Английский, Баратова. Unit 1 Mining Education in Russia

• Название: Unit 1 Mining Education in Russia
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safety ['seifti) л безопасность; тех­ника безопасности

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slope [stoup] nзабой, сплошной забой, очистной забой; v очи­щать забой, вынимать породу, уголь; synface; sloping очист­ные работы; очистная выемка; open sloping выемка с откры­тым забоем; shrinkage sloping выемка системой с магазиниро-ванием (руды)

support [sa'part] v крепить; под­держивать; подпирать; л стойка; опора; поддержание; крепление; syntimbering; powered roof - ме­ханизированная крепь; self-ad­vancing powered roof - передвиж­ная механизированная крепь

23. а) Переведите глаголы с префиксом re-:

to reconstruct, to re-equip, to rebuild, to reassemble, to remove, to retool

б) Заполните пропуски глаголами с префиксом re-, образованными от
выделенных глаголов:

1. 
   After the Great Patriotic War the people constructed and ...
   collieries, plants and factories.
   
2. 
   They equipped and ... all the collieries with hoisting and
   ventilation machines.
   
3. 
   Mining machines function in special conditions and under
   these conditions it is difficult to assemble and ... them.
   

в) Определите по словообразовательным элементам (суффиксам и
префиксам), какой частью речи являются следующие слова. Переведите их:

slow — slowly exist — pre-existing sediment — sedimentary small — smaller volcano — volcanic common — commonly

occur — occurrence form — deform — deformation thick — thickness rapid — rapidly important — importance solidify — solidification — solidified unsolidified

24. Прочитайте следующие сочетания слов и переведите их:

the recovery of valuable minerals along the strike and down the dip country rock rate of extraction development drilling processing (dressing) plants earth-movers and power shovels open stoping shrinkage stoping low-cost open-cast mining annual iron ore output to ensure safety to result in increasing output

the shape of the deposit bedded deposits inclined and steep deposits site development overburden removal backhoes and dump trucks loading, hauling and hoisting

of the rock block caving

the capacity of mining enterprises to affect mining methods to support mining workings

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25. Определите значения выделенных слов по сходству их корней с кор­
нями соответствующих слов в русском языке:

metallic and non-metallic ore minerals; types of ore; the contact of the deposit with the country rock; rational methods of opening up a deposit; minimum cost of production; rate of extraction; potential ore body; general geological characteristics of an ore body; mining methods to be applied; draglines and earth-movers; blasting or separating portions of rock; millions of tons of iron ore per each mining enterprise

26. Прочитайте текст Б. Назовите основные системы разработки рудных
месторождений.

ТЕКСТЕ

Ore Mining

As has already been said mining is a branch of industry which deals with the recovery of valuable minerals from the interior of the Earth.

When minerals occur so that they can be worked at a profit, they are called ore deposits. Economic minerals are those which are of economic importance and include both metallic (ore minerals) and non- metallic minerals such as building materials (sand, stone, etc.).

In choosing the methods of working ore deposits one must take into consideration the following main factors: 1) the shape of the deposit; 2) the dimensions of the deposit in thickness, along the strike and down the dip; 3) the type of ore and the distribution of metal in the ore body.

The shape of the ore deposit affects the mining method. Besides, the contact of the deposit with the country rock is of great importance.

According to their angle of dip the deposits are divided into gently sloping (up to 25'), inclined (25-45*) and steep deposits (45-90*). The thickness of ore deposits also varies. They may be very thin (from 0.7-0.8 m to 20 m) and extremely thick (more than 20 m).

One must say that a rational method of mining ensures the following: 1) safety; 2) minimum cost of production; 3) minimum losses of ore; 4) rate of extraction.

In metal mining as well as in mining bedded deposits preliminary activities (before mining) involve prospecting and

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Unit 9

exploration required to locate, characterize and prove a potential ore body.

After exploration has provided information on the shape and size of a deposit and its general geological characteristics, site development for mining begins. Mine development depends largely upon the kind of ore body and the mining method to be applied. As a rule mine development work involves development drilling; access road construction; clearing and grubbing; adit, slope or shaft development; overburden removal, construction of facilities such as concentration (dressing, processing) plants, etc. The different type of equipment required range from small, simple units such as backhoes and dump trucks to earth-movers, draglines and power shovels.

Mining operations begin with excavation work (blasting or separating portions of rock from the solid mass), loading, hauling and hoisting of the rock to the surface and supporting mine workings.

Generally speaking, the working of an ore deposit involves opening up, development, blocking out and sloping operations, the basic sloping methods in use now being open sloping, room and pillar mining, shrinkage sloping, block caving and others.

After ores are mined or dredged, they are usually processed (crushed, concentrated or dried).

Extraction processes can be done by underground or open-cast mining. The main trend has been toward low-cost open-cast mining.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

27. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста.

1. 
   Ore deposits may be called economically workable natural
   concentrations of minerals.
   
2. 
   It is quite enough to take into consideration the shape of the
   deposit for choosing its method of working.
   
3. 
   The thickness of ore deposits is a constant value.
   
4. 
   As a rule exploration provides information for mining.
   
5. 
   Equipment of various types and capacities is readily available
   for rock excavation and it includes power shovels, backhoes,
   draglines, bucket wheel excavators, etc.
   
