Английский, Баратова. Unit 1 Mining Education in Russia
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pursue [pa'sju:] v преследовать (цель, интерес); проводить политику 18. Переведете существительные с суффиксом -tr, образованные от глаголов: to buy — to consume — to sell — to supply — to manufacture — to trade — to explore — buyer consumer seller supplier manufacturer trader explorer 19. Переведите словосочетания с приставкой «я-: unknown resources unprotected environment unloaded coal unacceptable increase in cost unchanged policy undeveloped mineral deposit unlimited raw material unreal project 20. Прочитайте следующие сочетания слов и переведите их: scarce resources resource allocation market participation of producers and consumers the possibility of price fixing the emergence of international mining companies to determine prices to be replaced by petroleum products to influence the production • of minerals to exercise considerable influence of international trade companies free-market economy mixed economies free competition mineral commodities nonfuel mineral resources to interact in markets the development of seabed minerals to be regarded as world markets to determine the structure of any particular market to be confined to determining the number, size and market position of the buyers and sellers to imply competition Unit 10249 21. Определите значения выделенных слов по сходству нх корней с кор нями соответствующих слов в русском языке: command economy; centrally-directed economy; resource allocation; mixed economies; mineral market; several stages of production; various types of petroleum products; international trade; oil-exporting countries; the structure of any particular market; structural analysis; communication and competition between producers and consumers; geographic conditions; the sum of all factors; market position; economically efficient price; price fixing; industrial minerals; business cycle; technological advances; to play the central role; to pursue one's own interests; to effect resources allocation 22. Прочитайте текст Б и расскажите, каковы особенности рыночной тор говли минералами. Чем определяется структура таких рынков и 'какие минера лы доминируют в мировой торговле? ТЕКСТ Б Mineral Markets Market is a place where buyers and sellers of a given commodity meet to determine price. Mineral markets are material goods markets, and many are regarded as world markets. Strictly speaking, markets for any particular mineral exist at several stages of production and for several levels of quality. The petroleum market, for example, is divided into:
The importance of various types of products in international trade, however, varies continuously. Now that the oil-exporting countries are increasingly building up their own processing facilities, for instance, crude oil is less important in international trade and is being replaced by petroleum products. Supply and demand determine the structure of any particular market. A structural analysis must thus consider the number, geographic distribution, and market participation of producers and consumers as well as the communications and competition between them. The production of minerals is influenced by geologic conditions and therefore market analysis needs to be conducted by mineral economists with good geologic inside knowledge. The form of market is defined by the extent of free competition. It constitutes the sum of all factors influencing 250 Unit 10 competition and hence pricing. Empirical investigations on market structure are usually confined to determining the number, size and market position of the buyers and sellers. It is assumed that a large number of producers and consumers implies competition resulting in an economically efficient price: a small number, imperfect competition, where the price can be influenced; and one single producer or consumer, the absence of competition and the possibility of price fixing. World trade in mineral commodities is dominated by petroleum, natural gas, coal, metals and some industrial minerals. There is, also, a substantial amount of trade in copper, lead and zinc concentrates. World markets for minerals are generally quite competitive and most metal prices are subject to a high degree of fluctuation over the business cycle. As for nonfuel mineral resources it should be stressed that over the past half-century continuous exploration aided by technological advances has increased reserves of most nonfuel minerals faster than they have been depleted. Besides, the development of seabed minerals could provide large supplies of copper, nickel, manganese, cobalt and other minerals for many generations to come. International trade in nonfuel minerals is important to hold down raw material costs in industrial countries. 23. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
7. What is world trade in mineral commodities dominated by? 8.What do you know about nonfuel resources and seabed minerals and their role in international trade? 9. Do you know what industrial minerals are?
24. а) Назовите русские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний: market (free) competition commodities geologic conditions buyer mineral economists Unit 10 251 seller mineral markets stages of production levels of quality light/heavy/low-sulfur petroleum oil-exporting countries processing facilities crude oil petroleum products supply and demand geographic distribution of producers and consumers to hold down raw material costs empirical investigations economically efficient price pricing price fixing natural gas trade in copper, lead, etc. competitive markets prices are subject to fluctuation nonfuel mineral resources technological advances reserves are depleted seabed minerals for many generations to come б) Дополните ваш список экономических терминов к тексту Л терминами из текста Б. в) Сделайте письменный перевод текста. 25. Найдите в левой колонке определения следующих терминов: 1.Spending money on projects that will generate goods and services for future consumption.(Import) 2.The existence of people who want to work, but are unable to find a job. (Centrally-directed economy) 3.Goods and services sold to another country (Mixrd economy). 4The use of labour, equipment,materials and energy to produce goods and services. *(Investmen) 5An arrangement between two or more countries. (Common market) 6Goods and services bought from another country. (Free-market economy) 7A market economy with private and public sectors of economic enterprises. (Unemployment) 8An economic system in which the basic questions of what how and for whom to produce are resolved primarily by governmental authority.(Export) 9An economic system in which resources are allocated by supply and demand mainly without government regulation of markets. (Production) 252 Unit 10 26. ») Просмотрите текст Б. Расположите пункты приведенного ниже плана в соответствии с содержанием текста.
