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Английский, Баратова. Unit 1 Mining Education in Russia
40. •) В каждом абзаце текста В найдите предложение, выражающее его
основную мысль. Озаглавьте каждый абзац.
б) Кратко передайте содержание текста В, используя следующие разговор-вые формулы:
The «object of the text is ...; The text deals with ...; It is pointed out that...; It should be stressed that...
Составьте 10 вопросов разного типа к тексту В и предложите вашим
товарищам дать на них ответы.
Обобщите информацию, полученную вами из текстов А и В. Напиши
те краткий реферат для реферативного журнала.
43. а) Прочитайте следующее объявление о предстоящей конференции.
Слова для понимания текста:
implication — вовлечение, причастность appropriate — подходящий, соответствующий legislation — законодательство workshop — секция, семинар issue — вопрос, проблема agenda — повестка дня
Leaders from the international mining, regulatory and environmental communities will meet in October to discuss the most crucial environmental issues facing the mining industry.
Sponsored by Mining Journal LTD and Mining World News, the First International Conference on Mining Environmental Management will focus on mining-oriented environmental legislation, the financial implications, the available technological solutions and management control systems.
The three-day meeting will be held at R's Conference Hall starting with a reception on Sunday evening. The event will comprise three parts: a central conference, plus parallel workshop sessions and an exhibition.
The main Conference will be broken into six halfday sessions which will contain only four or five papers in each session. These 20-minute papers will focus on subjects which are appropriate for executive debate. Each session will end with a 40-minute discussion on the topic.
The six session topics will be: The differing perspectives of the mining industry/environmentalists and developed/developing countries; Cont-
Unit 9
237
MINING
H nvironmental
MANAGEMENT
The International Conference on Mining Environmental Management
I
Miners, environmentalists and regulators i
will meet to discuss critical |
mining environmental Issues i
rasting international regulations and standards; Management practices and legal obligations; The role of government; Financial implications of a greener world.
The two-hour Workshops will occur on the morning of each day, being scheduled for completion by the start of the main conference proceedings. Papers will be 20 minutes each (to include time for questions after each presentation), with the workshops being divided into three sections; Air/Water Issues, Land Issues, and General Issues. The six papers in each workshop will be devoted to case studies and technical presentations. Consideration is also being given to Poster Displays of relevant technical work.
The Exhibition will offer equipment manufacturers and consultants the opportunity to present their products to the international industry.
Details of papers, speakers and exhibitors will be advised as soon as possible.
For further details please contract:
Mining Journal Ltd,
60 Worship Street, London, U.K.
Telephone:
Fax:
б) Скажите, мне проблемы будут рассматриваться •* будет принимать участие • работе конференции, какоа рем
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Что вы думаете о значении таких конференций?Каик доклады, по вашему мнению, следовало бы включить в повестку для таких конференций?44. Вы прочли объявление в , научном журнале о проведении конференция. Выберите интересующую вас тему и напишите тезисы доклада.clean, coalThe Russian Clean Coal Summit is going to be held in Moscow from 19 to 23 May 199... The main topics of this meeting are: El Осо-ро/Шсо/ problems of coal production and utilisation
place of coal in energy production balance
coal as source of industry
complex coal process
И Modern technologies end ecological aspects of coo/ process— Efficient and Safe Underground Coal Mining Based on the Latest Achievements in Geomechanics
Coal preparation and handling
Solid fuel combustion
Emission control
By-products from solid fuel utilisation
Coking
Gasification
El Specialists training for Industry of ecologically clean coal processing
models of specialists
ecological education of specialists
systems of additional education and improved qualification
(permanent education) — education in the field of ecological management El International business co-operation (business symposium)— Participation of European industry in the development of Russian clean coal technology projects — Co-financing Russian projects by the world's first class fund- ing sources Ваш доклад включен в программу конференции. Вы получили приглашение участвовать в конференции. Подготовьте выступление. Желаем успеха!
