1 Основные правила употребления артиклей. 1 Употребление артиклей с именами нарицательными. Неопределенный артикль
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Упр.5.7.1. Прочитайте следующие предложения и решите, является подчеркнутый глагол переходным или непереходным.
Упр.5.7.2. Переделайте предложения так, чтобы они содержали сказуемое в страдательном залоге, опустив подлежащие. 1) You should open the wine about three hours before you use it. 2) Somebody had cleaned my shoes and brushed my suit. 3) We use this room only on special occasions. 4) You must not hammer nails into the walls without permission. 5) Someone switched on a light and opened the door. 6) Somebody had slashed the picture with a knife. 7) Why didn't they mend the roof before it fell in? 8) Someone will serve refreshments. 9) Someone has already told him to report for duty at six. 10) No one can do anything unless someone gives us more information. 11) People are spending far more money on food now that they spent ten years ago. 12) The organizers will exhibit the paintings till the end of the month. 13) It is high time someone told him to stop behaving like a child. 14) They are pulling down the old theatre. Упр.5.7.3. Переделайте предложения так, чтобы они содержали сказуемое в страдательном залоге, упоминая исполнителя, где необходимо. Если в исходном предложении есть прямое или косвенное дополнение, сделайте косвенное дополнение подлежащим в новом предложении. Пример: They gave her a clock. She was given a clock. Обратите внимание на предложения 12, 15, где переход от актива к пассиву осуществляется с помощью вспомогательного глагола should. 1) Who wrote it? 2) Compare clothes which we have washed with clothes which any other laundry has washed. 3) He expected us to offer him the job. 4) They showed her the easiest way to do it. 5) Lightning struck the old oak. 6) Titian couldn't have painted it as people didn't wear that style of dress till after his death. 7) Did the idea interest you? 8) The lawyer gave him the details of his uncle's will. 9) They used to start these engines by hand. Now they start them by electricity. 10) Students are doing a lot of the work. 11) The Prime Minister was to have opened the dry dock. 12) They recommended opening new factories in the depressed area. (should) 13) Anyone with the smallest intelligence could understand these instructions. 14) We will not admit children under sixteen. 15) They suggested making the tests easier. (should) **Упр.5.7.4. Страдательный залог часто используется, когда в центре внимания находится лицо или предмет, который подвергается действию, при описании процессов или когда не важен исполнитель. Переделайте предложения так, чтобы они содержали сказуемое в страдательном залоге, и подумайте, какой залог уместнее использовать в каждом случае и почему.
**Упр.5.7.5. Переделайте предложения так, чтобы они содержали сказуемое в страдательном залоге, начав предложения с указанных слов.
Упр.5.7.6. Переделайте предложения в действительный залог. Если исполнитель не указан: "This door must be kept shut” (школьное объявление) - введите его : "Students must keep this door shut”. 1) Why don't you have your eyes tested? 2) This speed limit is to be introduced gradually. 3) The runways are being lengthened at all the main airports. 4) By tradition any sturgeon that are caught by British ships must be offered to the Queen. 5) Have a lift put in and then you won't have to climb up all these stairs. 6) Last year a profit of two million pounds was made in the first six months but this was cancelled by a loss of seventeen million pounds which was made in the second six months. 7) The ship was put into quarantine and passengers and crew were forbidden to land. 8) He was made to surrender his passport. 9) This scientific theory has now been proved to be false. 10) Why wasn't the car either locked or put into the garage? 11) It is being said that too little money is being spent by the government on roads. 