б) Суммируйте содержание текста Б о рынке минералов, используя план и активную лексику. 27. а) Познакомьтесь с приведенной ниже схемой и назовите три основ ных типа экономических систем по-английски и по-русски и кратко расскажи те, в чем суть каждой из них. WHAT ARE THE PRINCIPAL TYPES OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS?
б) Определите, к каким экономическим системам относятся следующее утверждения:
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б) Сделайте письменный перевод части текста, описывающей экономическую теорию Адама Смита. Слова для понимания текста coincidence — совпадение gospel — проповедь genesis — возникновение solely — только, исключительно guess — догадка, предположение rival — конкурирующий opulence — изобилие, богатство bedrock — основной принцип Today, most people have a hard time understanding what economists are talking about, but everyone knows what an economist is — a specialist in a recognized branch of academic knowledge. At the beginning of the nineteenth century the term was nothing like as specific. In England it was applied to anyone who a^prcteched problems by putting0every argument and doctrine on wMtever subject tojhe test of facts. It was nor coincidence that England gave birth to the first industrial revolution and what has since-become known as the classical school of economics at the same time. The three most important gospels of this school are Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (published in 1776), David Ricardo's Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (1817), and James Mill's Political Economy (1821),. Of these books, the most important is that by Adam Smith. It is the first great classic of economic theory and one of the first known attempts, to describe economic life as at whole. The^rgenesis of The Wealth of Nations exactly mirrors the industrial revolution. Adam Smith was born in 1723, and was a 254 Unit 10 student at Glasgow University ia Scotland from 1737 to 1740. Between 1764 and 1766 Smith 'toured Europe. While in France Smith met Voltaire and was greatly influenced by a group of philosophers. On his return from France, Adam Smith sat down to write his great book. The first key question the book Addresses is what is, wealth? Real wealth mVasured' by the availabiliti consumable goods, and the labour, which produces them. Дп inciease in wealth» equals an increase in goods., and plenty means heap goods. Anything that restricts the availability of goods iteoucei a nation's wealth. National wealth can only increase as trade dees between and within^ nations. For trade to grow you need a market and how the market works is the cdre of Smith's book. What.makes markerscsuch important creators of wealth is that they enccmrage the 'drvision'of labour and specialisation. • ? An effective market reconomy andn the civjsed society that it supports — depends on^a ^erwdrk^o^cb-oper^pn tiiat is neither ""planned ^^.directe^by^a political power. The operation of market force^lilce^trje dlytsjon of labour, brings great Benefits to society and 'raises lhet sianaa'rd^.pf living, but this benefit ^cannpt be planned. Buyers and lifersЪ,a market are motivatedjilmost solely f inten'ded 'it' If the seller is the sole producer of a popular product, . J^P/t.o 7 r ^jJ-Zc* ^ЭТ-оыlic^ push its price up as high as the market will bear. But, a his he wnl push yits price up Д8 high as Ле market will bea^. But:,a high price ^wm^attract^Hv^ prb^uper^'dnce^tfieir goods are available in the market, the price will naturally fall. Thus the market is a self-regulating mechanism ^uiqecl not by a government, but by what Smith called "the invisible hand". One of the bedrocks of ^Smith's philosophy is that no government or group of men is'Wile enqugh tp do a better job at managing trade than a market which reflects the guesses and knowledge of millions. Sn^i^i,didn't believe that governments would ever allow trade !p^ercpmpietely free and he wrote that the interests of national idefence are always "more important than 7Tf-> in "ГгТ ^ - 9 Q f Qfn «7,F,.* opulence . Under the^ final heading Smith was thinking, of infrastructure projects like rpadj,bndges; canals and^ajrbours which are expensive and often unprofitable to build but lead to an increase in trade and hence of national wealth. Smith's achievement was Immense: the science Smith discovered was called the modern economy. by sel.f-interest, but serve "uje public interest without Having 255 |