UNIT 1O EconomicsandMining
A. Текст A. Same Concepts of Economies
Б. ТекстБ. Mineral Markets
B. ТекстВ. US Coal Inamstry Today
Кроссворд (Crossword)
ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ 1. а) Прочитайте вслух следующие слова:[э:] — more, to'ward, in'form, re'source, 'organize [o] — wants, be'cause, cost, 'water, 'model [a:] — 'service, con'cern, earth, al'ternative, re'fer [If] — 'mixture, choice, a'chieve, 'natural, which [fl — 'social, 'crucial, e'fficiency, fi'nancial [fan] — re'cession, ex'traction, pro'tection, professional, Jnsti'tution, 'national, ad'dition, ,satis'faction [w] — what, 'whether, with, which, while 6) Прочитайте вслух следующие слова и запомните их произношение:scarce [skeas], scarcity ['skeasiti], society [sa'saiati], require [n-'kwaia], resource [n'so:s], crucial ['krujial], environment [m-'vaiaranmant], entrepreneur [,ontrapra'na:], financial [fai'naenfal], justice ['djAStis], opportunity [x>pa'tju:niti] 2. Прочитайте следующие слова и сочетания слов 1-2 раза про себя, за
тем вслух и постарайтесь запомнить их.
ability [a'billtl] nспособность, умение
allocate ['«lekeit] vразмешать, распределять, назначать (to); allocation [^ela'kei/n] я размещение, распределение, назначение, ассигнование
choice [tfois] л выбор, отбор, альтернатива; to make - выбирать, отбирать (что-л.), сделать выбор
confront [kan'frAnt] v столкнуться с трудностями, предрассудками
consume [кэп'дшт] v потреблять, расходовать; consumer [kan'sju:ma] л потребитель; - goods потребительские товары; consumption л потребление, технический расход (масла, воздуха, пара и т.д.); затраты энергии cost [kost] л цена, стоимость; р! расходы, издержки; of production издержки производства; capital капитальные затраты; opportunity дополнительные издержки
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demand [di'ma:nd] nтребование, запрос, потребность; экономический спрос; to be In great быть в большом спросе, требоваться; synto require
deposit [di'pDZlt] я зд. депозит; bank банковский вклад
employ [im'pbi] v применять, использовать; synnse, utilize, apply; предоставлять (работу); employment nслужба, занятие, применение, использование; antunemployment
enable [in'eibl] v давать возможность или право что-л. сделать; облегчать
enterprise ['entapraiz] и предприятие, предпринимательство
entrepreneur [,эп1гэргэ'пэ:] п антрепренёр, предприниматель, владелец предприятия
evaluate [I'vejjueit] v оценивать, устанавливать стоимость; evaluation я оценка, определение цены, стоимости
goods [gudz] я piтовар, товары; consumer потребительские товары
pay [pel] я плата, выплата, уплата, заработная плата; v (paid)
уплачивать, оплачивать (работу, счет); back оплачивать; for оплачивать; in вносить на текущий счет; out выплачивать; payable ['peiabl] а подлежащий оплате, доходный, выгодный; payment ['pennant] я уплата, платеж, плата; payout ['pei'autj я выплата
scarce [skeas] а недостаточный, скудный; scarcity ['sksasiti] я недостаток, нехватка (of); дефицит, редкость
secure [si'kjua] v охранять, гарантировать, обеспечивать, страховать, обеспечивать безопасность; security [si'kjuarm] я безопасность, надежность, охрана, гарантия; securities ценные бумаги
supply [sa'plai] я экономическое предложение; р! запас, припасы, продовольствие, ресурсы, поставка
trade [treld] я ремесло, профессия, торговля; v торговать (in чём-л., with с кем-л.); off сбывать, обменивать; trade-off я компромисс, альтернатива, выбор, сделка
3. Определите, какой частью речи являются следующие слова. Переведите их:
limit — limitation — limited — unlimited
able — ability
stable — stability
employ — employment — unemployment
evaluate — evaluation
allocate — allocation act — active — activity mix — mixture secure — security value — valuable scarce — scarcity consider — consideration — considerable — inconsiderable produce — producer — product — production — productive — productivity consume — consumable — consumer — consumption 4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод существительных с суффиксом -ity.1. All economies face scarcity, and all must decide how to allocate scarce resources and distribute goods and services, all face problems of inflation, unemployment, and unsatisfactory rates of growth.
