Английский, Баратова. Unit 1 Mining Education in Russia

• Название: Unit 1 Mining Education in Russia
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strike [straflc] л зд. простирание; v простираться; across the strike вкрест простирания; along (on) the strike по простиранию

trench [trentj] л траншея, канава; котлован; v копать, рыть, шур­фовать

to make use (of) использовать, применять

to take Into consideration принимать во внимание; syn take Into account

21. а) Образуйте от следующих прилагательных наречия с суффиксом -fyи переведите их:

accurate, chief, ulfferont, easy, exact, geological, main, par­ticular, practical, proper, slight

176

Unit 7

б) Определите по словообразовательным элементам (суффиксам и префиксам), какой частью речи являются следующие слова. Переведите их:

known — unknown; differ — different — difference; found — founder — foundation; mean — meaning — means; difficult — difficulty; extract — extractive — extraction; improve — improvement

22. Прочитайте следующие сочетания слов. Переведите их:

preliminary exploration shape, dimensions and

quality of a deposit properties of the surrounding

rock and overburden analyses and tests of samples core drilling drilling rigs

to measure bed thickness to facilitate the planning

of current production to make use of exploratory

openings

general size of a deposit exact estimation of ore

reserves exploratory pits, crosscut and

boreholes reliable information on the

angle of dip to determine the industrial

importance of a deposit to take into consideration

detailed estimates of the

ore reserves of individual

sections

23. Определите значения выделенных слов по сходству их корней с
корнями соответствующих слов в русском языке:

the whole complex of investigations; industrial importance of a deposit; natural and economic conditions of the deposit; three stages of exploration; geological map of the deposit; detailed sur­vey; information on the preliminary exploration; methods of explo­ration to be chosen in any particular case; surface relief; shape of the mineral deposit; vertical pits and crosscuts; special features in the search for veins; on the basis of analyses and tests of samples; reliable information on mineral reserves; different sectors of the deposit; exploitation exploration; mining operations; planning of current production and calculating the balance of reserves and ore mined

24. Прочитайте текст Б. Скажите, в чем различие между предваритель­
ной и детальной геологической разведкой (с попутной добычей) месторож­
дения.

ТЕКСТ Б

Exploration of Mineral Deposits

Exploration is known to include a whole complex of investiga­tions carried out for determining the industrial importance of a deposit. The main task is to determine the quality and quantity of

Unit 7177

mineral and the natural and economic conditions in which it oc­curs. The exploration of the deposit is divided into three stages, namely preliminary exploration, detailed exploration and exploita­tion exploration.

The aim of preliminary exploration is to establish the general size of a deposit and to obtain an approximate idea of its shape, dimensions and quality. At this stage the geological map of the de­posit is corrected and a detailed survey of its surface is completed.

The information on the preliminary exploration is expected to give an all-round description of the deposit which will enable the cost of its detailed exploration to be estimated.

The following points should be taken into consideration: 1) the shape and area of the deposit; 2) its depth and angles of dip and strike; 3) its thickness; 4) the properties of the surrounding rock and overburden; 5) the degree of uniformity of distribution of the mineral within the deposit and the country rock, etc.

Preliminary explorations can make use of exploratory openings such as trenches, prospecting pits, adits, crosscuts and boreholes. They are planned according to a definite system, and some are driven to a great depth.

All the exploratory workings are plotted on the plan. These data allow the geologist to establish the vertical section of the deposit.

The quality of the mineral deposit is determined on the basis of analyses and tests of samples taken from exploratory workings.

The method of exploration to be chosen in any particular case depends on the thickness of overburden, the angle of dip, the sur­face relief, the ground water conditions and the shape of the min­eral deposit.

The task of the detailed exploration is to obtain reliable informa­tion on the mineral reserves, their grades and distribution in the different sectors of the deposit. Detailed exploration data provide a much more exact estimate of the mineral reserves.

Mine or exploitation exploration is known to begin as soon as mining operations start. It provides data for detailed estimates of the ore reserves of individual sections. It facilitates the planning of current production and calculating the balance of reserves and ore mined.

The searching and discovering of new mineralized areas are based on geological survey and regional geophysical prospecting. The results of these investigations provide data on iron-bearing formations and new deposits for commercial extraction.

178 Unit 7

In detailed exploration both underground workings and bore­hole survey are used. Core drilling with diamond and carbide bits is widely used. Non-core drilling is also used in loose rocks in combi­nation with borehole geophysical survey.

One of the main methods to explore coal deposits is also core-drilling. Modern drilling equipment makes it possible to accurately measure bed thickness and determine structure of beds, faults and folds. Recording control instruments are attached to drilling rigs which allow the geologists to get reliable samples good for nearly all parameters of coal quality to be determined.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

25. Уважите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста.
Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста Б.

1. 
   The purpose of preliminary exploration is to determine the
   mineral reserves and their distribution in the different sectors of the
   deposit.
   
2. 
   The properties of the surrounding rock and overburden
   should be taken into consideration during the preliminary explora­
   tion.
   