12) Your money could be put to good use instead of being left idle in the bank. Упр.5.7.7. Поставьте глаголы в правильную форму в газетных сообщениях: Castle fire Winton Castle (a) _________ (damage) in a fire last night. The fire, which (b)__________ (discover) at about 9 o'clock, spread very quickly. Nobody (c)____________ (injure) but two people had to (d) _____________ (rescue) from an upstairs room. A number of paintings (e)_____________ (believe/ destroy). It (f) _____________ (not/know) how the fire started. Shop robbery In Paxham yesterday a shop assistant (a)_______________ (force) to hand over $500 after (b) ______________ (threaten) by a man with a knife. The man escaped in a car which (c)_____________ (steal) earlier in the day. The car (d) ____________ (later/find) in a car park where it (e) ____________ (abandon) by the thief. A man (f)_____________ (arrest) in connection with the robbery and (g)_____________ (still/question) by the police. Road delays Repair work started yesterday on the Paxham-Longworth road. The road (a) ________ (resurface) and there will be long delays. Drivers (b)_________ (ask) to use an alternative route if possible. The work (c)_________ (expect) to last two weeks. Next Sunday the road (d)________ (close) and traffic (e)__________ (divert). Accident A woman (a)_____________ (take) to hospital after her car collided with a lorry near Norstock yesterday. She (b)______________ (allow) home later after treatment. The road (c)_____________ (block) for an hour after the accident and traffic had to (d)______________ (divert). A police inspector said afterwards: The woman was lucky. She could (e)_______________ (kill). Упр.5.7.8. Поставьте глагол в скобках в правильном времени и залоге. Пример: My car was stolen (steal) last night. Joseph Ford, the politician who (a) __________ (kidnap) last week as he was driving to his office, (b) __________(release) unharmed. He (c) _______ (examine) by a doctor last night, and (d) _____(say) to be in good health. Mr Ford (e) _____ (find) walking along a small country lane early yesterday evening. A farmer (f) _______ (see) him, recognized who it was, and (g) __________ (contact) the police. When his wife (h) __________ (tell) the news, she said, "I am delighted and relieved that my husband (i) ________ (find)." Acting on information received, the police made several arrests, and a man (j) ________ (question) in connection with the kidnapping. Упр.5.7.9. Превратите предложения в пассивные.
*Упр.5.7.10. В следующих предложениях некоторые глаголы (но не все) употреблены в действительном залоге, хотя страдательный залог был бы более уместен и наоборот. Измените те предложения, которые по Вашему мнению нуждаются в исправлении, имея в виду, что пассивные конструкции также используется, если хотят сделать утверждение безличным, чтобы, например, избежать ответственности за сообщение неприятного известия. Сравните два следующих утверждения, которые может сделать компания. Пример: We have awarded our staff a twenty per cent pay rise. Unfortunately, the number of staff will be reduced by fifty per cent.
o. Doctors have given him six months to live. 5.8. Present Perfect Simple и Present Perfect Continuous. При употреблении этих времен следует помнить, что Present Perfect Continuous подчеркивает длительность действия, в то время как Present Perfect Simple подчеркивает факт совершения действия. Упр.5.8.1. Выберите правильную глагольную форму в каждой паре предложений.
Упр.5.8.2. Соедините строчки из столбца А с соответствуюшей строчкой из столбца В.
Упр.5.8.3. Употребите глагол в скобках в правильном времени (Present Perfect или Present Perfect Continuons.)
B I ____ (work) in the garden. I ___ (plant) all the vegetables for next year. g. I _______ (wait) for two hours, but nobody _________ (arrive) yet. Упр.5.8.4. Задайте вопрос с How long...? для следующих предложений и решите, какое время нужно использовать, Present Perfect или Present Perfect Continuous. Если оба времени возможны, используйте Continuous.
Упр.5.8.5. Для каждого из пяти предложений из предыдущего задания задайте вопрос в Past Simple , используя подсказки.
Упр.5.8.6. Поставьте глагол в одном из следующих времен: Present Simple, Present Countinuous, Present Perfect Simple или Present Perfect Continuous. Пример: I have been learning (learn) Italian for the past three years, but there's still a lot I don't understand (not understand). a. A Oh dear! Look out of the window. It __________________ (rain). B Oh no. I _______________ (not bring) my umbrella.
