Глава 6. Модальные глаголы.
6.1. Вступление.
Чтобы успешно применять модальные глаголы, помимо хорошо известных правил их употребления необходимо знать некоторые детали, которые, может быть, не столь часто упоминаются в учебниках и пособиях, однако очень важны для понимания сути и функций модальных глаголов в английском языке.
Одно и то же отношение к действию можно передать с помощью разных модальных глаголов. Поэтому, прежде чем использовать модальный глагол, следует оценить, например, “степень” долженствования (требование жесткое, средней степени или более мягкое) или “вид” долженствования (в силу общих норм, обстоятельств, договоренности или моральных норм), степень вероятности протекания события и пр.
Практически каждый модальный глагол многозначен. Его значение определяется контекстом высказывания или формой следующего за ним инфинитива.
Отрицательная форма, которая для большинства модальных глаголов образуется путем добавления частицы not, часто имеет самостоятельное модальное значение. Например, для выражения высокой степени вероятности протекания события используется глагол must. Если же мы в такой же степени уверены, что событие не может произойти, то употребляется глагол can’t.
Следует также иметь в виду словосочетания, выражающие отношение к действию, например: would rather (do), had better (do), it’s high time to do.
6.2. Таблица случаев употребления модальных глаголов, их эквивалентов и вспомогательных глаголов в модальном значении.
Значение глагола
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Форма глагола в настоящем (будущем) времени
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Форма глагола в прошедшем времени
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1.Должествование, обязанность, необходимость
а. Сильная степень
b.Более слабая степень, совет
c. По расписанию или по договоренности
2. Запрет
3. Отсутствие необходимости.
4. Способность
5. Разрешение, позволение
6. Вероятность событий
a. Абсолютная уверенность
b. Наиболее логичная интерпретация ситуации на основе имеющихся фактов, несколько менее определенная, чем в предыдущем случае.
c. Обоснованное ожидание того, что что-то случиться при условии, что все произойдет по плану.
d. Невысокая вероятность события.
e. Еще меньшая уверенность в предположении.
7. Просьба.
8. Предложение.
9. Намерение, неизбежность
10. Упрек.
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Must (в случае личной необходимости что-либо сделать): I must work harder.
Have to (в силу общих норм и правил): To become Doctor of Science every post graduate has to defend his thesis.
Should, shouldn’t, ought to, (had better): You should avoid doing some things contradicting common sense.
Is (am, are) to:
The train is to arrive at 7 a.m.
If we are to profit we have to develop our own ways to succeed.
Mustn’t, can’t:
You mustn’t tell somebody the news. It’s a secret.
You can’t smoke here. It’s not allowed.
Don’t have to, needn’t:
Students don’t have to learn any tables by heart. They have to be able to find necessary information there.
I needn’t go out tonight.
Can, can’t:
She can read English quickly but she can’t speak English fluently.
Can, may, could:
When you’ve finished you can go home.
May I ask you a question?
Could I use your dictionary for a moment?
Will, won’t:
Is that the phone? It’ll be John. He said he’d ring around now.
Don’t take the cake out of the oven. It won’t be ready yet.
Must, can’t, couldn’t:
You must be joking. I don’t believe you.
She can’t be well today. She had a sore throat and high temperature yesterday.
Should, shouldn’t:
We should be moving into our new house soon (as long as all the arrangements go smoothly).
This homework shouldn’t take you too long (if you ‘ve understood what you have to do)
May, may not:
We may go to Greece for our holidays, but we may not have enough money to go abroad this summer.
Might, might not, could:
You could (might) be right but I doubt it.
The American film could be worth seeing but it might not be admirable.
Could, can, would, will:
Can you lend me 5 pounds until tomorrow?
Will you give me a lift?
Could (would) you explain this rule for me?
Will, shall:
- What shall I do for you?
- I want someone to do a lot of typing for me.
- Will I do?
Will, won’t:
I’ll pay back tomorrow.
The car won’t start.
Might, could:
He could be more industrious.
You might at least offer her help.
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Had to:
I had to work hard to pass the 1st Certificate English exam.
Why did you have to re-sit your exam in economics?
Should, ought to + have done:
You should have listened to my advice.
Was (were) to:
He was to come but he failed.
---
Didn’t have to, needn’t + have done:
There is no queue in the bank this morning so I didn’t have to wait.
Needn’t + have done (действие было совершено, хотя в этом не было необходимости): You needn’t have bought the book. We have got enough copies in the library.
