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1 Основные правила употребления артиклей. 1 Употребление артиклей с именами нарицательными. Неопределенный артикль
Глава 7. Правило согласования времен. Прямая и косвенная речь. Типы высказываний. Типы вопросов. Глаголы речи.
7.1. Правило согласования времен.
7.1.1. Правило согласования времен запрещает использовать в придаточном предложении формы настоящего и будущего время, если в главном предложении сказуемое выражено глаголом в одном из прошедших времен.
В таблице показано, каким образом обычно изменяются времена при переходе от прямой речи к косвенной.
Прямая речь
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Косвенная речь
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Present Simple (“I live”)
Present Contin. (“I am living”)
Present Perfect (“I have lived”)
Present Perfect Contin.(“I have been living”)
Past Simple (“I lived”)
Past Contin. (“I was living”)
Going to (Future) (“I am going to live”)
Will Future (“I will live”)
Can (“I can live”)
May (“I may live”)
Must (“I must live”)
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Past Simple (He said he lived)
Past Contin. (He said he was living)
Past Perfect (He said he had lived)
Past Perfect Contin. (He said he had been liveng)
Past Perfect (He said he had lived)
Past Perfect Contin. (He said he had been living)
Was going (He said he was going to live)
Would (He said he would live)
Could (He said he could live)
Might (He said he might live)
Had to (He said he had to live)
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Указатели времени меняются следующим образом:
Прямая речь
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Косвенная речь
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«today»
«now»
«here»
«this»
«tonight»
«tomorrow (night)»
«next week»
«last week»
«yesterday»
«ago»
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That day
Then
There
That
That night
The next / following day (night)
The following week
The previous week
The previous day
Previously / before
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Упражнение 7.1.1.a. позволяет отработать это правило для разных грамматических времен. В предложениях упражнения 7.1.1.b. использованы модальные глаголы.
Преобразуйте высказывания в прямую речь подобно тому, как это показано в таблице.
**Упр.7.1.1.a.
“I’ve attended two conferences this year.”
“I’ve visited several genetic laboratories.”
“I’ve seen a lot of interesting things.”
“I’ve given two lectures at Prinseton University.”
“I’m planning to visit Oxford.”
“I’m hoping to go to Scotland.”
“I’m writing my thesis now.”
“I’m studying an interesting problem.”
“I’ll start my next paper with the statement of the problem.”
“My paper will consist of four sections.”
“In the introduction I’ll outline the present state of research in the field of immunology.”
Упр.7.1.1.b.
“I can ring the Bank Manager.”
“I may go abroad.”
“We must observe the experimental conditions.”
“I can’t promise you my assistance in this matter”
“I may not be able to send you a copy of my paper shortly.”
“I must think about it.”
“I can’t do anything about it tonight.”
“I must write an account of my work.”
Упр.7.1.1.c. Следующие примеры показывают различные способы выражения будущего времени:
We are going to play tennis. (намерение)
She’s meeting her publisher. (запланированное действие)
“I’ll come,” he said. (неожиданное решение)
“He’ll win, I’m sure,” I thought. (предсказание)
Поставьте глаголы в скобках в соответствующем времени.
Henry! Good Lord! I forgot you _____________ (come) for supper. I haven’t bought anything to eat at all! Never mind. Come in.
The start of the film was dreadful. I hoped it ___________ (get) better, but in fact it got worse as it went on.
I went to bed early as I ___________ (leave) for New York the next day, and I wanted to feel refreshed when I arrived.
She didn’t worry about her son, Tom. He was a sensible boy, and she knew he __________ (take) care of himself.
I had invited Pat and Peter for supper at 8.00, but I didn’t start getting things ready until 7.30 because I knew they __________ (be) late. They always were.
Aren’t you Annie Beecroft? Do you remember me? Last time I saw you, you ___________ (emigrate) to Canada! Did you?
7.1.2. Oтклонения от правила согласования времен.
Случаи отклонения от правила согласования времен:
в определительных придаточных предложениях, а также придаточных причинных и сравнительных предложениях глагол может употребляться во временах Present и Future: My brother told me about the book which you are reading. He was not able to translate the article because he does not know English well enough. He refused to go to the theatre as he will have an examination in Economy in a few days. It was not so cold yesterday as it is today.
глаголы must (в случае выражения приказания или совета), should и ought употребляются в придаточном предложении независимо от того, в каком времени стоит глагол главного предложения: He tells (told) us that we mustn’t cross the road against the red light. He says (said) that I ought to send her a telegram at once. I tell (told) him that he should consult a doctor.
