Английский, Баратова. Unit 1 Mining Education in Russia

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6. Прочитайте текст А. Назовите характерные особенности извержен­
ных пород:

ТЕКСТ А Igneous Rocks

Igneous rocks have crystallized from solidified magma..

Igneous rocks can be classified in a number of ways and one of them is based on mode of occurrence. They occur either as intrusive (below the surface) bodies or as extrusive masses solidified at the

116 Unit 5

.'"V >.

Earth's surface. The terms "intrusive" and "extrusive" refer to the
place where rocks solidified,

The grain size of igneous rocks depends on their occurrence. The intrusive rocks generally cool more slowly than the extrusive rocks and crystallize to a larger grain size. The coarser-grained intru­sive rocks with grain size of more than O.5 mm called plutonic or abyssal are referred ito as intrusive igneous rocks because they are intruded into older pre-existing rocks. Extrusive or volcanic rocks have even fitier grains, less than 0.05 nun and are glassy.

Exposed igneous rocks are most numerous in mountain zones
for two reasons. First, the mountain belts have been zones of major
deformation. Second, uplifts in mountain belts have permitted
plutonic masses to be formed.

The largest bodies of igneous rocks are called batholiths (Fig. 2).
Batholiths cooled very slowly. This slow cooling permitted large min­
eral grains to form. It is not surprising that batholiths are composed
mainly of granitic rocks with large crystals called plutons. As is
known, granites and diorites belong ,to the group of intrusive or
plutonic rocks formed by solidification of igneous mass under the
Earth's crust. Granites sometimes form smaller masses called stocks,
when the occurrence has an irregular ihipe;but smaller dimensions
than the batholiths.

Laccoliths and sills, which are very similar, are intruded be-
tween sedimentary rocks. Sills are thin and they may be horizontal,
inclined or vertical. Laccoliths are thicker bodies and in some cases
they form mountains.

Dykes are also intrusive bodies. They ranges in JhicJmeSs from a few inches to several thousand feet. Dykes, are gerjraify much longer than they are wide. Most dykes occupy cracks and have strai&nt parallel walls. These bodies cool much more rapidly and are commonly fine-grained. For example, granite may occur 4n dykes that cut older rocks.

Pegmatites (quartz, orthoclase and mica) also belong to the
group of plutonic or intrusive rocks. They occur in numerous veins
which usually cut through other plutonites, most often granite, or
adjacent rocks.

Extrusive,igneous rocks have been formed from lava flows which come from fissures to the surface and form fields of volcanic rocks such as rhyolite, andesite, basalt, as well as volcanic ashes and dust, tuff, etc. As a rule, these rocks of volcanic on|in cool rapidly and are fine-grained. It is interesting to note that basalt is the most

Unit 5

117

Satellite Cone


Laccolith \

V olcano

Fig. 2. Igneous rocks
abundant of all lavatypes.lt is the principal rock type of the ocean

Igneous rocks are rich in minerals that are important economi­cally or have great scientific value. Igneous rocks and their veins are rich in iron, gold, zinc, nickel and other ferrous metals.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

7. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Под­твердите свои ответы фактами из текста.

1. 
   Igneous rocks have been formed by sedimentation.
   
2. 
   Intrusive rocks have been formed by the cooling of rocks of
   the Earth's crust.
   
3. 
   Extrusive rocks have been formed the same way.
   
4. 
   The grain size of igneous rocks depends on mode of occur­
   rence.
   
5. 
   Exposed igneous rocks are numerous in mountain zones.
   
6. 
   Granites and diorites belong to the group of extrusive rocks.
   

7. 
   –As a rule, granite may occur in dykes.
   
8. 
   Pegmatites do not belong to the group of plutonic or intrusive
   rocks.
   

8. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. Have igneous rocks crystallized from magma or have they been formed by sedimentation?

118Unit 5

2. 
   Which types of igneous rocks do you know?
   
3. 
   What does the grain size of igneous rocks depend on?
   
4. 
   Can you give an example of intrusive or plutonic rocks?
   
5. 
   Are diorites intrusive or extrusive formations?
   
6. 
   What do you know about batholiths?
   
7. 
   Do pegmatites belong to the group of plutonic or volcanic rocks?
   
8. 
   How do pegmatites occur?
   
9. 
   What minerals are igneous rocks rich in?
   

9. а) Найдите в правой колонке руссжше эквиваленты следующих слов в
сочетаний слов:

1. 
   adjacent layers а) способ залегания
   
2. 
   abyssal rocks б) крупнозернистый
   
3. 
   dimensions of crystals в) зоны крупных нарушений
   
4. 
   valuable minerals г) абиссальные (глубинные) породы
   
5. 
   shape and size of grains д) смежные пласты (слои)
   
