Английский, Баратова. Unit 1 Mining Education in Russia
 Скачать 3.47 Mb.
|
|
Распределите роли и примите участие в телевизионной дискуссии «Энергия и жизнь». ANNOUNCER: Good evening! Dear guests, welcome to our TV studio. Listen and see our program "For Those Who Think". Life and energy is our problem. The world's energy resources are limited. Nobody knows exactly how much fuel is left. Of course, we have to do something and do it as soon as possible. Unit 6161 I'd like to welcome our first guest, Professor Oleg Petrov. PROFESSOR OLEG PETROV: Well, we are in energy crisis and we'll have to do something quickly. Fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) are rapidly running out. The tragedy is that fossil fuels are too valuable to waste on the production of electricity. I think that nuclear power is the only real alternative. We are getting some electricity from nuclear power already. There has been a lot of protest against nuclear power. But nuclear power-stations will not be as dangerous as some people say if safety regulations in power-stations are very strict. ANNOUNCER: Thank you, Professor. Our next guest is a member of the campaign against nuclear energy, Mr. Dymov. MR. DYMOV: Right. I must disagree totally with Professor Petrov. Let's look at the facts. In the case of an accident huge areas are evacuated, and they remain contaminated with radioactivity for years. Radioactivity causes cancer and may affect future generations. Next, nuclear waste. There is no technology for absolutely safe disposal. Some of this waste will remain active for thousands of years. Is that what you want to leave to your children? And their children's children? I consider that nuclear energy is expensive, dangerous, and evil, and most of all, absolutely unnecessary. But Dr. Krimova will be saying more about the problem. ANNOUNCER: Thank you, Mr. Dymov. Now I'm very pleased to welcome Dr. Krimova, our final speaker. She is the author of several books on alternative technology. DR. KRIMOVA: Hello! I'd like to begin by agreeing with Mr. Dymov. We can develop alternative sources of power. Instead of burning fossil fuels we should be concentrating on more economic uses of electricity. Electricity can be produced from any source of energy. You can save more by conservation than you can produce for the same money. Unless we do research on solar energy, wind power, wave power, tidal power, etc., our fossil fuels will run out, and we'll all freeze or starve to death. We have to spend much more on research, and don't forget that energy from the sun, the waves and the wind lasts forever. We really won't survive unless we start working on cleaner, safer sources of energy. ANNOUNCER: Thank you very much, Dr. Krimova. Now we are opening the discussion. 162 Unit 6 На обсуждение выносятся следующие вопросы:
Фразы для ведущего: Right, let's get started. Perhaps, you'd like to start, Ann. Just a minute, Peter, let Ami finish what she was saying. We'll come to your point later. Perhaps, you'd like to explain/tell us ... Let's move on ... Слом • выряжены для участников: let's look at the facts I mean I consider that listen to the other speakers by the way after all with treat Interest some of the estimates to rely ob (the fossil fuels, oil, coal) world energy reserves look to the future new research to spend money on conservation of present resources new forms of power to be fairly optimistic Л теперь выбирайте ведущего и начинайте дискуссию, руководствуясь вопросами, вынесенными на обсуждение, статьей, фразами, приведенными после статьи и на с. 158, а главное, вашей эрудицией в конкретными знаниями по обсуждаемой проблеме. Желаем успеха! UNIT 7 Prospecting and Exploration А. Грамматика.