Didn’t need to (do) (действие не было необходимым, но мы не знаем, было оно фактически совершено или нет):
I didn’t need to do any shopping because I was invited to a dinner that night.
Could:
She could play the piano when she was three.
Was (were) able to, managed to (для выражения того, что однажды удалось в прошлом): A.S.Griboedov was able to enter Moscow University when he was 13.
Was (were) allowed to:
I was allowed to do whatever I wanted when I was young.
Will (would), won’t (wouldn’t) + have done:
You say you stayed in a hotel near the lake? That would have been my parent’s hotel! What a coincidence!
It won’t have been Peter you met at the party last night. He was ill in bed.
Must, can’t + have done:
He must have got lost. He can’t have known the way.
Should + have done:
Where’s Henry? He should have been here ages ago!
May, may not + have done:
Where is Ann? She may have overslept.
Might, might not, could + have done:
She might have decided not to come.
She might not have forgotten.
---
---
Wouldn’t:
He was angry because she wouldn’t lend him any money.
Could (might) + have done:
You could (might) have done it yesterday.
He could not (might not) have sent this cable.
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6.3. Глаголы, выражающие долженствование.
Обратите внимание на категоричность запрета, выражаемую mustn’t и отсутствие необходимости совершать какое-либо действие, выражаемое needn’t и don’t have to.
Упр.6.3.1. Употребите mustn’t или needn’t.
You ___________ give Freddy any more sweets or he won’t eat any tea.
The doctor said I _______________ go back to the hospital; my leg is all right.
You ___________ make any sandwiches for me. I’m not hungry.
She ___________ fill in a new application form, we have the other one.
You ___________ mention this to Kate, or she’ll get upset.
She ____________ bring a doctor’s certificate, she was only away for one day.
You ____________ take any more aspirins, you’ve had four already.
Tell her she ______________ open any letters marked “personal”.
Упр.6.3.2. Употребите нужный модальный глагол из предложенных только один раз в наиболее подходящей ситуации.
Must / mustn’t / needn’t / ought to / had better
There’s a fantastic film on at the Odeon. Advise your friend to see it before it’s too late.
Tell your friend not to drive her car till it’s insured.
You are going to play tennis with a friend at the tennis club. Tell him it isn’t necessary for him to bring any tennis balls as the club supplies them.
Your friend has just received his bank statement. He’s sure it’s incorrect. Advise him to telephone the bank.
Tell your Venezuelan friend that she needs a visa to get into France.
Упр.6.3.3. Заполните пропуски формами have to, don’t have to или should учитывая, что все предложения связаны с темой “Посещение Америки”.
When you go to America
you ________ get a visa.
you ________ apply for a visa at least one month before you go.
you ________ book a hotel room before you go, because there are usually a lot of vacancies.
you ________ get a work permit if you want to work there.
you _______ visit San Francisco, because many people think it is the most beautiful city in America.
you _______ change your money before you go, because there are a lot of 24-hour banks.
you _______ hire a car, because it’s the easiest way to travel, and petrol is cheap.
you _______ have special injections before you go.
Упр.6.3.4. Заполните пропуски положительной или отрицательной формами must, have to, had to, have had to, should.
I really do think you ___________ get your hair cut.
Careful, darling. You ___________ play with matches. They’re too dangerous.
My wife suddenly became ill in the middle of the night and I ____ call the doctor.
I’m overweight. The doctor said I _________ eat too many sweets or potatoes.
I like Saturday because I ___________ get up early.
A. Why have you got so much money on you? You _______ keep it in the bank.
I know. But today’s the day I _________ pay my employees.
It’s my mother’s birthday next week. I _______ remember to buy her a present
and a card.
No one likes __________ work at weekends.
You _______________ come with me if you don’t want to. I don’t mind going on my own. You stay here if you like.
I have a really bad memory for phone numbers. I ___________ look them up in the book every time.
When I was at school we __________ wear a uniform. Everybody hated it.
You ______________ touch electrical appliances if you’ve got wet hands. You could kill yourself.
She has a private income. She ______ never ______ do one day’s work in the whole of her life.
Упр.6.3.5. В этом и следующем упражнениях проанализируйте ситуации, когда уместно использовать форму to be to для выражения долженствования по договоренности, правилам внутреннего распорядка или по расписанию.
Поставьте вопросы к выделенным словам.
