Английский, Баратова. Unit 1 Mining Education in Russia

• Название: Unit 1 Mining Education in Russia
• Анкор: Английский, Баратова.doc
• Дата: 18.02.2018
• Размер: 3.47 Mb.
• Имя файла: Английский, Баратова.doc
• Тип: Документы; #15679
• страница: 21 из 33

I would/'d spend my

holidays in the country, я бы проводил отпуск в деревне.

I'd buy a new car. я купил бы новую ма­шину.

the geologists could (might, would) apply

aerial prospecting, геологи провели бы разведку с воздуха.


III. Предложения нере­ального условия, относя­щиеся к прошедшему вре­мени. Описывают дейст­вия или ситуации, не имевшие места. Упо­требление временных форм: Past Perfect в придаточном предложе­нии, would + перфект­ный инфинитив — в главном.

7. If you had spoken
politely,

Если бы ты говорил(а) вежливо,

(Но ты говорил(а) не­вежливо, и он рассер­дился!)

8. If conditions had per­
mitted,

Если бы условия по­зволили (вчера и т.п.), (Но этого не случилось, так как условия не по­зволили.)

he wouldn't have been

angry.

он бы не рассердился.

the geologists would have applied aerial prospecting, геологи применили бы разведку с воздуха.

ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

1. Прочитайте вслух следующие слова:

[э:] — broad, 'broadly, sought, floor, to'ward, call

[э] — 'quarry, 'problem, ^co'nomical, Across-'section, 'crosscut

[i:] — be'neath, 'speaking, peat, in'crease, im'medkte

[i] — pit, 'mineral, 'building, 'distance, 'driven

[л] — pro'duction, pro'ductive, oc'currence, re'covery, 'govern,

a'bove, 'function

[ae] — mass, 'tabular, 'barren, gas, 'shallow

[ai] — blind, type, 'widespread, des'cribe

[ou]— 'process, coal, mode, slope, 'sloping

[еэ] — com'pare, pre'pare, 'vary, 'various

2. Прочитайте следующие слова и сочетания слов 1-2 раза про себя,
затем вслух и постарайтесь запомнить их.

ассем [ 'ekses] nдоступ

affect [a'fekt] v воздействовать (на barren ['beran] а непродуктив-
что-л.); влиять; synInfluence ный; пустой (о породе)

190

UnitS



cbute [Ju:tJ я скат, спуск; угле-спускная выработка; жёлоб

compare [кэт'рБэ] v (with) срав­нивать, проводить параллель

contribute [kan'tnbju:t) v способст­вовать, содействовать; делать вклад (в науку); make a (one's) to smth. сделать вклад во что-л.

cross-section [,kros'sek/(a)n] я по­перечное сечение, поперечный разрез, профиль

develop [di'velap] v разрабатывать (месторождение); развивать (до­бычу); производить подготови­тельные работы; development л подготовительные работы; раз­витие добычи; развитие

drift [drift] я штрек, горизонталь­ная выработка

ensure [in'JUa] v обеспечивать, гарантировать; synguarantee

face [feis] я забой; лава

floor [Пэ:] л почва горной выра­ботки, почва пласта (жилы); quarry подошва карьера; пол, настил

govern ('длу(э)п] v править, управ­лять; руководить; определять, обусловливать

Inclination [,inkll'neij(3)n] л уклон, скат, наклон (пластов); накло­нение; seam падение (плас­та); наклон (пласта)

Incline [in'klam] л уклон, бремс­берг, скат; наклонный ствол; gravity бремсберг

Inclined [in'klamd] а наклонный; flatly слабо наклонный; gently

наклонного падения; median умеренно наклонный (о плас­тах); steeply крутопадающий

level I'levl] л этаж, горизонт, гори­зонтальная горная выработка; штольня; уровень (инстру­мент); нивелир; ватерпас; го­ризонтальная поверхность

recover [п'КлУэ] v извлекать (це­лики); выбирать, очищать; до­бывать (уголь и т.п.); восста­навливать

remove [n'mu:v] v удалять; уби­рать; устранять; перемещать; removal л вскрыша; выемка; уборка (породы); извлечение (крепи); перемещение; over­burden - удаление вскрыши

rib [nb] я ребро; выступ; узкий целик, предохранительный це­лик; грудь забоя

roof [ra:f] л крыша; кровля выра­ботки; кровля пласта (или жи­лы); перекрытие; support креп­ление кровли

shaft [fa:ft] л шахтный ствол; aux­iliary [э:д'ziljari] вспомогатель­ный ствол; hoisting подъем­ный ствол; главный шахтный ствол

tabular fUebjula] а пластовый (о месторождении); пластообраз-ный; плоский; линзообразный; synbedded,layered

waste [weist] л пустая порода; от­ходы; synbarren rock

well [wel] л буровая скважина; ко­лодец, источник; водоем; зумф

capital investment капитальные вложения

gate road промежуточный штрек

in bulk навалом, в виде крупных кусков

metal-bearing содержащий металл

production face/working очистной забой

productive mining эксплуатационные работы

In view of ввиду чего-л., принимая во внимание что-л.