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241
The production ability shows the maximum possible amount
of specified goods or services that can be produced by a particular
economy.
One of society's primary economic goals is price stability
when the overall level of prices for goods and services remains
relatively constant.
Financial security is one of socio-economic goals.
Прочитайте следующие сочетания слов. Переведите их:
scarcity of resources
economic activity
four primary economic goals
full employment
output of goods
bank deposit
standard of living
to examine and evaluate economic
problems to include land, labour, capital and
entrepreneurial ability
scarce means of production alternative use of resources opportunity cost price stability financial security entrepreneurial ability individual consumer to make choice to produce an output of goods and services to use resources efficiently to be concerned with scarcity to operate on two levels — macroeconomics and microeconomics 6. Определите значения выделенных слов по сходству их корней с
ии соответствующих слов в русском языке:limited resources; the problem of scarcity; three fundamental economic questions; material well-being; alternative use of resources; price stability; social and political environment; financial security; extraction of minerals; passive resources; national output; bank deposit; inflation and recession; individual consumer; business firm; economic choices; standard of living; to organize and coordinate economic activity; to produce goods and services; to examine and evaluate economic problems; to operate on two levels; to use resources efficiently7. Прочитайте текст А и назовите основные экономические системы,
численные в нем. Скажите, что понимается под термином «экономика».ТЕКСТА
Some Concepts of Economics
Economics is the allocation of the scarce means of product*» toward the satisfaction of human wants. The basic principle of economics is scarcity, which means that we cannot ever haw аВ
242 Unit 10
we want of every goods and service. It means that our demands for goods and services are unlimited, while resources on earth are limited. Without the problem of scarcity, there would be no need for the subject of economics.
Societies need a system to organize and coordinate economic activities. Every economic system — whether free-market, government-controlled or mixed — must answer the three fundamental economic questions:
What goods and services will be produced?
How will they be produced?
For whom will they be produced?
These are three principal types of economic systems, but modern economies are a mixture. Because scarcity does1 confront us, the answers are crucial to our material well-being and to our social and political environment.
In theory, scarce resources can be allocated among alternative users without the employment of markets and prices. This is the so-called command economy or centrally-directed economy in which the government would decide what would be produced, how it would be produced, and for whom it would be produced.
In free-market economies all decisions about resource allocation are made by households and businesses interacting in markets free of any sort of government intervention. Individuals in market economies pursue their own interests. But there are no completely free-market economies, all real governments affect decisions about resources allocation in many ways and for many reasons.
All modem economies are mixed — intermediate between the command and fre^-market extremities. In mked economies, both government decisions and market forces affect the allocation of resources.
It should be noted that there are four primary economic goals
that a society aims to achieve: efficiency, price stability, full
employment and growth. In addition, there are socio-economic goals
which include environment protection, financial security, equity,1
justice and economic freedom. '
Economic resources are often referred to as "the means of production" to produce an output of goods and services. These include land, labour, capital and entrepreneurial ability.
Land. All natural resources including fields, forests, mineral deposits, the sea, water as well as the ground in which these resources are found. Land is used not only for the extraction of minerals but for farming as well.
Unit 10243
Labour. All human resources including manual, clerical,3 technical, professional and managerial4 labour.
Capital. The physical means of production including factories, office buildings, tools and equipment. Alternatively: financial capital.
Entrepreneurial ability. The entrepreneur sets up a business, risks his or her own money, gets or loses the profits.
We may consider land, labour and capital passive resources which are combined by the entrepreneur to produce goods and services. A successful undertaking is rewarded by profit, an unsuccessful one is penalized by loss.
Economics operates on two levels, the macrolevel and the microlevel.
Macroeconomics deals with national output, employment, the money supply, bank deposits, and government spending, and how we can deal with inflation and recession.
Microeconomics operates on the level of the individual business firm, as well as that of the individual consumer.
And so what exactly is economics? Basically, economics is a set of tools that enables us to use our resources efficiently. The end result is the highest possible standard of living.
ПОЯСНЕНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ
!Глагол to do может употребляться для усиления значения действия, выраженного смысловым глаголом в утвердительной форме. При переводе сказуемого перед ним добавляется слово действительно, фактически или на самом деле.