He was to give a talk on the properties of the Moon minerals.
Petrov was to meet an American businessman at 2 p.m.
The engineers of the team were to design and construct a new machine for agriculture.
I was to fly to Sverdlovsk the other day.
The undergraduates were to have a class in the gym.
We were to write a test and hand it to the teacher.
Упр.6.3.6. Задайте расчлененные вопросы с was, were + инфинитив с to.
Пример: The meeting ____ to begin at 6.
The meeting was to begin at 6, wasn’t it?
They ___ to have their exams on Wednesday.
Lucy ___ to speak at the meeting
He ____ to show the guests round.
Bob ___ to come back by Friday.
They ___ to produce the new machine two months ago.
The competition ___ to go on for at least 4 days.
Упр.6.3.7. Словосочетание had better + инфинитив без to выражает совет, пожелание. Дайте подходящий совет, употребляя had better (not) .
Пример: It’s too late. You had better go home now.
John has a bad toothache. He __________ .
The undergraduates are having a test today. They ___________ .
It’s raining cats and dogs ( идет проливной дождь ). You ___________ .
Bob wants to study German but he doesn’t know what to begin with. Bob, _________ .
e. Olga’s English pronunciation isn’t too good, she has a thick accent. What to do about it? ______ .
*Упр.6.3.8. Заполните пропуски положительной, отрицательной или вопросительной формами must, need или have to.
A. What time _________ we ____________ leave for the airport?
It’s only a thirty-minutes drive, so we _______ go until about 3.30. I __________ do my packing I haven’t start yet!
I have an interview for a job next week, but before the interview I _______ have a
medical examination.
How did you damage your bike? You ______ learn to look after your toys. When I was your age, I ____________ clean my bike every night.
There’s a new Indian restaurant just opened that you should go to. It’s wonderful! You ____________ book, though, because it’s so popular already.
I’m sure she didn’t mean to upset you. You _______ take things so personally.
I hate __________ get up on cold, winter mornings.
I hate _________ tell you this, but you’ve just got a parking ticket.
I have perfect teeth. I ____________ never __________ have a single filling.
I think I’ve put on weight. I ___________ watch what I eat in future.
I don’t think a career in the army would suit me. I ______ wear a uniform, for a start.
You _____________ worry about me. I can look after myself.
The doctor said I’ve got conjunctivitis. I ______ put drops in my eye three times a day.
What a wonderful meal that was! You _____________ gone to so much trouble!
I got something for my cough from the chemists’s, so I ______ go to the doctor’s.
I was very concerned about how my daughter would find going to her new school, but I ____________ worried, because she loved every minute.
You _________ take out travel insurance, but it’s a good idea, just to be on the safe side.
6.4. Упражнения на модальные глаголы, выражающие разрешение и возможность.
Упр.6.4.1. Заполните пропуски положительной или отрицательной формами can, could, to be able to. Имейте в виду, что когда речь идет об успешной одиночной попытке сделать что-либо в прошлом, глагол could не используется. Вместо него используются формы was able to и managed to . Can и could наравне с may употребляются для выражения разрешения, позволения что-либо сделать. Причем may относят к более формальному стилю.
In my country you ____________ get married when you are 16.
Women ___________ vote in England until 1922.
Last night I __________ get into my house because I had forgotten my key.
I phoned the Gas Board because I thought I ___________ smell gas, which is very dangerous.
“Hello. Is that the dentist? ___________ I make an appointment to see you, please?
I’m learning car mechanics because I want ___________ to service my own car. It costs a fortune if you send it to the garage.
Many night animals ______________ see very well, but they have a highly developed sense of smell.
If you __________ do this exercise, you’re very clever!
Упр.6.4.2. Ниже даны два диалога с перепутанными репликами, в которых один человек просит разрешения, а другой дает его. В одном диалоге Mr Roberts и Mr Thomas разговаривают в офисе, а в другом диалоге разговор идет между отцом и сыном. Поставьте реплики в правильном порядке, сформировав два диалога. Обратите внимание на различия при выражении позволения что-либо сделать.
But I’m taking Dave to see his girlfriend in hospital.
Yes, what is it?
I told you. I need it.
It’s not a very convenient time at the moment.
Well, as you know, my father can’t walk very well, and he needs to go into hospital. I was wondering if I could have a day off work?
Thank a lot, Dad. I won’t be home late.
Oh, please. He won’t be able to go if I don’t give him a lift.