with a view to с целью

3. Определите по словообразовательным элементам (суффиксам в пре­фиксам), какой частью речи являются следующие слова. Переведите их:

research — researcher — researching

UnitS

191

consider — consideration — considerable

observe — observation

require — requirement

fame — famous

ferrous — non-ferrous

incline — inclined — inclination

4. Прочитайте следующие сочетания слов и переведите их:

weak roof bad roof roof control roof fall

the floor of a working hard floor barren sand test wells gas wells slope conveyer gently sloping deposit dust removal metallic substance direct access to the deposit oil shale

ensuring access to the deposit from the surface

loose roof

roof conditions

roof exposure

the floor of a seam

floor sampling

barren'rock

barren ore

exploratory wells

oil wells

slope working

removing a mineral-bearing substance

overburden removal

the immediate extraction of useful

mineral recovery steeply inclined seams

5. Определите значения выделенных слов по сходству их корней с кор­
нями соответствующих слов в русском языке:

the term "mining"; non-metallic minerals; the tendency in mining; the exploitation of lower-grade metal-bearing substances; the type of mining; the problem of depth; the mining method; the metal-bearing mass; yertical and horizontal mine workings; to vary in shape, dimensions, location and function; to classify mine workings

6. Определите значение слова driveв контексте:

1. 
   Sloping exploratory shafts are usually driven in the mineral.
   They produce mineral during driving and it can be sampled and
   tested.
   
2. 
   One of the main parts of a mining machine is the drive which
   can work either on compressed air or electricity.
   
3. 
   Many miners can drive combines which are widely used un­
   derground now. They are called combine drivers.
   

7. Прочитайте текст А. Найдите в тексте абзац, в котором говорится о
горных выработках и их назначении:

192 Unit 8

ТЕКСТА General Information on Mining

As has been said, mining refers to actual ore extraction. Broadly speaking, mining is the industrial process of removing a mineral-bearing substance from the place of its natural occurrence in the Earth's crust. The term "mining" includes the recovery of oil and gas from wells; metal, non-metallic minerals, coal, peat, oil shale and other hydrocarbons from the earth. In other words, the wo± done to extract mineral, or to prepare for its extraction is called mining.

The tendency in mining has been towards the increased use of mining machinery so that modern mines are characterized by tremen­dous capacities. This has contributed to: 1) improving working conditions and raising labour productivity; 2) the exploitation of lower-grade metal-bearing substances and 3) the building of mines of great dimensions.

Mining can be done either as a surface operation (quarries, opencasts or open pits) or by an underground method. The mode of occurrence of the sought-for metallic substance governs to a large degree the type of mining that is practised. The problem of depth also affects the mining method. If the rock containing the metallic substance is at a shallow site and is massive, it may be economically excavated by a pit or quarry-like opening on the surface. If the metal-bearing mass is tabular, as a bed or vein, and goes to a great distance beneath the surface, then it will be worked by some method of underground mining.

Working or exploiting the deposit means the extraction of mineral. With this point in view a number of underground workings is driven in barren (waste) rock and in mineral. Mine workings vary in shape, dimensions, location and function.

Depending on their function mine workings are described as explo­ratory, if they are driven with a view to finding or proving mineral, and as productive if they are used for the immediate extraction of useful mi­neral. Productive mining can be divided into capital investment work, development work, and face or production work. Investment work aims at ensuring access to the deposit from the surface. Development work pre­pares for the face work, and mineral is extracted (or produced) in bulk.

The rock surfaces at the sides of workings are called the sides, or hi coal, the ribs. The surface above the workings is the roof in coal mining while in metal mining it is called the back. The surface below is called the floor.
Unit 8• 193

The factors such as function, direct access to the surface, driv­ing in mineral or in barren rock can be used for classifying mine workings:

I. Underground workings:

1. 
   Long or deep by comparison with their cross-section may
   be: 1) vertical (shaft, blind pit); 2) sloping (slopes, sloping drifts,
   inclines); 3) horizontal (drifts, levels, drives, gate roads, adits,
   crosscuts).
   
2. 
   Large openings having cross dimensions comparable with
   their length.
   
3. 
   Production faces, whose dimensions depend on the thick­
   ness of the deposit being worked, and on the method of mining it.
   

II. Opencasts.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

8. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Под­твердите свои ответы фактами из текста.