форма Present сослагательного наклонения употребляется независимо от того, в каком времени стоит глагол главного предложения: It is (was) necessary that he send us the documents.
глагол в дополнительном придаточном предложении выражает общеизвестный факт: Galileo proved that the earth moves (moved) round the sun.
в научной и технической литературе после глаголов типа to believe, to assume, to suggest, to express, to maintain, и т.д., которые по своему значению не констатируют общеизвестную истину, а указывают на предположительные факты: The author suggested that the main valency chains of lignin are built up by a repeating 2-ring system.
**Упр.7.1.2.a. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в соответствующем времени.
They held that this observation _____ (show) the reaction to be intermolecular.
Kelner discovered that visible light ____ (have) the remarkable ability of restoring viability.
It was noticed that some water ____ (distill) at the beginning of the distillation.
It was supposed that hydrate formation ____ (play) a part in the aqueous polymerization.
He was modeling the simplest possible chemical reaction – hydrogen exchange, in which a hydrogen atom ____ (slam) into a hydrogen molecule and _____ (replace) one of its two atoms.
It was found that other derivatives ____ (not result) in higher yields.
He established the formula of the alcohol and suggested that saponification of the ester (under rather drastic conditions) _____ (proceed) as follows.
It was shown that the velocity constant ____ (be) unaffected by an increase in viscosity of the reacting mixture of over 2,000 fold.
Gauss deduced the fundamental theorem from Proposition 30 in Book 7 of Euclid’s Elements, which ____ (state) that if a prime ____ (divide) a product of two integers, then the prime must also divide at last one of the factors.
7.2. Повелительные конструкции в косвенной речи.
Повелительные конструкции в косвенной речи выражаются через инфинитив. Отрицательная форма повелительного наклонения do not заменяется инфинитивом с частицей not.
Просьбы в косвенной речи можно передать двумя способами
используя if: “Will you move over please, Jim?” – He asked Jim if he would move over.
с помощью инфинитива с частицей to: He asked Jim to move over.
Упр.7.2.1. Преобразуйте следующие высказывания в косвенную речь, используя глагол to tell в случае приказания и глагол to ask в случае просьбы.
Пример: “Come into the sitting-room.”
She told (asked) me to come into the room.
“Don’t go there.”
She told (asked) me not to go there.
“Don’t sit down by the window.” g. “Ask at the station.”
“Ring me this evening.” h. “Have another piece of cake.”
“Look in the cupboard.” i. “Write to Head Office about it.”
“Take a couple of aspirins.” j. “Take it back to the shop where you bought it.”
“Pour yourself another whisky.” k. “Explain to them what happened.”
“Don’t be late, please.” l. “Don’t open the book.”
*Упр.7.2.2. Преобразуйте высказывания в косвенную речь.
“If you see him ask him to ring me”, she said.
“When you are driving away look into your driving mirror before turning right”, said my instructor.
“Get the car off the road or to the verge if you have a puncture. Don’t leave it on the road”, said my father.
“If the lift should stop between two floors press the emergency button”, he said.
“If you don’t like the programme switch to another channel”, I said to her.
7.3. Глаголы речи.
Более точное значение или оттенок того, что сказано, может быть передано в косвенной речи выбором соответствующего глагола речи. Следует иметь в виду, что кроме предложенных ниже в упражнениях, можно использовать и такие глаголы как to beg, to instruct, to claim, to demand, to offer, to promise, to refuse, to threaten, to admit, to suggest, to scream, to whisper, to stammer, to mumble to swear, to yell, to boast, to sigh и ряд других.
Упр.7.3.1. Употребите to say, to tell, to speak, to talk и to address в прошедшем времени.
The boy _______ me his name.
The head of the state _______ on the television last night. He _________ all the people.
She _________ it in French. She _________ good French.
John and I ________ on different subjects.
I _______ “Good-bye” to them and left.
Professor Sedov _______ at the congress.
The friend _______ about their future investigation.
The foreigner ________ us in Italian.
Bob ________ me the time.
Упр.7.3.2. Превратите высказывания в косвенную речь, используя предложенные глаголы.
a. “I’m going to Paris soon.”
She said _________________________________________________
“It’s time to start revising for the exam,” said the teacher.
The teacher told _________________________________________
“The film will be interesting.”
I thought _______________________________________________
“I can’t help you because I have too much to do.”
She said _______________________________________________
“Anne has bought the tickets.”
I was told ______________________________________________
“It took me three hours to get here because the roads are flooded.”
He told me _____________________________________________
“I think it’s a crazy idea. It won’t work.”