B I _________________ (read) in my room and the light isn't very good. I ________________ (have) a headache. It's really hurting. e. A What are you doing? B I ________________ (write) a letter. f. A You _______________ (sit) at the desk for hours. Is it a difficult letter? B Yes. I ________________ (decide) to resign from my job. g. A But how do you know you don't like it? You ________ only ______ (do) it for a week. B I do like it. But I _____________ (offer-passive) a better one, and I'm going to accept it. It's in Brazil, and _________ always ___________ (want) to go to Brazil. I ___________ (not like) living in cold climates. h. A But how ___________ you _________ (know) if you'll like it there? You _____________ never (be) out of England before. B That doesn't matter. Some friends of mine _____________ (live) there at the moment. They'll look after me. i. A You're very lucky, really. I _______________ (try) to find a job for months. I ___________ (be) to endless interviews, and I ____________ (turn down- passive) each time, but you got two jobs in a week. B Well, obviously you ______________ (apply) for the wrong kinds of job. Don't worry. You'll find one soon. j. I ______________(hope) so. 5.9. Past Simple и Past Perfect. Past Perfect употребляется для выражения действия, которое уже совершилось до определенного момента в прошлом: We carefully examined the samples which they had sent us. Сравните, как меняется смысл предложения при описании с использованием этих времен последовательности событий в прошлом: When we arrived at the stadium, the match started. (Мы успели во время и ничего не пропустили.) When we arrived at the stadium, the match had started. (На самое начало матча мы опоздали.) Упр.5.9.1. В каждом предложении поставьте глаголы в скобках : один - в Past Simple, другой - в Past Perfect. Пример: He died (die) after he had been (be) ill for a long time.
Упр.5.9.2. Соедините следующие пары предложений, используя союзы в скобках. Замените время одного из глаголов на Past Perfect. Пример: I had a bath. I went to bed.(after) After I'd had a bath, I went to bed.
Упр.5.9.3. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в Past Simple или Past Perfect. Пример: When we returned to the car we saw (saw) that someone had smashed (smash) the windows.
“Why?” “Because we _______________(forget) to bring our invitations.” 10. Johnny ___________ (spent) seven years of his life in prison before he ______ (realise) that the things he _______ (done) to get there were wrong. He _______(rob) banks, he _______ (burgle) houses, he ________ (steal) cars. But, fortunately , he ___________ (never / kill) anyone. Упр.5.9.4. Закончите второе предложение так, чтобы у него было значение, подобное первому. Используйте выделенное слово и от двух до пяти других необходимых слов. 1. Barry was very excited because it was his first time on television. never Barry _______________ before, so he was very excited. 2. The children ran over the bridge to see the fire engine, but it was no longer there. had The fire engine ___________________ time the children ran over the bridge. 3. He looked familiar to me, but in fact he was a complete stranger. met Although he looked familiar to me, I ___________________ before. 4. After they had had the contract read by a lawyer, they signed it. before They had the contract read by a lawyer ___________________ it. 5. Staying in a five-star hotel was a new experience for us. stayed We __________________ in a five-star hotel before. 6. They arrived at the cinema just in time to see "The End" come up on the screen. just The film __________________ by the time they arrived at the cinema. 7. He had to write over fifty letters to get an interview. had He got an interview only after ___________________ over fifty letters. 8. She left the office after turning off all the lights. turned After __________________ all the lights, she left the office. 9. When we arrived at the house, Dan had just left. soon Dan left the house and __________________ after. 10. I checked that I had my passport with me before I left for the airport. after I left for the airport ________________ that I had my passport with me. Упр.5.9.5. Закончите следующие предложения или добавьте свое, используя глагол в Past Perfect. Пример: When I arrived home, I was starving. I hadn't had anything to eat all day.
Упр.5.9.6. Подчеркните правильную глагольную форму. Пример: Everybody knew he had stolen / had been stealing from his employer for years.
Упр.5.9.7. Составьте предложения, используя слова в скобках. Используйте следующие глагольные времена: Present Perfect, Present Perfect Coutinuous, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Coutinuous. Пример: Ann is sitting on the ground. She's out of breath. (she / run) She has been running.
