung places like Seoul, Oslo and Montevideo on successive days, a schedule which would have caused any normal person to wilt. T can't stand (8) (do) nothing,' she says. T happen (9) (have) a particular talent, and it would be wasteful not (10) (exploit) it to the full.' I encouraged her (11) (tell) me about her upbringing, but she was rather reticent to sing her own praises. I did, however, succeed in persuading her (12) (confess) to a secret desire. 'If I hadn't been a musician, I would have loved to train (13) (become) a martial arts expert,' she says. Certainly, she would have had the discipline, but I couldn't imagine someone so physically frail actually (14) (stand) there hitting someone. But it was an interesting revelation, and one that I was (15) (learn) more about during my day with her. Exercise 5. Complete these sentences with your own ideas, using a to-infinitive, bare infinitive or –ing form. Think about whether or not you should include an object before the to-infinitive, bare infinitive or -ing form. 1 'I'm afraid Dr Sanders won't be free to see you for another hour.' 'That's okay, I don't mind...' 2 I wanted to borrow Jim's bike, but he refused... 3 If Steve doesn't work harder at school he risks... 4 Baker told the police that someone got into the car, put a gun to his head, and forced... 5 Peter kept on asking me to go out with him, and eventually I agreed... 6 The two companies have been discussing the merger for some weeks now, but a spokesperson has said that they hope... 7 When I took my shoes back to the shop, they said that they couldn't refund my money, but they offered... 8 I was always scared of dogs when I was a child, and even now I can't bear... 9 Paula wanted to see a film, but I told her I didn't feel like... 10 At first she said she was nowhere near the office at the time of the robbery, but later she admitted... 11 Suzanne has got a wonderful voice, but we couldn't persuade... 12 We had to complain to the children's mother when we discovered... 13 Frances says she handed the money to me last Monday, but I don't remember... 14 We were beginning to think we would never get out of the maze, but finally we managed... Exercise 6. Complete these sentences with either a to-infinitive or an -ing form. Choose an appropriate verb. Sometimes more than one verb is possible. admire check enioy introduce live notify put say buy smoke spend talk put race tell tear turn down a Although it was hard at first, she came ...... working for the airline. b As I walked through the gate, the dog came…. towards me. с After working with her for so long, I came …her patience and efficiency. d Yesterday, Tom was so late he came …downstairs, grabbed a cup of coffee and left. a The children were shouting and screaming, but he went on …to Frank. b We've tried to persuade her to stop, but she just goes on… с Dr Harris welcomed the members of the committee and went on …the subject of the meeting, d Then, in her letter, she goes on …that most of her family have been ill. 3 a I regret… you that the model you want is out of stock. b We regret …you that your request for a tax refund has been rejected. с Almost as soon as I had posted the letter, I regretted …the job. d It cost me a fortune, but I don't regret …a year travelling around the world. 4 a Bill was very young when they left, and he could no longer remember … in the house. b Did you remember …a newspaper on the way home? с Remember… your answers before handing in your exam paper. d I remember …the money in the top drawer, but it's not there now. |