6. 
   mode of occurrence e) размеры кристаллов
   
7. 
   coarse-grained ж) взбросы
   
8. 
   uplifts з) форма и размер зерен
   
9. 
   zones of major deformation и) ценные минералы
   

б) Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов:

1. 
   затвердевшие массы a) irregular shape
   
2. 
   обломочные породы б) at a certain depth
   
3. 
   медленно остывать в) economically important
   
4. 
   мелкозернистый г) solidified masses
   
5. 
   многочисленные трещины д) scientific value
   
6. 
   неправильная форма e) to cool slowly
   
7. 
   на определенной глубине ж) existing types of rocks
   
8. 
   экономически важный з) fine-grained
   
9. 
   научная ценность и) fragmentary rocks
   
10. 
    существующие типы пород к) numerous cracks or fissures
    

10. Переведите сочетания слов, обращая внимание на место причастия
прошедшего времени по отношению к определяемому существительному:

accelerated process weathered fragments of rocks

crystallized magma generally applied method

successfully improved design unconsolidated and consolidated rocks \

weakly deformed minerals unfrozen ground

rapidly cooled rocks detailed studies of the Earth's crust

utilized equipment dissolved minerals

minerals dissolved by the consolidated rocks

action of water rocks consolidated by some substances

rocks formed by solidification stratified sediments

rocks exposed on the Earth's exposed rocks

surface transformations caused by new

conditions...

Unit5119

11. Найдите предложения, • которых имеются причастия прошедшего
времени. Определите их функцию. Переведите предложения:

1. 
   Igneous rocks form a large group of minerals which are eco­
   nomically important.
   
2. 
   The igneous rocks formed by cooling occur either as intrusive
   or extrusive rocks.
   
3. 
   Orthoclase is particularly used in great quantities as raw mate­
   rial in the production of porcelain (фарфор).
   
4. 
   The clayey mass obtained by the decomposition of orthoclase is usually
   white and is called kaolin. The product obtained is used in industry.
   
5. 
   Quartz occurs in the form of small grains. Quartz crystals found in
   the cracks and fractures of rocks are very hard and beautiful.
   
6. 
   Pure quartz sands are used in the production of glass.
   
7. 
   Actual observations of rocks exposed on the continent show
   that shale represents 46 per cent of the total, sandstone about 32
   per cent, and limestone about 22 per cent.
   

12. Замените определительное придаточное предложение определитель­
ным причастным оборотом.

Образец: The igneous rocks which have crystallized from magma may rise through fissures to the surface of the Earth as lava. ->• The igneous rocks crystallized from magma may rise to the surface of the Earth as lava.

1. 
   The classification of igneous rocks which is given below is
   based on texture and composition of minerals.
   
2. 
   Igneous rocks were a hot molten mass which was known as
   magma.
   
3. 
   Observations have shown that the rock types which were pro­
   duced by molten volcanoes, include, for example, rhyolite, andes-
   ite, basalt and other rocks.
   
4. 
   Andesite which was first found in the Andes Mountains in
   South America is the fine-grained rock, intermediate in composition
   between granite and basalt.
   
5. 
   Copper is second only to iron among the important metals
   which are widely used in modern engineering.
   

13. Найдите в тексте Л и выпишите: 1) причастия прошедшего времени
в функции левого определения вместе с существительными, которые они
определяют; 2) причастия прошедшего времени, входящие в определитель­
ный причастий оборот; 3) причастия прошедшего времени, используемые
для образования глагольных форм группы Perfect; 4) причастия прошедшего
времени, используемые для образования страдательного залога.

120 UnitS

14. Сосдввште главные предложения с придаточными:

1. Abyssal rocks belong to the a) that are economically important.

group of intrusive rocks

2. Uplifts in mountain belts 6) which usually cut through

have permitted erosion to plutonites.

the depths

3. Granites and dioritcs occur в) because they are intruded into

as batholiths pre-existing rocks.

4. Pegmatites (quartz, orthoclase r) at which plutonic masses are

and mica) occur in numerous formed, veins

5.Extrusive igneous rocks have д) where the changes in temperature

been formed as lavas are great.

6. Igneous rocks are rich in e) which come from fissures to

minerals the surface of the Earth's crust.