5.10. "Used to" и "would" для выражения повторяющегося действия или обычного состояния в прошлом. Used to используется, чтобы выразить обычные, повторяющиеся прошедшие действия и состояния, которые продолжались в течение некоторого периода времени в прошлом, но в настоящее время уже не происходят. Примеры: Last winter I used to spend a lot of time in the library. (повторяющееся действие) He used to be very short-tempered. (состояние) Would употребляется со всеми лицами единственного и множественного числа для выражения повторного действия в прошлом в значении бывало, при этом употребление would не подчеркивает, что в настоящее время действие уже не происходит. Would нельзя использовать, чтобы передать прошлые состояния. (Неправильно сказать: He'd live in a lovely cottage.) Если действие в прошлом совершилось лишь раз, и следовательно, не является привычкой, нужно использовать Past Simple. Упр.5.10.1. Соедините строчки из колонки А и В. Закончите предложение в колонке В подлежащим с used to.
Упр.5.10.2. Составьте предложения с used to. Обратите внимание на образование отрицательной конструкции didn't use to. Пример; This town's so ugly. It used to be so pretty. There are so many tourists. There didn't use to be any tourists.
Упр.5.10.3. Составьте краткие ответы с never used to, и скажите , что на самом деле имело место в прошлом. Пример: Jeremy drinks beer and whisky. (lemonade) He never used to. He used to drink lemonade.
Упр.5.10.4. Закончите предложения, используя Past Continuous или used to и глагол в скобках. Примеры: I haven't been to the cinema for ages now. We used to go a lot. (go) Ann didn't see me wave to her. She was looking in the other direction. (look)
*Упр.5.10.5. Прочитайте следующий рассказ. Какие глаголы, выделенные курсивом могут быть заменены на (1) would или used to? (2) только на used to? (3) должны остаться в Past Simple? We (a) met while we were doing a course in London. It wasn't exactly love at first sight, but I often (b) found myself looking in his direction, and he always (c) smiled back, and his eyes (d) linger red just a little longer than was necessary. So we (e) started having lunch together in a small cafe, and then, if the weather was fine, we (f) went for a walk in the park, and (g) chatted endlessly about everything. He (h) lived at one end of town, and I was miles away, but we often (i) met at weekends. I (j) thought it would last for ever, but of course it didn't. Nothing does! Напишите пять-шесть предложений о том, что Вы делали, когда были студентами или школьниками, используя рассмотренные глагольные формы для выражения прошлых повторных действий. 5.11. Способы выражения будущего времени. Действия в будущем времени могут быть выражены не только использованием форм будущего времени с вспомогательными глаголами shall и will (например, “I’ll come,” he said. (решение, принятое в момент разговора), He’ll win, I’m sure. (предсказание)), но также использованием формы to be going to: We are going to play tennis. (намерение); времени Present Continuous: She’s meeting her publisher. (запланированное действие); времени Present Indefinite: My flight leaves at 10:00. (будущее действие, происходящее по расписанию). Упр.5.11.1. Используйте will или be going to. Иногда возможен больше, чем один правильный ответ.
B I'm sorry to hear that. I ____________________ send some flowers. i. A This room's very cold. B You're right. I _________________ turn on the heater. j. A Oh dear. I can't do this homework. B Don't worry. I ________________ help you. k. A It's John's birthday tomorrow. B Is it? I can't afford a present but I _______________ buy him a card. l. A How old are you? B I'm 64. I _________________ retire next year. m. A Why are you leaving so early? B Because the teacher gave us a lot of homework and I _________ do it very carefully. Упр.5.11.2. Закончите следующие предложения, используя will или be going to и любые другие необходимые слова . Иногда возможны оба варианта. a. A I've got to phone a Paris number. Do you know the code? B No, _________________ in the directory for you. b. A What are you doing over the Easter holidays? B Absolutely nothing. We _________________ rest. c. A Did you hear the weather forecast? B Yes. _____________ cold at first, then _____________ a little warmer this afternoon, and this evening _________________ some light showers. d. A Why did you buy a house in such terrible condition? B It was cheap. We _______________ modernize it from top to bottom, and we _____________ into a restaurant. What do you think? e. A If you are elected, what ________ your party ______ about unemployment? B We have carefully considered this issue. When we are elected, as we most certainly ________ be, we __________ create half a million new jobs. f. A What are you doing here? Annie's expecting you for lunch. B I completely forgot! I__________ a ring, and tell her I ____________ be late. Thanks for reminding me. g. A How will the proposed tax increase on petrol affect your business? B To be perfectly honest, we haven't thought about it yet. We ____________ cross that bridge when we get to it. h. Упр.5.11.3. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в правильную форму будущего времени. Пример: Hurry up! The plane arrives (arrive) at 7.30.