6. 
   After mining or dredging ores are usually processed, crushed
   or dried.
   

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28. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. 
   What minerals do we usually call economic?
   
2. 
   Is the type of ore the only factor which the engineer takes into
   consideration in choosing the methods of working ore deposits?
   
3. 
   What does a rational method of mining guarantee?
   
4. 
   What does before mining activity include?
   
5. 
   What processes does development work involve?
   
6. 
   What basic sloping methods are in use now?
   
7. 
   What are the main methods of working bedded deposits?
   
8. 
   Is underground or open-cast mining preferable now? Why?
   

9. Can you give a few examples of the largest enterprises
producing ores in the country?

29. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих слов и со­
четаний слов:

1. 
   block caving а) породный отвал, терриконик
   
2. 
   crushing and diving б) открытые горные работы, вскрыша
   
3. 
   power shovel в) блоковое (этажное) оборудование
   
4. 
   grabbing г) дробление и сушка
   
5. 
   to range (from ... to) д) врубо-погрузочная машина, горный
   
6. 
   remote control комбайн
   
7. 
   shrinkage sloping e) колебаться (в определенных пределах)
   
8. 
   waste heap ж) погрузка грейфером
   
9. 
   cutter-loader з) дистанционное управление
   

10. overcasting and side- и) выемка системой с магазинированием

casting к) механическая лопата, экскаватор

11.stripping operations л) перелопачивание и внешнее

отвалообразование

30. Заполните пропуски приведенными словами:

а) load loader loading

1. 
   Mining machines which break out coal or rock from the face
   and ... it on the face conveyer are called either cutter-...s or
   tunnelling machines.
   
2. 
   According to the classification the mining machines are
   divided into three main groups: for breaking rock, for ... and
   transporting and setting supports.
   

б) cut cotter cutting

1. ...s are designed for cutting coal and other minerals,
including rock salt, potash, tuff, limestone, etc.

2. 
   The ... mechanism of a coal-cutter may be a disk or a chain.
   
3. 
   The cutter can ... minerals of varying thickness.
   

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Unit 9

31. Подберите из списков А и Б близкие по значению слова:

А. Б.

1. 
   lorry a) spoil heap
   
2. 
   slope б) user
   
3. 
   waste heap в) excavator
   
4. 
   consumer r) truck
   
5. 
   dumping д) restrict
   
6. 
   earth-mover e) excavator
   
7. 
   surface mining ж) tip
   
8. 
   limit з) open-cast mining (strip mining)
   

9. power shovel и) roof timbering
10. roof support к) face

32. Определите, какой частью речи являются выделенные слова. Пере­
ведите предложения: ,

1. 
   There exist various types of electric drills which are in use
   in rocks of different hardness.
   
2. 
   To increase drilling speed, modern drill bits (коронка) are
   covered with hard allpy (сплав).
   
3. 
   Using electric rotative drills it is possible to drill holes into
   coal and soft rock such as soft shales.
   
4. 
   The Donbas cutter-loader wins and loads coal of low-to-
   medium hardness and anthracites in gently sloping seams under a
   roof of average strength.
   
5. 
   Scraper conveyers can convey great loads per hour.
   
6. 
   As a measure of safety the shields protect face personnel and
   equipment from falling rock.
   
7. 
   For the measurement of the pressure and speed of air there
   are special barometers which measure the absolute pressure of air.
   
8. 
   The drills for making holes have handles.
   
9. 
   It is rather difficult to handle the equipment underground.
   

33. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, используя следующие предлоги:

instead of because of by means of due to according to (in accordance with)

1. 
   The rapid and much more accurate identification of new
   reserves and the ability to establish their quality, faulting, folding,
   mode of occurrence, etc. have become possible ... the reliability of
   new geological information.
   
2. 
   In the most promising coal-producing areas the rail and road
   transport systems are used ... the complicated geological conditions.
   
3. 
   Steel supports are widely used now ... timber supports.
   
4. 
   Wheel scrapers are earth-moving units which are pulled ... a
   

Unit 9 233

drawbar (тяговый крюк) on the tractor, and its digging -is controlled by the tractor.

5. Scrapers find wide application ... their high degree of mobility, high production rates, and their limited requirements for auxiliary support equipment.

34. Употребите данные в скобках глаголы в соответствующей форме:

to carry out, to continue, to work, to develop, to create, to apply, to plan, to perform, to calculate, to work out

l.The mechanization and automation of underground processes (будет проводиться) on the basis of a wider use of winning complexes, powered roof supports, remote and automatic control and other modern equipment.

2. 
   For this very purpose different cutter-loaders, winning
   complexes, loaders, pumps, fans, equipment for setting supports,
   etc. (создаются).
   
3. 
   Now a wider use of conveyer belts for level and inclined
   workings and other means of automation (планируется).
   
4. 
   Ore deposits (разрабатываются) by the underground and
   open-cast methods.
   
5. 
   Automated systems of planning and control (применяются)
   in the mining industry.
   
6. 
   Automated systems of planning and control (подсчитыва­
   ют) wages, efficiency and (производят) other engineering
   calculations.
   