7. Physical weathering occurs ж) which are large irregular masses.

in the deserts and in high mountains

15. Закончите следующие предложения подходящими по смыслу словами
из текста А:

1. 
   Batholiths are composed of... .
   
2. 
   Laccoliths are very similar to sills but sills ... .
   
3. 
   Granites belong to the group of... .
   
4. 
   Pegmatites are also ....
   
5. 
   Dykes are intrusive bodies which ... .
   
6. 
   Extrusive rocks have been formed from ....
   
7. 
   As for the origin of intrusive rocks, they ... ,
   
8. 
   The grain size of igneous rocks may be different. For ex­
   ample ....
   

16. Выразите несогласие со следующими высказываниями. Подт свои ответы фактами из текста, используя предлагаемые разговорные формулы:

It seems to be wrong; I don't agree with yon; I don't think so; on the con­trary; that's not quite so; as far as I know

1. 
   Igneous rocks have been formed by sedimentation. Nothing is
   written about different types of these rocks.
   
2. 
   One cannot explain the fact that exposed igneous rocks are
   most numerous in mountain zones.
   
3. 
   Granites and diorites belong to the group of extrusive rocks
   and their mode of occurrence is unknown.
   
4. 
   Plutonic or abyssal rocks are extrusive rocks with grain size
   less than 0.5 mm.
   

Unit 5121

17. Суммируйте содержание текст» А, используя слон в скобках.

1. 
   The formation of igneous rocks and their types, (to be formed,
   to solidify, to cool, either ... or, magma, volcano, lava, fragmentary
   rocks)
   
2. 
   The grain size of igneous rocks and its dependence on the
   mode of occurrence, (grain size, plutonic or abyssal rocks, extrusive
   and volcanic rocks)
   
3. 
   The causes of exposed rocks formation in mountain zones.
   (various depths, zones of major deformation, uplifts, erosion)
   
4. 
   Granites and diorites and their mode of occurrence, (intrusive
   rock, to occur as..., irregular mass, stocks, dykes, occurrences, at a
   certain depth) *
   
5. 
   Pegmatites and their mode of occurrence, (plutonic rocks, to
   occur, vein, to cut through, as well as adjacent rocks)
   

18. Расскажите об изверженных породах. (См. рнс. 2, с. 118.) В своем
рассказе дайте ответы на следующие вопросы:

1. 
   What does Fig. 2 show?
   
2. 
   What type of rocks are represented there?
   
3. 
   What intrusive and extrusive occurrences does the figure show?
   What can you say about each occurrence?
   
4. 
   What minerals does each group of rocks represent?
   

ГРАММАТИКА 1. Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий

Односложные и некоторые двусложные прилагательные и наречия образуют сравнительную степень прибавлением к своей основе суффикса -ег, а превосходную степень — при-бавлением суффикса -est. Многосложные и большинство дву-сложных прилагательных образуют сравнительную степень при помощи слова more более, а превосходную — при помо-щи слова most самый, наиболее.

Перед прилагательными в превосходной степени употреб­ляется определенный артикль.

122

Unit 5

Положительная степень	Сравнительная степень	Превосходная степень
long длинный	longer длиннее	the longest самый
		длинный
heavy тяжелый	heavier тяжелее	the heaviest самый
		тяжелый
difficult трудный	more difficult труднее	the most difficult
		самый трудный
late поздно	later позже	latest позже всего
early рано	earlier раньше	earliest раньше всего
clearly ясно	more clearly яснее	most clearly яснее
		всего

Особые случаи

Положительная степень	Сравнительная степень	Превосходная степень
good хороший •»	better лучше	the best самый лучший;
well хорошо		лучше всего
bad плохой \	worse хуже	the worst самый пло-
badly плохо f		хой, худший; хуже
		всего
little маленький; мало	less меньше	the least меньше всего
muchi

много	тоге больше	the most больше всего
.
far далекий; далеко	farther более далекий,	the farthest) самый дале-
	дальше	the furthest/
	further дальнейший,	всего
	добавочный

Для усиления сравнительной степени перед прилагатель­ными и наречиями употребляются слова much, far, still, a great deal, которые переводятся на русский язык словами: намного, значительно, гораздо, еще.

far more favourable condi­tions

far better results much more work

much more successfully

гораздо (намного) более благоприятные условия

гораздо лучше результаты

значительно (гораздо) больше работы

гораздо более успешно


Прилагательные выражением by far.

в превосходной степени усиливаются

Unit 5123

Open-cast mining is by Разработка открытым спосо-

far the most efficient. бом наиболееэффективна.

1. Место наречий в предложении

Наречия неопределенного времени always всегда, often часто, seldom редко, already уже, usually обычно, sometimes иногда, soon скоро, never никогда и т.д. ставятся перед смысловым глаголом или после первого вспомогательного глагола в сложных глагольных формах:

Combustible shales often Горючие сланцы часто зале-
occur as horizontal гают горизонтальными
beds. пластами.

Coal isusually usedas Уголь обычно используется
fuel. в качестве топлива.

Не doesn 'tever playОн никогда не играет в
tennis. теннис.

Наречия, выполняющие в предложениях функцию об­стоятельства места и времени, стоят либо в начале предложе­ния перед подлежащим, либо в конце предложения:

Yesterday a group of Вчерагруппа студентов посе-
students visited the тила обогатительную фаб-

concentration plant. рику.