3. 
   The purpose of the detailed exploration is to find out the
   quantity (reserves) of the deposit.
   
4. 
   Exploitation exploration facilitates the planning of current
   production.
   

1. 
   Both core drilling and non-core drilling are widely used.
   

5. 
   Recording control instruments allow geologists to get reliable
   ore samples.
   

26. Ответьте на следующие вопроси:

1. 
   What stages does exploration include?
   
2. 
   What is the main purpose of preliminary exploration?
   
3. 
   What should be taken into consideration by geologists during
   preliminary exploration?
   
4. 
   What exploratory openings do you know?
   
5. 
   Do you know how the quality of the mineral deposit is deter­
   mined?
   
6. 
   What is the aim of a detailed exploration?
   

7. Is core drilling used in prospecting for loose rocks?
8.What is drilling equipment used for?

Unit 7

179

27. а) Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов:

1. 
   bedded deposits
   
2. 
   core drilling
   

S.the angle of dip of the seam

4. 
   the thickness of overburden
   
5. 
   exploratory workings
   
6. 
   composition of minerals
   
7. 
   pits and crosscuts
   
8. 
   to exploit new oil deposits
   
9. 
   sampling
   

10. geological section

а) мощность наносов

б) разрабатывать новые место-

рождения нефти

в) шурфы и квершлаги

г) пластовые месторождения

д) опробование (отбор) образцов

е) угол падения пласта

ж) колонковое бурение

з) геологический разрез (пород)
и) состав минералов

к) разведочные выработки

б) Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов:

1. 
   буровые скважины
   
2. 
   по простиранию пласта
   
3. 
   равномерность распределе­
   ния минерала в залежи
   
4. 
   водоносность пород
   
5. 
   карбидные и алмазные коронки
   
6. 
   детальная разведка
   
7. 
   использовать новые поисковые
   методы
   
8. 
   проникать в залежь
   
9. 
   коренная порода
   

10. свойства окружающих пород

а) ground water conditions

б) detailed exploration

в) boreholes

г) along the strike of the bed (seam)

д) carbide and diamond bits

е) the uniformity of mineral distri-

bution in the deposit

ж) the properties of surrounding rocks

з) to make use of new prospecting
methods

и) country rock

к) to penetrate into the deposit

28. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, используя приведенные слова:

bed

bedded

bedding

а) 1. Exploration of gently dipping ...deposits is performed by vertical pits.

2. 
   The principal indicator of the economic importance of
   combustible shales is the persistence (постоянство) of the ...s in
   thickness and grade.
   
3. 
   As is known, any change in the normal... of a seam is called
   a disturbance.
   

work workable working

6)1. The term "prospecting" covers the whole range of geological ... aimed at discovering ... deposits.

2. 
   Naturally, the prospector also finds non-... mineral con­
   centrations more often than economic ones.
   
3. 
   Many countries have their own classification system of ...
   deposits.
   

180 Unit 7

4. 
   The type of exploratory ...s needed depends on the thick­
   ness of overburden and the angle of dip.
   
5. 
   The thickness of the seam considerably influences the
   choice of the method of....
   

29. Определите значение сочетаний глаголов с послелогами:

to look at the geological map to look for a mineral deposit

to work out a new plan to work on a difficult problem

(programme) to be made up of partings

to find out all about the to crop out at the surface

mode of occurrence of a to search for ores

mineral to touch upon the methods of

to cany out research prospecting

30. Подберите е глаголам из списка А существительные из списка Б.
Переведите полученные сочетания слов на русский язык:

А. Б.

1. 
   to discover a) oil and gas
   
2. 
   to drive 6) valuable minerals
   
3. 
   to extract в) a proper method
   
4. 
   to estimate r) new coal-fields
   
5. 
   to choose д) crosscut (adit, drift)
   
6. 
   to determine e) the cost of the project
   
7. 
   to sink ж) holes
   
8. 
   to search (for) 3) lead and copper
   
9. 
   to take и) reserves
   

10. 
    to smelt к) samples
    
11. 
    to drill л) iron ore
    

м) pits

31. Назовите номера предложений, в которых местоимение It1) является
формальным подлежащим, 2) заменяет ранее упомянутое существительное:

1. 
   Coal is used as a fuel. It is also important as the source of
   coke for the steel industry.
   
2. 
   It is possible to explore very gently sloping seams by bore­
   holes.
   
3. 
   It is due to Karpinsky's work that we know the origin of the
   coal in the Donets Basin.
   
4. 
   It should be noted that there exist surface (ground) and aerial
   prospecting methods.
   
5. 
   Oil occurred at great depths and it was difficult to search for
   it.
   

32. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод союзов either
... of, neither ... nor.