She said _______________________________________________
“Breakfast is served between 7.00 and 9.00.”
The receptionist explained _________________________________
Упр.7.3.3. Заполните пропуски соответствующими формами следующих глаголов.
say tell explain speak talk reply
I met Mr Brown in the street the other day, and we stopped and (a) _______ for a while.
He (b) ________ me that his wife had been taken into hospital. When I asked him how she was, he (c) __________ that she was getting better.
He wondered why I hadn’t been to the tennis club for a few months, so I (d) _______ that I’d been very busy lately and just hadn’t had time.
“There is something you must (e) ___________ me,” he said. “How many languages can your son (f) _________ ?”
“Four,” I (g) ________ . “Why?”
“I know your son has some very funny stories to (h) ___________ about learning languages and living abroad. We’re having a meeting of the Travellers Club next week, and I’d like him to (i) _________ at it.”
I (j) ___________ I would (k) __________ to my son about it, and promised to get back in touch.
Then we (l) _________ goodbye and went our separate ways.
Упр.7.3.4. Превратите высказывания в косвенную речь, используя каждый глагол из предложенных один раз.
ask tell warn urge remind invite persuade advise
“I think you should accept the pay rise,” Sir Albert Pringle said to the shipbuilder’s leader.
“We really must stay united,” Peter Arkwright said to his members.
“Don’t forget to come to the meeting,” Sir Albert said to his secretary.
“Be careful of the press. They often make mistakes,” said a colleague to Peter Arkwright.
“I think we should return to work,” said Peter. “Well, if you think it’s a good idea, we agree,” said shipbuilders.
“Please reconsider this offer,” Sir Albert said to Mr Arkwright.
“Stop work!” Peter Arkwright said to the builders.
“Have lunch with me,” said Sir Albert to Peter.
7.4. Вопросы в косвенной речи.
При обращении специального вопроса в косвенную речь производятся следующие изменения: вопросительный знак опускается; вопросительное слово становиться союзом, соединяющим главное и придаточное предложения; вопросительный порядок слов заменяется порядком слов повествовательного предложения; соблюдается правило согласования времен.
Общие вопросы в косвенной речи требуют соединительного союза “ли” - if или whether между главным и придаточным предложениями. Порядок слов прямой, правило согласования времен используется, если сказуемое главного предложения употреблено в прошедшем времени.
Упр.7.4.1. Преобразуйте прямую речь в косвенную.
Пример: “Where do you live?” Mrs Mawby asked.
She asked (me) where I lived.
“How many bedrooms are there?” Sally asked.
“When do you want to move in?” Mrs Mawby asked.
“What sort of heating is there? Sally asked.
“How often do you want the rent?” Sally asked.
“How far is it to the shops?” Sally asked.
“What do you think of the flat?” Mrs Mawby asked.
“Where have you been today?”
“What have you been buying?”
“Where do you intend to go tomorrow?”
“Why don’t you learn Spanish?”
“Where are you going for your holidays?”
“When I see him, what shall I say?”
Упр.7.4.2. Задайте вопросы в косвенной речи.
Пример: “Are you a student?”
She asked me if I was a student.
a. “Do you want to go abroad?”
b. “Do you think it will be possible to get a job abroad?”
c. “Do you intend to go to Germany?”
“Are you going to answer any advertisements?”
“Is there a chance you might continue with your studies?”
“Is John trying to get a job?”
“Have you been to the Labour Exchange?”
“Aren’t you tired of doing nothing?”
“Haven’t you got any plans at all?”
“Are you definitely going to leave home?”
**Упр.7.4.3. Преобразуйте прямую речь в косвенную.
“I can’t turn this screw,” said Ann. “Will you do it for me?”
“Would you like to tighten the bolt?” said Ann, handling me a spannel.
“Would you mind discussing this question at the seminar?”
“Shall I explain my recent results?”
“Will you help me with translating the article please?”
Упр.7.4.4. Задайте вопросы в прямой речи.
The job interview.
The interviewer asked Bill why he wanted to change his job.
First the interviewer wondered if Bill is pleased with his job.
He needed to know what sort of translation Bill had ever been engaged in.
He was interested in how much Bill would like to get for his job.
He asked why Bill thought the company might be interested in hiring him.
He wanted to know what Bill’s career goals were.
He doubted if Bill was qualified enough for the job.
He asked if Bill could prove his experience with letters of recommendation from his previous job.
7.5. Обзорные упражнения.
Упр.7.5.1. Закончите следующий рассказ, используя вопросы в косвенной речи, помещенные в конце рассказа.