I was very busy yesterday. Я был очень занят вчера.

Наречия, определяющие прилагательное, причастие или другое наречие, обозначают признак или степень качества и всегда стоят перед словом, к которому относятся:

a chemically pure substance химически чистое вещество;

a highly developed industry высокоразвитая промышленность.

3. Наречия на -1у

От многих прилагательных можно образовать наречия, прибавив к ним суффикс -ly: nice — nicely, great — greatly, careful — carefully, definite — definitely, excellent — excellently и

Др.

Некоторые наречия, образованные от прилагательных с помощью суффикса -1у, отличаются по значению от соот­ветствующих прилагательных:

124

UnitS


Прилагательные

Наречия

real -direct -hard -ready — large —

настоящий прямой трудный готовый большой

really -directly -hardly -readil -largely -

действительно

сразу, непосредственно

едва

быстро, легко

очень, в основном

Некоторые наречия имеют две формы: одну без суффикса, совпадающую с прилагательным, другую — с суффиксом -Yy. Последние часто не совпадают по значению с соответствующи­ми прилагательными:

Прилагательные Наречия

без суффикса

higb — высокий high — высоко


close — близкий close — близко, рядом

wide — широкий near — близкий late — поздний

wide — широко near — близко late — поздно

Наречия с суффиксом

bight — весьма, очень, чрезвычайно

widely — очень, значительно

nearly — почти

lately — недавно,

за последнее время

closely — тщательно, внимательно

ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ 19. а) Прочитайте вслух следующие слова:

[i:] — be'neath, mean, heat, cleave, 'easy, 'easily, 'medium

[л] — some, run, such, a'bove, 'structure, 'other

[ei] — 'nature, 'slate, 'layer, 'flaky, 'trace, great

[ai] — 'mica, 'primary, de'fine, 'crystalline

[ou] — show, low, slow, com'pose, 'process, know

[э:] — third, Earth, oc'cur, 'surface

[a:] — marble, large

б) Прочитайте следующие слова и запомните их произношение:

gneiss (nais], chlorite ['kb:rait], phyllites ['filaits], quartzite [ 'kwo:tsait]

в) Прочитайте слитно следующие сочетания слов:

the nature of pre-existing rock and the mechanism of the meta-

morphic deformation

an opportunity of analysing the causes of its metamorphism

to be subjected to pressure, heat and chemically active fluids

beneath the Earth's surfaqe

Unit 5

125

to consist of quartz, orthoclase and mica to be determined by at least four variable geologically related parameters

20. Прочитайте следующие слом и сочетания слов 1-2 раза про себя, затем вслух и постарайтесь запомнить их.

at least по крайней мере

to give an opportunity (of) давать возможность (кому-л., чему-л.)

In such a way таким образом

21. а) Определите по словообразовательным элементам (суффиксам и префиксам), какой частью речи являются следующие слова. Переведите их:

known — unknown; differ — different — difference; found — founder — foundation; mean — meaning; difficult — difficulty

б) Переведите на русский язык прилагательные с суффиксом -able: changeable, understandable, valuable, variable, breakable

•) Заполните пропуски прилагательными, образованными от вы­деленных глаголов или существительных:

1. Under the action of pressure and high temperature rocks change their composition and structure. One may say that the struc­ture and composition of rocks are ....

band [btend] л слой; полоса; про­слоек (породы); synlayer

cleave [kli:v] v расщепляться; трес-• каться, отделяться по кливажу; cleavage nкливаж

constituent [kan'stitjusnt] л состав­ная часть, компонент

define [di'fain] v определять, да­вать определение

[dis'tnbjurt] v (among) рас­пределять (между); раздавать s'ta:b] v нарушать; смещать

excess [ik'scs] л избыток, изли­шек; ant deficiency [di 'fi/(s)nsi]

flaky ['fleiki] а слоистый; похожий на хлопья

fluid [ 'flu(:)id] л жидкость; жидкая или газообразная среда

foliate [Toulieit] v расщепляться на тонкие слои; foliated а лис­товатый, тонкослоистый; synflaky

marble [ 'ma:bl] л мрамор

mention ['теп/(э)п] v упоминать, ссылаться; л упоминание

plate [pleit] nпластина; полоса (металла)

pressure ['рге/э] л давление; rock pressure (underground pressure) горное давление, давление горных пород

relate [ri'leit] v относиться; иметь отношение; related а родствен­ный; relation л отношение; re­lationship л родство; свойство; relative а относительный; соот­ветственный

run [глп] (ran [ran], run) v бегать, двигаться; течь; работать (о машине); тянуться, прости­раться; управлять (машиной); вести (дело, предприятие)

schistose ['Jistous] _aсланцеватый; слоистый

sheet |Ji:t] л полоса

slate [sleit] л сланец; syn shale

split [split] (split) v раскалываться, расщепляться, трескаться; syn cleave

trace [treis] л след; tracing л про­ слеживание

126 Unit 5

2.Everybody understands that metamorphic rocks have been
developed from earlier igneous and sedimentary rocks. It is quite ...
that these changes take place in texture, in mineral composition and
in structural features of rocks.