That’s very kind. I’ll make up the time, I promise.
No, you can’t. I need it.
Mr Roberts? Could I have a word with you?
I’d be terribly grateful. He wouldn’t be able to go if I weren’t there to help him.
All right. I suppose I can walk. The exercise will do me good.
Well, if that’s the case I suppose you should.
Dad, can I have the car tonight?
Диалог 1. Диалог 2.
- Mr Thomas: - Son:
- Mr Roberts: - Father:
Упр.6.4.3. Заполните пропуски словами из списка. Каждое слово можно использовать только один раз.
can may might must don’t have to needn’t ought rather want
Foreign students in Britain (1) ________ usually stay with family or they (2) _______ be able to find a cheap hotel if they’d (3) ________ be on their own. Those who (4) _______ to improve their English very quickly normally stay with a family. Students who come to Britain for more than three months (5) _______ register with the police. If you stay for less than three months, you (6) ________ register at the police station. All foreign students (7) ________ to register with a doctor although it is not compulsory. You (8) ________ need medical help during your stay. If you fall ill, you (9) _________ go directly to a hospital unless it is a serious emergency. Phone your doctor first.
6.5. Степень вероятности протекания события.
Степень вероятности протекания события помогает определить ситуация. Чтобы дать вероятностную оценку прошлым событиям, необходимо употребить перфектный инфинитив.
Упр.6.5.1. Закончите следующие предложения, используя might и глаголы в скобках для выражения небольшой вероятности настоящих и будущих событий.
Пример: Take your umbrella because …. (rain)
Take your umbrella because it might rain.
She’s not sure what to do when she leaves university……(have a holiday / look for a job).
They don’t know where to have a holiday…..(Spain / stay at home).
Write my telephone number in your book…….(forget it).
I’ll try to arrive at 8.00, but ….(be late) if the traffic is bad.
I’m going to Paris for a meeting next week…. (stay the night / come back the same day). It depends how long the meeting goes on.
Упр. 6.5.2. Поставьте глагол в скобках в нужном времени, выбрав из следующих форм:
will
might
may do, be doing
could
won’t
There’s no point in phoning him this afternoon. He _________ (work) in the garden, and he __________ (not hear) the phone.
Don’t forget your umbrella. You never know, it __________ (rain).
A I hope we ___________ (not disturb) Pat when we drop in tonight.
B Don’t worry. She _____ (not work). She told me yesterday she never works in
the evening.
It’s a crazy idea but it _____________ (work).
A I have invited Jane to the party on Saturday.
B She ____________ (not come). She hates parties.
A I’ve bought three kilos of cheese for the party.
B That’s rather a lot, isn’t it? They ___________ (not like) cheese.
A Why haven’t you gone to the airport? I thought you were going to Rome.
B I’m sure the plane _____________ (delay - passive). The weather’s too bad.
Be careful with the dog. She turns a bit nasty sometimes, and _______ (bite) you.
I don’t know why I bother with my girlfriend. I know exactly what ______ (happen) tonight. I ______ (go) round to her house to pick her up, she ________ (have) a bath or ___________ (do) her hair as she always is, and I ________ (have to) wait three hours for her to get ready.
I have nothing to wear for this party. All I’ve got is this old black dress, and Suzy ___________ (wear) something spectacular, as usual.
Упр.6.5.3. Отреагируйте на предложения из колонки 1, используя must или can’t, добавляя соответствующие причины, выбранные из колонки 2.
Пример: A Is Jane married?
B She can’t be married. She’s only fifteen.
1 2
1. Is Jane married? a. I saw her looking at wedding ring
yesterday.
2. I saw Alice in town yesterday. b. I’ve just seen her playing tennis.
3. I was served in a restaurant by Tessa. c. She’s only fifteen.
4. Is Sheila thinking of moving? d. There’s a strong smell coming from
next door.
5. Did Anita get engaged to Alan? e. She went abroad last week.
6. Has Pat hurt his leg? f. She told me she did not like him.
7. Is Jenny going out with Tom? g. She’s a school-teacher.
8. Is Mary having her flat decorated? h. There’s a For Sale notice up outside
her house.
Упр.6.5.4. Переделайте предложения, используя глаголы must, can’t или might с соответствующей формой инфинитива.
Пример: I’m sure Harry’s at least sixty.
Harry must be at least sixty.
Perhaps he’s having a party.