Упр.5.11.4. Закончите второе предложение так, чтобы его значение было подобно значению первого предложения. Используйте выделенное слово и от двух до пяти других необходимых слов. a. Simon intends to join the police force when he leaves school. is When Simon leaves school _______________ the police force. b. He is such a bad driver that he is almost certain to have an accident soon. going I think _____________ an accident soon because he is such a bad driver. c. The departure time for the train is 8.35. at The train _________________ 8.35. d. I have arranged to meet my bank manager in the near future. am I _______________________ soon. e. They say that if the cows are lying down, rain will soon follow. is They say that if the cows are lying down, it means that ________ rain. f. What do you intend to do with all that money? are What _______________________ with all that money? g. He has decided never to drink whisky again. is He ___________________ whisky again. h. We have not arranged to do anything in particular this weekend. are We ___________________ anything in particular this weekend. i. I do not intend to help him, even if he pays me. am Even if he pays me, I ___________________ him. j. The film is scheduled to begin at four o'clock. not The film ___________________ until four o'clock. Упр.5.11.5. Поставьте глагол в скобках в правильную форму. Выбирайте из следующих форм: I am going, I do, I’m going to, do, will, won’t, will (shall) be doing.
(you/write) to me?
B To the hairdresser's. __________ (I / have) my hair cut.
Упр.5.11.6. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в правильную глагольную форму. Пример: When you have read my book, could you give it back to me? Of course. As soon as I've finished it, I'll give it to you.
B When I ______ (finish) this work. It _______ (take) about another hour.
Упр.5.11.7. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в правильной форме: Future Simple, Present Simple или Present Perfect.
5.12. Правильное употребление глаголов. Употребление таких часто используемых глаголов, как take, make, do, have, вызывает иногда определенные трудности. Выбор глагола часто определятся следующим за ним существительным (прямым дополнением), а не только словарным значением глагола. Упр.5.12.1. Образуйте правильные выражения, используя глаголы make и do. Затем закончите предложения, используя нужное выражение в соответствующей форме. 1 ___ a mistake 6 ______ a will 11 __ a complaint 16 __ progress 2 ___ nothing 7 ___ friends with 12 __ up my mind to 17___ a speech 3 ___ a noise 8 ____ sense 13 __ business with 18 ____ a mess 4 ___ one’s best 9 ____ my homework 14__ a phone call 19 ___ sure that 5 ___ money 10 ___ the housework 15__ an exam 20 ___ someone a favour
B I’m _______ . A Well, it’s not good enough.
*Упр.5.12.2. Заполните пропуск нужной формой глаголов make или do.
Упр.5.12.3. Заполните пропуск нужной формой глагола have + существительное из приведенных ниже. Обратите внимание на то, что в сочетаниях типа have breakfast / lunch артикль не используется (но have a meal). drink row look swim bath breakfast word day game time supper Пример: “Would you like to have a drink ?” “Yes, please. I’m very thirsty.”
“No, I _________ and went straight to bed.”
“Yes, I won 6-0, 6-2.”
“Goodbye, darling. _______ a nice ______ !”
“No, I got up too late. I just had a cup of coffee.”
“No, I didn’t. The boss was very angry with me.”
Упр.5.12.4. Для глаголов, совпадающих с существительным по форме, конструкция have + a + noun обозначает однократное действие. Герундий используется, когда говорят о чем-либо в общем. Сравните, например: Talking to someone about a problem usually helps to solve it. I had a talk with Susan last night. Составьте по два предложения для каждого из следующих слов, одно с герундием, а другое с have + a + noun. |