3. 
   Soft rocks can break into pieces. They are ....
   
4. 
   Rare metals are of great value. They are very ....
   
5. 
   Rock pressure and temperature vary. The role of water in
   metamorphism is determined by four ... parameters.
   

22. Переведите наречия, образованные от прилагательных с помощью
суффикса -1у.

chief главный — chiefly ..., general общий, основной — gener­ally ..., common общий — commonly ..., original первоначальный — originally ..., particular особенный — particularly ..., practical практический, фактический — practically ..., usual обычный — usually ..., wide широкий — widely ...

23. Прочитайте следующие сочетавм слов. Переведите их:

cleavage distribution the definition of rocks

geological disturbances schistose structure

schistose coal low-grade metals

medium-grade coals high-grade oil
the most common metamorphic exposed igneous rocks

rocks single oithoclase crystals

chemically active fluids scientific value

rock pressure water pressure

excess of water thin sheets

foliated and non-foliated the Earth's surface

metamorphic rocks separate plates

24. Определите значения выделенных слов по сходству их корней с
соответствующих слов в русском языке:

metamorphic rocks; some changes in texture; in mineral com­position and structure; the description of metamorphism; schistose structure; the role of water; four variable geologically related pa­rameters; flaky materials; the mechanism of metamorphic deforma­tion; crystalline schists; the great dislocations of the Earth's crust; during normal progressive metamorphism

25. Прочитайте текст Б и найдите в нем ответы на следующие вопросы:

1. 
   What is metamorphism?
   
2. 
   Why can metamorphic rocks cleave easily?
   
3. 
   Why is the study of metamorphic rocks important?
   

Unit 5 127

ТЕКСТ Б Metamorphic Rocks

The problem discussed concerns metamorphic rocks which compose the third large family of rocks. "Metamorphic" means "changed frop". It shows that the original^ rock has been changed from its primary form to a new one. Being Subjected to, pressure, heat and chemically active fluids beneath the Earth's surface, vari­ous rocks in the Earth's crust ^rundergo changes in texture, in mineral corhpositioh and structure and are transformed into meta-morphic rocks. The process describeci is called metamorphism.

As is known, metamorphic rocks have been developed from ear­
lier igneous and sedimentary rocks by the action of heat and pressure.
^ Gneisses, mica schists, phyllites, marries, slate, quartz, etc.
belong to the ⁷sarhe group of rocks, ija'yirijj the same mineral cdni-
position as granite, gneisses consist chiefly of quartz, orthoclase
andl mica^. However uhMe granite, they have a schistose structure. It
rtfeans tjjat their constituents are Aisfnbutejdf in bands or layers and
rar^ parallel to each other in one'Direction. If 4|sjturbed jhe rock
Cleaves easily into separate plates.

The role of water in rnetamorphism is deterrnine^ by at least four v^riaDle'geologically refuted parameters: rock pressure, tempera-

ture .water pressure, and the am'oimt of water present.

^? During a normal progressive metamorphism rock pressure and temperature are iriterciependent, and the amount of water and the pressure of water arejrela|e?t^ the sediments and to the degree of metamorphism in'such a^way'tfiat, gerienBry. speaking, the low-grade metamorphic rocks are characterized by the excess of water. The medium-grade rocks defined by some deficiency of water and the high-grade metamorphic rocks are characterized by the absence of water.

Many of the metamorphic rocks -mentioned above consjst,of flaky materials such as mica and chlorite. These minerals cause the' rock to split into thin sheets, and rocks become foliated.сг-оисъи

Slate, phyllite, schist and gneiss belfcng to the group of foliated
metamorphic rocks. Marble and quartzite are non-foliated metamor­
phic rocks,

The structure of nietamo,rphic rocks is of importance because it shows the nature of i>re-existmg j;ocks and the mechanism of metamorphic deformation. Every trace of^c/6nginal structure is of great importance to geologists. It gives an opportunity of analysing the causes of its metamorphism.

128 Unit 5

Being often called crystalline schists, metamorphic rocks such asi gneisses and mica have a schistose structure. Metamorphic rocks represent the oldest portion of the Earth's crust. They are mostly found in the regions of mountain belts where great dislocations on the Earth once took place.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

26.Укажите, какие предложен» соответствуют содержанию текста Б.
Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста.