He might be having a party.
I’m sure he hasn’t retired yet. He still leaves the house every morning.
I’m sure he isn’t very well off. His house is in a terrible mess.
Perhaps he spent all his money when he was younger.
I’m sure he does a lot of gardening. His garden looks beautiful.
I’m sure he’s read a lot of books about gardening. He’s certainly expert.
I’m sure he’s working in his garden now. I can hear someone digging.
Now I can hear voices. Perhaps he’s talking to Miss Appleby.
No, I’m sure it isn’t Miss Appleby. It’s two men’s voices.
They’re shouting. Perhaps they are having an argument.
They’re talking about money. Perhaps Harry owes the other man some money.
Now I can’t hear anything. I’m sure they’ve gone inside.
My God! A gun shot! I’m sure Harry killed him!
No, there’s Harry outside, so it wasn’t Harry who was shot.
There’s a siren. I’m sure this is the police arriving.
Look at all those lights and cameras. Ah! Now I understand. They were making a film!
Упр.6.5.5. Поставьте себя на место детектива, расследующего ограбление в доме Смитов. С помощью соответствующих модальных глаголов выскажите предположение о ситуации.
“I wonder how the thief got in. He (a) __________ used a ladder or he (b) ________ had a key. Ah! What’s this? Broken glass by the kitchen door, and the door has been unlocked. He (c) _________ broken the window, put his hand inside, and turned the key. That (d) __________ made a noise. I wonder if the neighbours heard anything?”
(He goes next door to talk to the neighbours, and knocks on the door.)
“There is no reply. I suppose they (e) _________ be on holiday, or they (f) ___________ watching television.”
(He listens at the letter-box.)
“I can hear voices. Someone (g) _________ in. Rather odd.”
(He goes back to the Smith’s house.)
“Now I wonder what was stolen. I don’t think the Smith family is terribly well off, so the thief (h) _________ found a lot to steal. It was clever of him to come in just after Mrs Smith went shopping. He (i) ___________ known she would be out. What was that noise? It came from upstairs. The burglar (j) _________ not _______ left the house yet! He (k) __________ hiding upstairs! I’d better go and see.”
Упр.6.5.6. Закончите второе предложение так, чтобы оно имело значение, подобное первому. Используйте выделенное слово и от 2 до 5 других слов, нужных по смыслу.
It is possible that you gave her the wrong number.
might: You __________ the wrong number.
It is not possible that Richard knew about this.
have: Richard ________ about it.
Perhaps Susan didn’t want to come to the party.
may: Susan ________ to come to the party.
There is a possibility that Mary forgot about the meeting.
could: Mary _______ about the meeting.
I am certain that he wasn’t telling the truth.
must: He _______ lies.
He might have seen the film already.
has: Perhaps ________ the film.
The police say his death was definitely not an accident.
been: The police say his death ______ an accident.
There is no doubt that he was driving too fast at the time.
must: He ________ too fast at the time.
Perhaps Colin was in the bath when you phoned.
might: Colin ________ in the bath when you phoned.
It is possible that she did not receive my letter.
may: She ________ my letter.
Упр.6.5.7. Подчеркните слово или фразу, которая правильно завершает предложение.
I’m not certain, but it might / must have been half past four.
You must / can’t have been sunbathing all week - you haven’t got a tan.
Why don’t you sit down? You may / must be exhausted after such a long journey.
She can’t / must have gone on holiday. She’s got too much work to do.
It can’t / must have been Tom who left the lights on. He’s always doing that.
Laura may / can’t have tried to phone earlier, but I don’t know for sure.
He must / might have picked up this gun because his fingerprints are all over it.
She can’t / could have eaten that whole cake herself - it was huge!
6.6. Обзорные упражнения на модальные глаголы.
Упр.6.6.1. Прочитайте предложения. Определите функцию модального глагола, сопоставив букву предложения с номером соответствующей функции.
Например: a. She can dance but she can’t sing. a. – 8.
1- request; 2- offer; 3- intention; 4- strong obligation; 5- mild obligation; 6- prohibition; 7- no obligation; 8- ability; 9- permission; 10- certainty; 11- possibility.
Could you do something for me? I have a problem.
I think you should write and apologize.
What time do you have to start work?
She could read when she was three.
Will you lend me some money?
I’ll pay you back tomorrow.
Could I use your phone for a moment?
You must hold it very carefully. It’s very fragile.