Текст A.Prospecting. Б. Грамматика. Текст Б. Инфинитивные обороты. Exploration of Mineral Deposits. В. Текст 3 Кроссворд (Crossword). Интервью с проф. Нортоном. ГРАММАТИКА 1. Сравнение функций причастия и герундия (повторение) Сравнительная таблица функций причастия и герундия
2. Инфинитив (The Infinitive) и его функции в предложении Инфинитив — это неличная форма глагола, которая называет действие: to work работать, to drill сверлить, бурить и др. 164 Unit 7 Формальным признаком инфинитива в английском языке является частица to. После модальных и вспомогательных глаголов частица to перед инфинитивом отсутствует. Инфинитив имеет следующие формы:
Особое внимание следует обратить на инфинитив в страдательном залоге (Infinitive Passive), который очень часто встречается в технических текстах. Сравните: Инженер хочет помочь рабочим. Инженер хочет, чтобы ему помогли. The engineer wants to help the workers. (Active) The engineer wants to be helped. (Passive) Функции ННфИНИТИВА Функция Пример Перевод 1. Подлежащее (обычно перед таким инфинитивом ставят it)
4. Обстоятельство цели или следствия 5. Часть сложного дополнения 6. Часть сложного подлежащего То lean out of the window is dangerous, (обычно: It is dangerous to lean out of the window.) We decided to wait for her. Her wish to win was quite natural. Is there much work to do/ to be done today? I went to London to learn English. He left home, never to be icen again. I heard someone open the door. I'd like you to find him a job. She is known to have a fine collection of paint- Высовывать голову в окно (поезда) опасно. Мы решили подождать ее. Ее желание выиграть было вполне естественным. Сегодня много работы, которую нужно выполнить? Я поехал в Лондон, чтобы изучить английский язык. Он оставил дом, и никто не видел его снова. Я слышал(а), как кто-то открыл дверь. Я хотел(а) бы, чтобы вы нашли ему работу. Известно, что она владеет прекрасной кол-лекцией живописи. Unit 7 165 ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ 1. Прочитайте вслух следующие слова: [i] — 'mineral, 'different, 'difference, 'fissure, dis'tinctive [i:] — 'region, need, seam, piece, re'lief, ga'lena [o] — 'quality, 'quantity, 'copper, rock, crop [o:] — call, ore, small, ex'plore, 'forecast [ae] — ex'tract, sand, 'gravel, 'valuable, map, lo'cality [л] — 'country, such, e'nough, 'lustre, 'lustrous, oc'currence [ei] — stage, 'data, 'nature, grey, 'mainly, ex'plain, a'vailable [ou] — float, stone, gold, ex'pose, 'opening 2. Прочитайте следующие слова и сочетания слов 1-2 раза про себя, затем вслух и постарайтесь запомнить их. aerial ['serial] а воздушный; надземный certain [*sa:tn] а определенный; некоторый; certainly advконечно cost [kost] (cost) v стоить; п цена; стоимость crop [кгэр] v (out) обнажать(ся), выходить на поверхность (о пласте, породе); synexpose; засевать, собирать урожай dredging ['dredsHj] л выемка грунта; драгирование drill [drtl] v бурить, сверлить; л бурение, сверление; бурильный молоток; drilling я бурение, сверление; core-drilling колонковое (керновое) бурение drive [diaiv] (drore [drouv], driven ['dnvn]) v проходить (горизонтальную выработку); приводить в движение; управлять (машиной); п горизонтальная выработка; привод; передача evidence ['evid(a)ns] л основание; признак(и); свидетельства expect [Iks'pekt] v ожидать; рассчитывать; думать; предлагать explore [tics'plo:] v разведывать месторождение полезного ископаемого с попутной добычей; exploratory а разведочный; exploration л детальная разведка; разведочные горные работы по месторождению galena [дэ'11:пэ] л галенит, свинцовый блеск indicate ['mdikeit] v указывать, показывать; служить признаком; означать lead [led] л свинец look for ['luk Тэ:] v искать open up ['oupn 'лр] v вскрывать (месторождение); нарезать (новую лаву, забой); opening п горная выработка; подготовительная выработка; вскрытие месторождения panning ['penirj] л промывка (золотоносного песка в лотке) processing ['prousesuj] я обработка; - industry обрабатывающая промышленность prove [pru:v] v разведывать (характер месторождения или залегания); доказывать; испытывать, пробовать; proved а разведанный, достоверный; proving л опробование, предварительная разведка search [sa:tj] v исследовать; (for) искать (месторождение); п поиск; synprospecting sign [sain] л знак, символ; признак, примета store [sto:] v хранить, накапливать (о запасах) 166 Unit 7 для разработки, рабочий (о пласте); рентабельный; working п разработка, горная выработка work [wa:k] v работать; вынимать, извлекать (уголь, руду); вырабатывать; workable а подходящий для работы, пригодный country rock коренная (основная) порода distinctive properties отличительные свойства malleable ['mseliabl] metal ковкий металл какой частью речи являются следующие слова. 