1. 
   Generally speaking, metamorphic rocks have been developed
   from ores.
   
2. 
   Marble, slate and phyllite belong to the group of metamor­
   phic rocks.
   
3. 
   As is known, unlike granite metamorphic rocks have a schis­
   tose structure.
   
4. 
   It is quite obvious that the role of water in metamorphism is
   great.
   
5. 
   As a rule, low-grade metamorphic rocks are characterized by
   the absence of water.
   
6. 
   Flaky materials cause the rock to split into thin sheets.
   
7. 
   It should be noted that marble and quartzite are foliated
   metamorphic rocks.
   
8. 
   The structure of metamorphic rocks shows the nature of older pre­
   existing rocks and the mechanism of metamorphic deformation as well.
   
9. 
   All metamorphic rocks are non-foliated.
   

27. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. 
   Do you know how metamorphic rocks have been formed?
   
2. 
   Which rocks belong to the group of metamorphic?
   
3. 
   Does gneiss have the same structure as granite?
   
4. 
   Is the role of water great in metamorphism?
   
5. 
   What rocks do we call foliated? What can you say about non-
   foliated metamorphic rocks?
   
6. 
   How can geologists trace the original structure of metamorphic
   rocks?
   
7. 
   Why are metamorphic rocks often called crystalline schists?
   

28. i) Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих слов и
сочетаний слов:

1. as a result of the chemical а) полоса (или прослоек) угля

and physical changes б) составляющие пород

2. constituents of rocks в) расщепляться на отдельные слои

Unit 5

129


3. to be subjected to constant

development

4. 
   to undergo changes
   
5. 
   excess of water
   
6. 
   low-grade ores
   
7. 
   coal band
   
8. 
   to cleave into separate layers
   
9. 
   traces of original structure
   

10. generally speaking

г) вообще говоря

д) в результате химических и

физических изменений

е) избыток воды

ж) изменяться

з) находиться в постоянном

развитии

и) низкосортные руды к) следы первоначальной структуры

б) Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих слов и сочетаний слов:

1. 
   иметь значение
   
2. 
   упомянутые выше
   
3. 
   сланцеватая структура
   
4. 
   в отличие от гранита
   
5. 
   недостаток воды
   
6. 
   существовавшие ранее
   породы
   
7. 
   слоистые породы
   
8. 
   мрамор и сланец
   
9. 
   гнейс
   

10. 
    давать возможность
    
11. 
    определять структуру
    

а) unlike granite

б) to be of importance

в)
r) mentioned above

д) schistose structure

е) to give an opportunity (of doing

smth)

ж) to define (determine) rock texture

з) deficiency of water
и) flaky rocks

к) marble and slate л) gneiss

29. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, используя следующие слова:
cleave cleaves cleavage

1. 
   Metamorphic rocks which have a schistose structure can ....
   
2. 
   As a result of splitting ... is formed.
   
3. 
   Generally speaking, the constituents of gneisses are distributed
   in bands or layers and the rock ... easily.
   

relate related relationship relating (to)

1. 
   The ... between rock pressure and temperature is interdepen­
   dent.
   
2. 
   The role of water in metamorphism can be characterized at
   least by four variable geologically ... parameters.
   
3. 
   These parameters ... to each other.
   
4. 
   At the Institute the students study the full range of subjects ...
   to mining, geology as well as mining mechanics.
   

30. а) Переведите следующие сочетания слов и предложения, обращая
внимание на перевод прилагательных в сравнительной степени:

to observe the higher temperature at day time and the lower temperature at night

to become wider and deeper

130 • Unit 5

to cause more complex and varied changes

to penetrate deeper

to become more and more destroyed

to decompose at a slower rate

There are deeper and wider cracks.

The action of plants is even more destructive.

6) Переведете сочетаем слов с врвлагателшшв в варешмв в сравветелыюй стевевв, обравша вввмавве ва случав усвяеввл сраввеввв:

to be more than 0.5 mm

to intrude into older pre-existing rocks

to have even finer grains

less than 0.5 mm

to form smaller rock masses

to be much longer

to cool much more rapidly

to cool more slowly

to crystallize to a larger-grain size

coarse-grained intrusive rocks

31. а) Подберете вз сввсков А в Б блвзкве во звачеввю слова:

А. 1. band Б. a) allow (let)

2. 
   cleave 6) size
   
3. 
   constituent в) fissure
   
4. 
   foliated г) take place
   
5. 
   be like д) speed
   
6. 
   permit e) layer
   
7. 
   crack ж) split
   
8. 
   occur з) component
   
9. 
   rate и) flaky
   

10. dimension к) be similar to

б) Подберете вз сввсков А в Б протввоволожвые во эвачеввю слова.