You mustn’t drive if you’ve been drinking.
Give me your suitcase. I’ll take it to the car.
– Thank you, doctor. Shall I come in a week?
- Only if absolutely necessary.
They must have been arrived. Their car is in the drive.
They must be in bed.
They can’t be out at this time of night.
You can’t consult your neighbour at the exam.
Упр.6.6.2. Заполните пропуски, используя can, could, might, must, should, would и глагол в скобках. В некоторых предложениях следует использовать перфектный инфинитив. А в некоторых - отрицательную форму.
A I’m hungry.
B But you’ve just had lunch. You can’t be hungry already. (be)
A I haven’t seen our neighbours for ages.
B No’ They must have gone away. (go)
A What’s the weather like? Is it raining?
B Not at the moment but it ______________ later. (rain)
A Where has Julia gone?
B I’m not sure. She ___________ to the bank. (go)
A I didn’t see you at John’s party last week.
B No, I had to work that evening, so I ___________ .(go)
A I saw you at John’s party last week.
B No, you didn’t. You _____________ me. I didn’t go to John’s party. (see)
A When did you post the letter to Mary?
B This morning. So she ______________ it tomorrow. (get)
A When was the last time you saw Bill?
B Years ago. I _______________ him if I saw him now.(recognise)
A Did you hear the explosion?
B What explosion?
A There was a loud explosion a few minutes ago. You ____________ it.(hear)
j. A We weren’t sure which way to go. In the end we turned right.
B You went the wrong way. You ___________ left.(turn)
Упр.6.6.3. Составьте предложения из слов в скобках.
Don’t phone Ann now. (she might / have / lunch)
She might be having lunch.
I ate too much. Now I feel sick. (I shouldn’t / eat / so much)
I shouldn’t have eaten so much.
I wonder why Tom didn’t phone me. (he must / forget)
Why did you go home so early? (you needn’t / go / home so early)
You’ve signed the contract. (it / can’t / change / now)
“What’s Linda doing?” “I’m not sure.” (she may / watch / television)
Ann was standing outside the cinema. (she must / wait / for somebody)
He was in prison at the time the crime was committed, so (he couldn’t / do / it)
Why weren’t you here earlier? (you ought / be / here earlier)
Why didn’t you ask me to help you? (I would / help / you)
I’m surprised nobody told you that the road was very dangerous. (you should / warn)
George was in a strange mood yesterday. (he might not / feel / very well)
Упр.6.6.4. Укажите буквой предложение, которое точнее передает смысл заданного предложения.
Nissan is to announce on Monday a further modest rise in jobs at its plant in the north east England city.
A The aim of Nissan is to announce on Monday a further modest increase in jobs at its plant.
B Nissan must announce on Monday a further modest rise in jobs at its plant.
C Nissan announced on Monday a further modest rise in jobs at its plant.
If the new investment project is to be adopted, it must be approved by the Board.
A No doubt the project has been approved by the Board.
B If the project is adopted it must be approved by the Board.
C For the project to be adopted it must be approved by the Board.
*Упр.6.6.5. Закончите второе предложение, выразив в прошедшем времени ту же мысль, что и в первом предложении. Имейте в виду, что в некоторых предложения следует использовать другой глагол.
She can ski really well.
She _______ really well when she was five.
b. I can finish it by Friday but it won't be easy.
I __________ it by Friday but it wasn't be easy.
c. John can't live here. It's the wrong street.
Shakespeare ________ in that house. It wasn't built until 1840.
d. May I leave the room? I don't feel well.
I ______ the room because I didn't feel well.
I must check the oil before we leave.
I ______ check the oil before we left.
It must be raining. Everyone has their umbrella up.
It _______ . The ground is wet.
Thank you very much. You needn't give me a lift, but it's very kind.
You ________ me a lift, but it was very kind.
He needn't collect me from the station. I'll walk.
He ________ me from the station. I walked.
Why don't you take the exam? You might pass.
Why didn't you take the exam? You _______ .
He should stop smoking before it's too late.
He _______ stop smoking before it was too late.
I could visit you next Sunday.
I ________ you last Sunday. Why didn't you ask me?
There's the phone. It'll be Paul.
Did he have a deep voice? It ______ Paul.
He'll sit in the armchair for hours, staring into space.
He ___________ in the armchair for hours, staring into space.
Let's take the map. We may get lost.
I wonder where they are. They _______ .