I had a most strange experience a few weeks ago. I was sitting at home, when at about nine o’clock there was a knock on the door. I wasn’t expecting anyone, so I wondered (a) _____________ . I opened the door, and there was this man, wearing an old raincoat. I asked him (b) ____________, but he didn’t tell me at first. He wanted to know (c) ___________________ in the house, which I thought was an odd question. Anyway, I said I was, because everyone else had gone out for the evening. Then he asked (d) ________________, so I said that I wanted to know who he was before I’d let him into my house, which is only natural, after all. Anyway, he didn’t answer, but looked up and down the street. By this time I was getting a bit worried, and I wondered (e) ______________ , because this chap seemed a bit suspicious. But he told me (f) _____________. He was a policeman, and he showed me his card to prove it. He said that the police were watching the people who lived in a house a few doors away, and he asked me (g) ___________________ .
I said I didn’t. I’d seen them a few times, but I hadn’t spoken to them. Then he wanted to know (h) __________________ , so I said ‘a few weeks’. I’d seen their furniture van on the day they moved in. Then he explained (i) _____________________ . He asked me if he could stay in my front room and watch the street for a while, so I showed him in. I asked him (j) _________________ , and he said it was because they suspected of being drug smugglers. I couldn’t believe it. He stayed for three hours, and then left. Anyway, a few days later, I read in the paper that the police had arrested them.
1 if I knew them
2 if he could come in
3 why he was watching them
4 who it could be
5 who he was
6 what he wanted
7 if I should call the police
8 if I was alone
9 what he wanted to do
10 how long they’d been living there
**Упр.7.5.2. Преобразуйте прямую речь в косвенную, избегая, по возможности, глаголов to ask, to tell, to say, и употребляя глаголы из следующего списка: to accept, to accuse, to admit, to advice, to agree, to apologize, to assure, to beg, to call, to complain, to congratulate, to deny, to exclaim, to explain, to give, to hope, to insist, to introduce, to invite, to offer, to point out, to promise, to refuse, to protest, to remark, to remind, to suggest, to thank, to threaten, to warn, to wish.
He said, “Don’t touch the cable until you’ve switched off the power; it isn’t safe”.
“You press the wrong button. Don’t do it again. You might have a nasty accident,” said the mechanic.
“I’ll drop you from the team if you don’t work harder,” said the supervisor.
“Never operating a cutting machine until you‘ve oiled it and checked it,” he said.
“You’d better twist electric wires together using a pair of scissors,” said John.
“I wish the procedure would reduce the energy losses,” he said.
“Mr Brown, this is Mr White,” he said.
“Please, don’t tell my colleagues,” he said. “I won’t, I promise,” I said.
“Hurrah! I’ve passed the first exam!” he said. “Congratulations!” I said, “And good luck with the second!”
“You are in a difficult position for you cannot explain this result,” said my colleague. “It is,” I said.
“I am sorry I am late,” she said. “My car broke down.”
“He expects a lot of work for very little money”, said one of the engineers. “Yes, he does,” said the other.
Упр.7.6.1.Выберите правильный вариант из предложенных.
“How often do you attend your English classes?” - I ask John.
A I wonder how often does John attends his English classes.
B I wonder how often John attends his English classes.
C I wonder how often attends John his English classes.
D I wonder how often John attend his English classes.
“She has been unwell this week, hasn’t she?”
A I wonder if she has been unwell this week.
B I wonder if hasn’t she been unwell this week.
C I wonder whether has she been unwell this week.
D I wonder has she been unwell this week.
It takes me twenty minutes to get to school.
A I wonder how long it takes you to get to school.
B I wonder how long does it take you to get to school.
C I wonder how long does you take to get to school.
D I wonder how long do take you to get to school.
d. They say John was in Japan in September.
A Where they say John was in September?
B Where do they say John was in September?
C Where do they say was John in September?
D Where they say was John in September?
e. “It was a long conference, wasn’t it?”
A I wonder was the conference long or short.
B I wonder whether the conference is long or short.
C I wonder if it was a long conference.
D I wonder a long or short conference was.
f. The “Consumer Price Index lists …
A how much costs every car C how much every car costs
B how much does every car cost D how much are every car cost
g. Hello, Jim. I didn’t expect to see you today. Sonia said you ______ ill.
A are B were C was D should be
h. Ann ___________ and left.
A said goodbye to me B said me goodbye C told me goodbye
j. I don’t understand this sentence. Can you ______ .
A explain to me this word B explain me this word
C explain this word to me
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