А. 1. deep Б. a) cleavage

2. 
   cool б) shallow
   
3. 
   slowly в) low-grade
   
4. 
   vast r) non-foliated
   
5. 
   extrusive д) rapidly
   
6. 
   like e) unlike
   
7. 
   high-grade ж) intrusive
   
8. 
   common з) deficiency
   
9. 
   excess и) small
   

10. foliated к) heat

л) uncommon

Unit 5131

32. а) Прочитайте следующие сочетания слов с причастием прошедшего
времени в функции правого определения и переведите их.

Образец: The equipment used is ...— используемое оборудование является ...

1. 
   New sources of fuel described included ....
   
2. 
   Modern colliery visited used ....
   
3. 
   Economic achievements written about are ... .
   
4. 
   Average coal output of the quarry designed will reach ....
   

6) Прочитайте следующие предложения. Найдите в каждом из них группу «подлежащее-сказуемое». Определите функции слов с суффиксом -ed:

l.The prospecting party provided with new equipment planned to begin its work in spring.

2. The prospecting party provided new data on useful minerals
discovered in the region.

З.Тпе prospecting party is provided with new equipment. 4. The rocks described represented the oldest portion of the Earth's crust.

33. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, употребив данный в скобках
глагол в соответствующем времени н залоге:

1. Scientists and engineers ... computers in their work. Computers ... in different fields of science and engineering, (to apply)

1. Materials for sedimentary rocks ... fragments of pre-existing rocks. Conglomerate, sandstone and shale ... into the group of sedi­mentary rocks, (to include)

3. 
   Geophysicists ... the changes which take place deep in the
   Earth. Many of these changes develop at such a slow rate that they ...
   only with the help of modern instruments and computers, (to
   observe)
   
4. 
   Water greatly ... the decomposition of rocks. It is quite obvious
   that weathering ... by the action of water, (to facilitate)
   

34. Определите, какие функции в предложении выполняют совпадающие
по форме выделенные слова. Переведите предложения:

1. The term "prospecting" includes the whole range of geologi­cal work directed to discovering deposits of valuable minerals. The Moscow Mining Academy directed the activities of the Academy's research institutions.

Ш Unit 5

2. 
   Limestones occupied vast areas of the Earth's surface. It is
   quite obvious that the regions occupied by limestones have been
   covered by seas.
   
3. 
   Modern deposits of Kamchatka volcanoes investigated by
   Russian geologists show that volcanism is active there. The Institute
   of Volcanology of the Siberian Department of the Academy of
   Sciences investigated friable (рыхлый) volcanic deposits of
   Kamchatka.
   
4. 
   The clayey mass obtained by the decomposition of orthoclase
   is white and is called kaolin. Chemists obtained phosphorus from
   phosphorite.
   

35. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод причастия
прошедшего времени.

Образец 1: The mining method used depends on many factors. -» Используемый метод разработ­ки зависит от многих факторов.

1. 
   The problems discussed are connected with the investigations
   of the Earth's crust depths.
   
2. 
   Metamorphic rocks described represent the oldest part of the
   Earth's crust.
   
3. 
   The process of metamorphism mentioned above creates such
   minerals as tremolite, sillimanite and others which are uncommon
   in sedimentary and igneous rocks.
   
4. 
   In all the mines visited automated computerised control sys­
   tems were used.
   
5. 
   A new system of planning employed gives an opportunity of
   supplying correct information quickly which is essential for man­
   agement control of modern mines.
   

Образец 2: When burnt, coal produced heat. -> При сжигании уголь выделяет тепло.

1. 
   If disturbed, rocks cleave easily into separate plates.
   
2. 
   When needed the additional experiments are carried out.
   
3. 
   When subjected to pressure, heat and chemically active fluids,
   various rpcks in the Earth's crust are transformed into metamor-
   phic rocks.
   

36. 
    Найдите в тексте Б и выпишите причастия прошедшего времени в
    функции правого определения.
    
37. 
    Переведите предложения, используя сочетания слов:
    

to be formed; to belong to; to be like; to be of value; to give an opportunity

Unit 5133

of; unlike; to be of importance; pre-existing rocks; schistose structure; to determine

1. 
   Метаморфические породы образовались из извержен-ных
   и осадочных пород.
   
2. 
   Гнейс, сланец, мрамор и другие породы относятся к
   группе метаморфических пород.
   
3. 
   Гнейс похож на гранит, но, в отличие от гранита, он
   имеет слоистую структуру.
   

4. Вообще говоря, описанные метаморфические породы
имеют большое значение, так как их структура дает возмож­
ность установить следы существовавших ранее пород.

38. Задайте вопросы по образцу.

Образец: Metamorphic rocks are mostly found in the regions of mountain belts, (where?) -> Where are meta-morphic rocks mostly found?