Economics does face many Экономика действительно
important problems. сталкивается со многими
важными проблемами.
2equity — справедливость, беспристрастность
3clerlcal — канцелярский (прилагательное от clerk — клерк, служащий)
4managerial — управленческий, административный
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
8. Укажете, капе вредложеввв соответствуют содержанию текста. Подтвердите стен ответы фактами вэ текста.
I.It should be noted that the demands for goods and services are limited.
244 Unit 10
Every economic system must answer three fundamental
economic questions.
Socio-economic goals include full employment and growth.
As a rule, land, labour and capital are considered active
resources and are not mentioned in the text.
The text gives some information on macroeconomics as well
as on microeconomics.
It is common to speak of only the three principal types of
economic systems — market, centrally-directed and mixed eco
nomies.
All modern economies are free-market.
Scarce resources can be allocated among users without
markets.
Вы прослушали лекцию о некоторых основных принципах экономиче
ской системы. В конце лекции профессор решил побеседовать с группой. От
ветьте на его вопросы. Используйте выражения: /я ту opinion. I think. I
suppose. In fact. As Is known.
l.Why is scarcity considered to be the basic principle of economics?
Can you name the main types of economic systems and
explain how they differ?
Why are modern economies a mixture?
What are the fundamental economic questions and what does
each of the questions mean?
Can you remember the definition of economics? What is it?
Is efficiency the only economic goal?
What is meant by economic resources?
S.You know that economics operates on two levels. What are these levels called and what do they deal with?
9. What definitions can you give to?
10. Найдите в правой колонке определения к следующим словам:
1. consumption a) Limited resources for production
relative to the wants for goods and services.
2. inflation b) A place where potential sellers of a
good or services make contact with potential buyers.
3. market c) The use of resources to meet
current needs and desires.
4. saving d) A general increase in the level of
prices.
5. Scarcity e) Income that is not spent.
Unit 10
245
Найдите в тексте А и переведите предложения, в которых употребля
ются: 1) сложноподчиненные предложения (дополнительные, определительные,
обстоятельственные с союзами и без союзов); 2) причастные обороты; 3) гла
голы-сказуемые в страдательном залоге.
Закончите предложения подходящими по смыслу словами из текста.
Generally speaking, the most basic problem economics is
concerned with is .... It means that ....
The three fundamental economic questions every economic
system must answer are ... .
At the same time it is necessary to take into account the
main types of economic systems. They are ....
It should be stressed that there are four primary economic
goals that a society aims to achieve. They are ....
Economic resources are means of producing an output of
goods and services. They include ....
Economics operates on two levels, ... and ... .
In free-market economies all decisions about resource
allocation are made by ... .
13. а) Познакомьтесь со схемой и назовите по-русски три основные про
блемы, которые должна решать каждая экономическая система.What Basic Questions Must Every Economic System Resolve?
WHAT
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HOW
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FOR WHOM
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to produce
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to produce
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to produce
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The economic system
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The economic system
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The economic system
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must decide what goods
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must decide how to
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must decide which
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and services to produce
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produce each good or
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members of society will
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with its land, labour, and
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service — determining
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receive how much of the
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capital.
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what mix of land, labour,
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goods and services
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and capital to use in
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produced — the process
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production and what
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of allocating income.
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production methods to
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employ.
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| б) Каждая из приведенных ниже ситуаций требует решения одного из трех основных вопросов экономики. Скажите, какой экономический вопрос решается в каждой ситуации.l.The Parliament debates how much money to allocate to education programs and space projects. 2. Management at a major machine-building plant decides to modernize technology.
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Unit 10
3. The government debates the issue of increasing welfare payments and programs. 14. а) Познакомьтесь с приведенной ниже схемой • назовите четыре экономические цели, которых стремится достичь любое общество. В чем суть каждой цели?
» GOALS
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PRINCIPALLY ECONOMIC GOALS
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Efficiency
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Price Stability
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Full Emolovment
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Growth
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Obtaining the
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It is desirable to
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It is best to have
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Economic growth
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maximum
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have the overall
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an unemployment
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comes from an
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amount of output
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level of prices for
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level of not more
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increase in the
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per unit of input
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goods and
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than 4% or 5%,
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production
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helps in
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services remain
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considered full
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capacity of the
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overcoming
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relatively constant.