35. Переведите предложения, используя следующие разговорные фор­
мулы:

to take part In; to solve important problems; to keep in close touch with; to make a contribution (to); to take into consideration (to take into account); to design; reliable winning complex

1. 
   Научно-исследовательские институты поддерживают тесную связь с
   шахтами и карьерами.
   
2. 
   Ученые и инженеры принимают активное участие в проектировании
   и создании надежных добычных комплексов, мощных экскаваторов и драг­
   лайнов, различных насосов и бурового оборудования.
   
3. 
   Кроме того, они решают важные проблемы, связанные с современ­
   ными способами транспортировки полезного ископаемого на поверхности,
   принимая во внимание геологические условия месторождения.
   
4. 
   Русские ученые внесли большой вклад в разработку методов добычи
   полезных ископаемых.
   

36. Суммируйте содержание текста Б по следующему плану:
1. The importance of working economic minerals.

234 Unit 9

2. 
   The main factors to be considered in choosing the methods
   of working ore deposits.
   
3. 
   Mine development work.
   
4. 
   Different types of equipment used in working ore deposits.
   

37. Переведите в косвенную речь. Начните предложения словами: Не

(she) said/asked/told them/wanted to know:

1. 
   "I love you."
   
2. 
   "I can swim."
   
3. 
   "I don't want to go."
   
4. 
   "We'll be late."
   
5. 
   "I didn't recognize you."
   
6. 
   "Where r^ave you been?"
   
7. 
   "Did youisee him yesterday?"
   
8. 
   "Was your operation successful?"
   

1. 
   "When dcies the train arrive?"
   10. "Who didlyou see there?"
   

38. Повторите правило согласования времен и переведите на английский:

1. Преподаватель попросил меня дать определение геологии как науки.

2. Он спросил меня, какие основные методы добычи полезных
ископаемых я знаю.

3. Он сказал мне, что не знает значения слова infrastructure.

4. Профессор рассказал нам о том, как живут и учатся студенты-
геологи в Англии.

5. 
   Он спросил меня, могу ли я рассказать по-английски, что случилось
   со мной утром.
   
6. 
   Она спросила меня, что я думаю об этой книге и понравилась ли
   она мне.
   
7. 
   Он позвонил и сказал, что приедет на следующий день.
   
8. 
   Председательствующий (The Chairman) попросил меня суммировать
   мнения, высказанные участниками конференции.
   

9. Он спросил меня, где я работал, прежде чем поступил в институт.
10. Они объяснили нам, как пройти к музею и где купить билеты.

В

39. Прочитайте текст В и скажите, о чем ои.

ТЕКСТ В Mining and the Environment

It should be stressed that effects of mining on the environment are twofold: firstly, there are direct effects arising from mining as a physical activity, which include disturbances of the land surface and

Unit 9235

accumulation of waste. Secondly, there are indirect destructive effects resulting from treatment of mineral products, such as coal burning, ore processing, smelting and other metallurgical processes. These frequently result in contamination 0f soil and ground water, pollution of the .atmosphere and an adverse effect on vegetation and wildlife. Mining, especially open-pit mining, deforms the surface of the land and creates a large amount of waste materials which contain hazardous substances that pollute water and soil. Water from mining and concentration operations may contaminate the subsoil and rivers into which it flows. Most serious of all are gases produced by smelting, which may not only contaminate the air in the region of the smelter, but affect lakes and vegetation hundreds of miles away through the creation of acid rain.

There is one more point which affects the environment. It concerns the transport of coal representing one component of the complete coal cycle — from exploration and extraction of the fuel, through refining and processing storage and finally its conversion to an end-use product for consumers. Coal transportation is executed by train, truck (lorry), water (on rivers, canals, lakes, etc.) and slurry pipeline or conveyer belt. Environmental impacts of coal transport occur during loading or unloading. For example, rail transport and trucks cause damage to buildings, highways and other places.

Accidents are associated with all forms of transport. Besides, the transport of coal in all its forms involves dust, even though special measures are increasingly taken. Emission of coal particulate and other air pollutants occur during loading, unloading and during coal movement.

At the same time, research and development have provided greatly improved engineering and biological methods of land reclamation. It is necessary to say that land reclamation has emerged as a method of controlling the negative after-effects of extracting coal and other minerals. Land reclamation covers the problem of landscape redevelopment and the restoration of its productivity, ecological integrity, and economic and aesthetic value. The economic uses of reclaimed land depend on natural and socioeconomic factors of the locality. They may be orchards, meadows, parks, swimming pools, etc.

In recent years many industrial countries have developed and adopted laws, national programmes and specific policies for environmental protection. The basis of most laws applicable to the mining industry and its effect on land is to control land management.

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protect resources and regulate land reclamation and landscape retraction. The principal impact of pollution regulations on the mining industry arises from regulations on emissions of CO₂ and other air pollutants from copper, lead and zinc smelters.