3. Определите, Переведете их: explore indicate prospect survey differ occur lustre scientist consider investigate explorer indicator prospector surveyor different occurrence lustrous scientific considerable investigator exploration indication prospecting surveying difference occurring science consideration investigation 4. Прочитайте следующие сочетания слов. Переведите их: aerial survey ground methods of prospecting visible evidence of mineral deposits search for valuable minerals exploratory workings mode of occurrence a preliminary estimation of the deposit lustrous coal to touch upon a problem to solve a problem geological exploration accurate data exploration equipment certain ore deposits a particular type of ground gold dredging space research to crop out at the surface to cope with a problem to deal with a problem 5. Определите значения выделенных слов по сходству их корней с корнями соответствующих слов в русском языке. Переведите их: the problems of searching for economically useful mineral deposits; visible evidence of mineralization; various distinctive physical properties of valuable minerals; topographical relief; geochemical methods of prospecting; areas of increased concentration of particular elements; the biological (hydrochemical, geobotanical) methods of prospecting; aerial magnetic and gamma surveys; geological interpretation of the data; the type of country rock; the process of mountain formation; aerial photography 6. Прочитайте текст А. Скажите, что должно быть в центре внимания геолога при разведке новых месторождений. Unit 7167 ТЕКСТА Prospecting Mining activities include prospecting and exploration for a mineral deposit through finding, proving, developing, extracting and processing the ore. That is why it is possible to divide the mining activity into three major phases: 1) before mining which involves prospecting and exploration required to locate, characterize and prove a potential ore body; 2) mining which refers to actual coal or ore extraction. Extraction processes include underground or surface mining and dredging; 3) after mining which involves processing and preparing the raw ore for the end product. As has already been said, before a mineral deposit can be worked, that is, before it can be extracted from the Earth for use by man, it must first be found. The search for economically useful mineral deposits is called prospecting. To establish the quality and quantity of a mineral deposit, the type of country rock, etc. means to prove it and this process is called proving. Prospecting and proving are only two different stages of mining geological exploration, the latter includes drilling and driving of openings. Last century prospectors looked for visible evidence of mineralization on the surface of the Earth. To recognize valuable minerals it was necessary to know their various distinctive physical properties. For example, gold occurs in nature as a heavy malleable yellow metal. -Galena, the most important mineral containing lead, is dark grey, heavy and lustrous. The first ores of iron to be mined were deposits of magnetite, a black heavy mineral capable of attracting a piece of iron. As the deposits of mineral that cropped out at the surface were mined, the search for additional supplies of minerals took place. The science of geology was used to explain the occurrence of ore deposits. The aim of geological prospecting is to provide information on a preliminary estimation of the deposit and the costs of the geological investigations to be made. It also indicates whether it is available to continue the exploration or not. Prospecting work includes three stages: 1) finding signs of the mineral; 2) finding the deposit; 3) exploring the deposit. General indications of the possibility of exposing this or that mineral in a locality can be obtained by studying its general topographical relief, the type of ground and its general natural conditions. Thus, in mountainous regions where fissures were formed 168 Unit 7 during the process of mountain formation, ore minerals could be expected in the fissure fillings. In hilly regions, sedimentary deposits would be expected. Certain deposits are found only in a particular type of ground. Coal seams, for example, are found in sedimentary formations mainly consisting of sandstones and shales. Veins, on the other hand, are found in crystalline (igneous) rocks, and the type of country rock usually determines the type of minerals. At present, prospecting methods to be used are as follows:
In modern prospecting the methods mentioned above are used together with the study of geological maps. УПРАЖНЕНИЯ |