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employment.
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economy.
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scarcity.
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SOCIO-ECONOMIC GOALS
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Environmental Protection
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Financial Security
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Economic Equity
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Economic Justice
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Economic Freedom
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| 6) Каждая из приведенных ниже ситуаций направлена на достижение одной из указанных в схеме целей. Скажите, какая цель подразумевается в каждом случае.l.The Government announced plans to control price inflation. 2. Labour unions are concerned about the increased use of robots in manufacturing. 3.The use of computers made the preparation of this study guide easier. 4. The U.S. has a higher standard of living today than 20 years ago. 15. Составьте список основных экономических терминов, встречающихся в тексте А, с их русскими соответствиями. Сверьте ваш список со списками ваших товарищей. Расскажите об основных принципах, на которых базируется экономика, о типах экономических систем, основных экономических и социально-экономических целях всякого общества. Используйте активную лексику текста А.
Unit 10247
ПРВДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
16. а) Прочитайте вслух следующие слом:
[а:] — 'market, 'faster, large, de'mand, re'garded
[л] —some, thus, a'mong, 'others, 'sulphur ('sulfur),
'number, in'dustrial, one, ,fluctu'ation
[э] — par'ticular, 'instance, 'structural, ma'terial, pur'sue,
sup'ply, con'sumer
[au] — a'bout, now, a'mount, 'household, how'ever
[ou] — own, most, low, 'process, 'over, know, 'follow, 'only
[еэ] — where, 'various, their, 'therefore, scarce
[d3J — stage, geo'graphic, geo'logic, 'knowledge, 'generally,
'project, 'energy, e'merge
[ks] — mixed, ex'tremity, 'fixing, 'export, ex'pensive,
ex' tent, ' exercise, ,explo' ration, ex' perience [gz] — e'xactly, e'xist, e'xample, e'xistence
б) Прочитайте следующие слова и запомните их произношение:
analysis [a'nselasis], competitive [kam'petrtrv], differentiate [xdifa'renjieit], constitute ['konstitju:t], household ['haushould], imply [im'plai], process ['prousas], sulfur ['sAlfa], sulfureous ['s/Jfras], substantial [sab'staenfdl], monopoly [ma'nopali], pursue [pd'sju:]
в) Прочитайте названия следующих минералов, запомните их произно
шение:
copper ['kopa], lead [led], zinc [zmk], nickel ['nikl], manganese [,maerjga'ni:z], cobalt ['koubo:lt]
17. Прочитайте следующие слова и сочетания слов 1-2 раза про себя,
затем вслух и постарайтесь запомнить их:
assume [a'sju:m] v предполагать, ние, конкуренция, конкурс;
допускать; assumption [a'SAinpJan] сошреШте [ksm'petrtiv] а кон-
п предположение, допущение курирующий, конкурентоспо-
commlt [ka'mtt] v поручать, вве- собныи
рять confute [kan'ialn] v (to) о грани-
commodity [ka'mDdiU] nпредмет чивать, придерживаться (чего-л.)
потребления; товар; syngoods conform [kan'form] v сообразовы-
compete [kam'pi:t] v конкуриро- вать(ся), согласовываться (to с),
вать (with с кем-л., for из-за соответствовать (to чему-л.),
чего-л., ради чего-л.); competl- приспосабливаться, подчинять-
tion [,kompi'Hfn] я соревнова- ся (правилам)
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deplete [di'pli:t] v истощать, исчерпывать; depletion [di'pliijan] я истощение, исчерпывание (запасов)
differentiate [xlnVrenJleit] v разли-чать(ся), отличаться, дифферен-цировать(ся), видоизменяться
emerge [Гтэ:с1з] v появляться, возникать (о вопросе); emergence [Гтэ:Лзэп5] п выход, появление
household ['haushould] и домашнее хозяйство
Imply [im'plai] v заключать в себе, значить, подразумевать, предполагать
Income ['inkam] n доход, поступление
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