*Упр.6.6.6. Заполните пропуски, используя will, won’t, must, can’t, should и нужную форму инфинитива глагола в скобках.
A. OK. Don’t worry about the phone. I’ll answer it. It _____(a) (be) David ringing me about tonight’s meeting.
“Hello. 37885.”
“Hello John. It’s David. I tried ringing you earlier, but I got no reply. You (b) ___________ (be) out.”
“I haven’t been out all morning. You (c) ____________ (get) the right number. Never mind. What’s about the meeting? How many people can we expect?”
“There (d) ____________ (be) quite a few, judging by the number of enquiries we’ve been having. One thing’s worrying me. I haven’t heard from the speaker, Joan Bakewell. I’m sure she (e) __________ (forget), but it isn’t like her not to get in touch. Shall I give her a ring?”
“Not now, no. She (f) ___________ (teach). You’d better wait an hour or so.”
“I’ve bought twenty bottles of wine for the party afterwards. That (g) __________ (be) enough, don’t you think?”
“Yes, plenty. I’ll see you later, then. Bye.”
“Bye.”
B. “You (h) ___________ (be) very excited about your new book.”
“Yes, I am. It (i) ____________ (sell) quite well if the publishers’ research is accurate.”
“It (j) ____________ (take) you a long time to write.”
“About three years, yes.”
“What about your first book?”
“I’m not terribly sure, but it (k) ____________ (do) very well, because it hasn’t been reprinted, and the first print run was only five hundred copies.”
“Better luck with this one!”
“Thanks!”
C. “My bank statement says I’m overdrawn. There (l) __________ (be) some mistake. I (m) ______________ (get) through a whole month’s salary already!”
“We (n) ____________ (spend) too much money on the house lately.”
“But how come I’m overdrawn?”
“It (o) ____________ (be) the desk we bought. It was over eight hundred pounds.”
“How much have you got ?”
“About four hundred pounds.”
“Oh, well. That (p) _____ (get) us through to the end of the month if we’re careful.”
D. “Do you think Joey (q) ____________ (get) my letter yet?”
“She (r) ___________ (receive) it by now. I haven’t heard of any hold-ups with the post. When did you send it?”
“Last week. I just wonder why she hasn’t rung to tell us how she intends to pay us back the money she owes us.”
“She (s) ____________ (think) up a good excuse as to why she can’t, I bet.”
Упр.6.6.7. Заполните пропуски, используя may, might или could и глагол в скобках. В некоторых случаях возможно использование каждого из трех глаголов. Обратите внимание на форму инфинитива.
I. I wonder why Alan didn’t buy me anything for my birthday. I suppose he (a) ________ (forget). Or he (b) _______ (think) that now I’m getting on. I don’t like to be reminded of my advancing years. On the other hand, he (c) _________ (not forget)! He (d) __________ (give) me a present this evening when I see him. Oh no! He (e) _______ (plan) a surprise party, as he did last year. What a disaster that was! I hope he isn’t doing it again!
II. Every time I phone Jane, it’s engaged. It’s very annoying. I suppose she (f) ____________ (try) to phone me while I’m phoning her. I’ll wait a while.
III. I can’t help worrying when Jack is late back home. I always think that he (g) __________ (have) an accident, and that he (h) __________ (lie) on the side of the road with ambulances and police cars all about him. I know it’s irrational. Wait a minute! It’s Tuesday today, isn’t it? He works late some Tuesdays. He (i) ___________ ( not leave) the office yet. I’ll give him a ring.
VI. I wonder why Helen has got all these books on Greece from the library. I suppose she (j) __________ (think) of going there on holiday. On the other hand, she (k) __________ (not get) them out for herself. They (l) ___________ (be) for Henry. He (m) ____________ (write) a project on Greece for his geography course.
*Упр. 6.6.8. Заполните пропуски глаголами could, managed to или соответствующей формой be able to.
a. What’s forty-eight divided by eight? I ______ never ____ to do sums in my head.
___________ drive has changed my whole life. Now I can go wherever I want without having to worry about public transport.
I had a row with Sheila last night about nuclear arms. I __________ understand the point she was trying to make, but I still didn’t agree.
A girl was drowning, but I jumped in and I __________ save her. I ___________ swim since I was six.
The view was breathtaking. You ___________ see right across the valley to the hills in the distance.
Why don’t you stop smoking? You __________ do it if you tried.