1. 
   Metamorphic rocks have been developed from earlier igne­
   ous and sedimentary rocks, (what rocks?)
   
2. 
   The constituents of gneisses are distributed in bands or layers.
   (how?)
   
3. 
   Mica and chlorite cause the rock to split into thin sheets, (what
   materials?)
   
4. 
   The structure of metamorphic rocks is of importance, (why?)
   

39. Закончите предложения подходящими по смыслу слотами из текста Б:

1. 
   As for the origin of metamorphic rocks they ....
   
2. 
   When we say that a mineral has a schistose structure it means ... .
   
3. 
   It should be noted that the role of water in the formation of
   metamorphic rocks is great. It is known that high-grade metamorphic
   rocks are characterized by the absence of water while medium-grade
   rocks... .
   
4. 
   Geologists should know every trace of the original structure of
   metamorphic rocks because ....
   

40. Суммируйте содержание текста Б, используя слова в скобках:

1. 
   The process of metamorphism. (to mean, to show, to undergo
   changes, to be transformed, to call)
   
2. 
   The role of water in the formation of metamorphic rocks, (to
   be interdependent, to be related to, in such a way, generally speaking, to
   be characterized by)
   

134 UnitS

3. 
   The difference between foliated and non-foliated metamor­
   phic rocks, (flaky, to cause, to split into, to cleave)
   
4. 
   The structure of metamorphic rocks, (to be of importance, trace,
   pre-existing rocks, to give an opportunity of)
   

41. Расскажите коротко (8-10 предложений), что вы знаете о горных поро­дах в земной коре, об их происхождении, залегания н минералах, которыми они богаты. Используйте данную ниже схему н следующие разговорные формулы:

as for as I know; as is known; as for; I'd like to say a few words about...; it should be noted that...; as a rule; generally speaking и др.

Rocks of the Earth's Crust

I I

sedimentary rocks igneous rocks metamorphic rocks

I I I

mechanical, chemical intrusive rocks, rocks structure

and organic extrusive (volcano) |

sediments rocks water in metamorphism

I I I

Practical value of each type of rocks (metals they are rich in)

42. Прочитайте текст В без словаря и скажите, о чем ои. Слова для понимания текста:

profit — прибыль; польза

residual — осадочный

alloy — сплав

cast iron — чугун

ТЕКСТ В

Minerals that make up rocks, are defined as inorganic sub­stances which occur naturally and have a definite chemical composi­tion and physical properties which vary within known limits.

The major properties are colour, crystal form, hardness, cleavage and others. Cleavage is one of the most diagnostically useful mineralogi-cal properties which can be found throughout the mineral.

Minerals of use to man can be grouped into two broad catego­ries: 1) metals, such as aluminium, copper, gold, silver, iron, tin, platinum, chromium, nickel, lead and zinc, and 2) non-me­tallic minerals, such as diamonds, salt, limestone, cement, sul­phur, and asbestos. When minerals occur so that they can be worked at a profit they are called ore deposits. Mineral deposits are seldom equally rich throughout.

Unit 5135

Economic minerals are those which are of economic impor­tance and include both metallic and non-metallic minerals.

Most minerals consist of several elements. Such elements are oxygen, silicon, titanium, aluminium, iron, magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium and hydrogen. They make up more than 99 per cent by weight of all the rock-forming minerals. Of these, alu­minium, iron and magnesium are industrial metals. The other metals are present in small quantities, mostly in igneous rocks.

For example, iron is one of the most abundant metals in the Earth's crust. There are three important classes of iron deposits: deposits associated with igneous rocks; residual deposits and sedi­mentary deposits. Iron deposits associated with igneous rocks are usually small but very rich bodies either of haematite or magnetite. Large concentrations have been successfully mined in Pennsylvania (the USA) and in the Russian Federation.

Residual deposits of iron minerals are formed wherever weather­ing occurs. Iron deposits formed this way are very widespread. It should be stressed that the residual deposits were among the first to be exploited by man.

Sedimentary iron deposits make up most of the world's current production.

As the essential component of every variety of steel, iron is ob­viously the most important of all industrial metals. It has played a large part in the development of our modern civilization. Iron ores are mainly used for producing cast iron, steels and ferro-alloys. From a scientific point of view, iron's most important property is that it becomes magnetized.

The magnetic iron ore is the main wealth of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA). It is necessary to say that only in the last century was the secret of the unusual magnetism of enormous iron ore masses discovered underground.

Iron fields are worked by surface mining which is more eco­nomical. But the KMA is rich not only in iron ores. Its deposits contain bauxite, phosphorite, cement, sand and clays.

43. Разделите текст В м логические части. В каждой иста текста
вайднте предложение, передающее ее основную мысль. Озаглавьте каждую