1. 
   As a rule, the term "mining" includes the recovery of oil and
   gas from wells as well as coal, iron ores and other useful minerals
   from the earth.
   
2. 
   The increased use of mining machinery has greatly contributed
   to raising labour productivity and improving working conditions.
   
3. 
   It is quite obvious that the problem of depth is not always
   taken into consideration in choosing the mining method.
   
4. 
   Productive workings are usually used for the immediate ex­
   traction of useful mineral.
   
5. 
   Underground workings are driven in barren rock or in mineral.
   
6. 
   A shaft is a vertical underground working which is long and
   deep in comparison with its cross-section.
   
7. 
   The surface above the mine working is usually called the floor.
   
8. 
   The rock surfaces at the sides of mine workings arc called the ribs.
   
9. 
   Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
   

1. 
   What is mining?
   
2. 
   What has contributed to the better working conditions of the
   miners?
   
3. 
   What factors influence the choice of the mining method?
   
4. 
   In what case is useful mineral worked by open pits?
   
5. 
   Are exploratory workings driven with a view to finding and proving
   mineral or are they driven for immediate extraction of mineral?
   

7-176

194

UnitS

6. 
   What is the difference between development and production
   work?
   
7. 
   What main factors are used for classifying mine workings?
   
8. 
   What do the dimensions of production faces depend on?
   

10. а) Найдите • правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих слов и сочетаний слов:

1. 
   direct access to the surface
   
2. 
   open-cast mining
   
3. 
   tabular (or bedded) deposits
   
4. 
   oil well
   
5. 
   underground workings
   
6. 
   cross-section of a working
   
7. 
   production face
   
8. 
   the roof of the mine working
   
9. 
   to drive mine workings in
   barren rock
   

10. to affect the mining method

а) нефтяная скважина

б) проходить горные выработки по
пустой породе

в) влиять на метод разработки

г) прямой доступ к поверхности

д) пластовые месторождения

е) открытая разработка

ж) поперечное сечение выработки

з) подземные выработки
и) очистной забой

к) кровля горной выработки

6) Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих слов сочетаний слов:

1. 
   способствовать чему-л.
   
2. 
   размер ствола
   

3. 
   извлекать, добывать (уголь)
   
4. 
   штреки и квершлаги
   
5. 
   пустая порода •
   
6. 
   вообще говоря
   
7. 
   удалять, перемещать (крепь,
   вскрышу и др.)
   
8. 
   с целью ...
   

9. подготовительные работы
10. мощность пласта

а) thickness of a seam

б) shaft dimension

в) with a view to

г) to contribute to smth.

д) development work

е) to remove (timber, overburden,

etc.)

ж) drifts (gate roads) and crosscuts

з) generally speaking
и) to recover (coal)
к) waste (barren) rock

11. Подберите из списков А и Б близкие но значению слова:

А-

1. 
   improve
   
2. 
   rank
   
3. 
   ensure
   
4. 
   use
   
5. 
   tabular
   
6. 
   crop out (outcrop)
   
7. 
   barren rock
   
8. 
   quarry
   
9. 
   influence
   

10. 
    rib
    
11. 
    size
    
12. 
    broadly speaking
    
13. 
    take into consideration
    

Б.

а) bedded

б) take into account

в) make better

r) waste (country) rock

д) expose

е) affect

ж) generally speaking

з) apply

и) open pit к) dimension л) side м) grade н) guarantee


Unit 8 195

12. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод условных
придаточных предложений и союзов:

1. 
   If the geological and prospecting indications are known, it is
   possible, even before prospecting proper begins, to forecast not
   only the type of economic deposit that may be found in the given
   conditions but also the associated elements and the whole complex
   of forecasting minerals.
   
2. 
   Provided the geologists make use of proper prospecting
   methods, they will get necessary results.
   
3. 
   On condition that different types of ores are to be tested
   separately each sample should represent a definite type of ore.
   
4. 
   Unless the face is directly connected to the upper level, the
   combine does not cut the face for its whole length.
   

13. Заполните пропуски соответствующей формой глагола в скобках:

1. 
   Unless metamorphic rocks (to be studied) carefully, geolo­
   gists cannot be sure of their origin.
   
2. 
   If the mass of magma (to be) large, the rate of cooling will
   be slow.
   
3. 
   If the earth (to be made) of the same material from the sur­
   face downward, its density would vary with pressure.
   
4. 
   Provided geological conditions permit, efficient coal face
   operations (to be) possible.
   
5. 
   We really will not survive unless we (to start) working on
   cleaner, safer sources of energy.
   
6. 
   If you learned to type, you (to find) the job quite easily.
   
7. 
   If he were here, I (can explain) to him myself.
   
8. 
   They would have been here by now if they (to catch) the
   early train.
   
9. 
   I (not to believe) it possible, if I hadn't seen it happen.