Unit 7

181

either	тот или другой,	either ... or	либо ... либо,
	и тот и другой		или ... или
neither	ни тот, ни другой,	neither ... nor	ни ... ни
	ни один (из них)

1. 
   Depending on the geological conditions either adits or bore­
   holes can be driven into the deposit.
   
2. 
   When working steep seams under thick overburden neither
   trenches nor adits can be used.
   
3. 
   Neither the thickness of overburden nor the angles of dip
   and strike were determined correctly.
   
4. 
   At present either surface or aerial methods of geological pros­
   pecting can be used.
   

1. 
   Neither faults nor fissures were found by the surveyors.
   

33. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод инфинитив­
ного оборота «сложное подлежащее»:

1. 
   Oil is known to be one of the most important sources of energy.
   
2. 
   Petroleum is believed to have been formed from decaying
   vegetable and animal remains.
   
3. 
   Drilling is considered to be the principal exploration method
   and it is widely used when deposits are of large dimensions.
   
4. 
   Until recently a depth of 50-ft overburden was considered to
   be the maximum.
   

5. 
   Coal is still the most important fuel and is likely to remain
   the main source of energy for years to come.
   

5. 
   Neighbouring coal beds seemed to be sloping gently.
   

5. 
   The computerized systems of planning and control proved to
   be reliable.
   

34. 
    Выпишите из текста Б предложения, в которых употребляются ин­
    финитивные обороты «сложное подлежащее», «сложное дополнение». Пере­
    ведите их.
    
35. 
    Выразите несогласие и подтвердите свою точку зрения фактами из
    текста Б. Используйте предлагаемые разговорные формулы:
    

on the contrary; to my mind; In my opinion; as far as I know; I'd like to stress; It should be taken into consideration

1. 
   The preliminary exploration gives reliable information only
   on the place of the deposit.
   
2. 
   The quality of the mineral deposit can be determined without
   taking samples.
   

182 Unit 7

3. 
   The data obtained from the exploratory workings allow the
   geologist to estimate the mineral reserves and to plan current pro­
   duction.
   
4. 
   In prospecting for loose rocks, only core-drilling is used.
   

36. Суммируйте содержание текста Б по плану.

1. 
   The task of the preliminary exploration.
   
2. 
   Exploratory workings used at the preliminary stage of exploration.
   

1. 
   Sampling as a means of determining the quality of the min­
   eral deposit.
   

3. 
   The aims of the detailed proving and exploitation exploration.
   

37. 
    Скажите, какие основные сведения необходимы геологу для описа­
    ния месторождения.
    
38. 
    Расскажите о вкладе выдающихся ученых-геологов в науку о Земле и
    ее недрах.
    

39. Прочитайте текст В. Перечислите основные методы разведки, упо­мянутые в тексте, и скажите, какой из них вы считаете наиболее прогрес­сивным. Дайте обоснование своего ответа.

ТЕКСТ В

1. 
   World-wide economic development has been characterized by the
   growth rates in the demand of raw materials and especially for the
   primary sources of energy. Despite the development of nuclear energy,
   the expansion of off-shore oil and natural gas production, the extraction
   of oil from bituminous sands and oil shales, the liquefaction
   (разжижение) and gasification of coal, and the application of such
   sources as geothermal and solar energy, the burden (бремя) of energy
   supply will 'continue to fall on the producers of fossil fuels for many
   years to come. This applies particularly to the production of solid fuels.
   
2. 
   As is known, most minerals are mined from surface deposits now.
   Even though the mining industry continues the search for low-grade
   surface deposits, it is increasingly necessary that the economic
   subsurface deposits should be mined. This fact leads to the development
   of new methods of prospecting.
   
3. 
   New techniques have been developed for rapid mapping and
   geochemical sampling from light aircraft while in flight. Statistical
   studies of regional geochemical sampling aided (помогать) by
   computers are being widely adopted. In general, computers play an
   

Unit 7- 183

important role in the quick interpretation of geological problems. Colour photography is also being used as an aid in certain geological work and mining studies.

4. 
   A method of prospecting for mineral, gas, oil, etc. which is based
   on a combination of X-rays and ultrasonic transmissions came into use
   recently. The method is fully portable and of great value in drilling. In
   addition, this method determines the areas of interest during drilling
   and gives close grade control during mining operations.
   
5. 
   At present, the scientists are conducting intensive research aimed
   at using geocosmic rays as a means of determining the size of an ore
   deposit in the prospecting stage. As is known, until recently scientists
   dealt only with the interplanetary functions of cosmic rays. Cosmic rays
   coming in from the depths of the Universe are expected to explore near-
   earth and interplanetary space.
   
6. 
   The geocosmic method is based on the fact that when the cosmic
   rays get into the atmosphere, the so-called secondary cosmic rays,
   muons, appear. These particles are capable of penetrating rather deep
   into the Earth's crust. The greatest muon penetration depth registered
   today is stated to be about three thousand metres. This fact has suggested
   the idea of using the rays in mineral prospecting.
   
7. 
   Besides, successful development of space research has made it
   possible to survey the Earth's resources from space by satellites. The
   advantages of the surveys of the Earth's resources by satellites are such
   that vast areas such as entire mountain belts and continents can be
   mapped synoptically. The greatest potential of surveying the Earth's
   resources from space for mineral exploration is based on the ability to
   map synoptically the geomorphology and general geological
   environment (окружающая среда) of very large areas. The results
   obtained provide more accurate and complete information than is
   available from conventional (обычный) surveys.
   

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