Ann’s operation was very successful. The doctors say she _________ walk again in few weeks.
I’m learning Russian because I want ______ talk to people when I go there next year.
**Упр.6.6.9. Заполните пропуски, используя could, may, must, have to, should и нужную форму инфинитива глагола в скобках.
Einstain’s theory predicted that the universe was not static, but _____ (be) either expending or contracting.
Because the universe is expanding it ______ (cool), which means that it _____ (be) much hotter when it was young.
Therefore, a significant fraction of the universe ____ (consist) of nonbaryonic matter.
There were no longer free electrons to absorb and scatter light, and photons _____ (travel) freely through the universe.
These fluctuations _____ (cause) by something that happened even earlier.
We _____, however, (be) careful about taking these models too seriously; they all _____ (be) wrong.
6.7. Тесты на модальные глаголы.
Упр.6.7.1. Выберите правильный вариант ответа. (Иногда их больше одного)
The fire spread through the building quickly but everybody ______________ .
A was able to escape B managed to escape C could escape
The phone is ringing. It ______________ be Tom.
A might B can C could
Why did you stay at a hotel when you went to New York? You ____________ with Barbara.
A can stay B could stay C could have stayed
I’ve lost one of my gloves. I ___________ it somewhere.
A must drop B must have dropped C must be dropping
D must have been dropping
Take an umbrella with you when you go out. It _____________ rain later.
A may B might C can D could
What was wrong with you? Why _______________ go to hospital?
A had you to B did you have to C must you
There’s plenty of time. You __________ hurry.
A don’t have to B mustn’t C needn’t
It was a great party last night. You __________ come. Why didn’t you?
A must have B should have C ought to have D had to
I think all drivers _________________ seat belts.
A should wear B had better wear C had better to wear
Упр.6.7.2. Выберите один из четырех вариантов, который, по вашему мнению, грамматически соответствует ситуации.
a. The author ________ extremely ambitious indicating only desirable targets instead of attainable ones.
A must have been B ought to have been C should have been D was to have been
The company is considering whether any new products ____________ to the line for sale in foreign countries.
A need to be added B should be adding C need add D ought to add
Price restrictions __________ prevent firms from using the strategies they consider optimal in achieving their ends.
A may B should C must D ought to
d. If you have a high blood pressure, you __________ stop eating salt and go on a saltless diet.
A had better B are better C need better D may better
You _________ go out without coat.
A are better not B were better not C better not D had better not
“When _________ we ________ expect you?”
“Soon after half past five.”
A are ____ to B must ___ ___ C do ______ have to D need _____
Don’t contradict her. You _________ respect her old age.
A are to B have to C should D ought to
All the samples of new products must be ready by Friday because the exhibition __________ on Saturday.
A is to open B has to open C should be open D should open
Travelers __________ their reservations well in advance if they want to fly during the Christmas holidays.
A had better to get B had to get better C had better get D had better got
Thanks to a letter of credit the importer is able to buy without ________ in advance.
A having to pay B having paid C have paid D have to pay
Because of variety of developing countries participated in OPEC, their potential impact ___________ no longer _________ .
A had _____ ignored B could _____ be ignored C had ____ to be ignored
D should _____ have been ignored
“I am going to visit Ann.”
“You __________ to telephone her first”
A ought B might C should D must
The Ford theatre where Lincoln was shot _________ .
A must restore B must be restoring C must have been restored
D must restored
If we __________ succeed, we need to change the structure of our company.
A have to B must C should D are to
No two corporations have the same name. For example, if the company’s name is Maxwell Manufacturing, no other company _____________ under that name.
A must get incorporated B should become incorporated
C need be incorporated D may incorporate
If you have a credit card you __________ carry a lot of cash with you.
A must not B do not have to C have not D might not
This rule _____ here. It’s an exaption.
A doesn’t apply B is not apply C shall not be applied
D must not have been applied
Упр.6.7.3. Найдите слово или фразу, которую надо заменить, чтобы предложение было правильным.
“Black box” is a device whose (A) internal workings (B) are immaterial: its (С) behavior must (D) be examined only at its input and output terminals.
Whoever (A) inspected this (B) radio should have put (C) their (D) identification number on the box.
When a patient’s blood pressure is much (A) higher than (B) it should be (C), a doctor usually insists that he will not (D) smoke.
The more (A) profits US corporation earn in another (B) countries, the less (C) they need to care (D) about infrastructure and education in their country.
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