Глава 4. Предлог.
Так как в современном английском языке падежные окончания почти полностью отсутствуют, то предлоги играют важную роль, являясь одним из главных средств выражения отношения существительного (или местоимения) к другим словам в предложении. Предлоги выражают пространственные, временные, причинные и др. отношения. Многие предлоги имеют несколько значений: at the table, at 5 o’clock, to laugh at smb.
Некоторые глаголы могут употребляться с различными предлогами, меняя свое значение в зависимости от предлога: to look at smb. – смотреть на кого-то; to look for smb. – искать кого-то; to look after smb.- присматривать за кем-то.
Предлоги также входят в состав большого числа словосочетаний и выражений. Некоторые глаголы в английском языке требуют после себя предлога, в то время как после соответствующих им русских глаголов предлог не употребляется: to wait for smb.- ждать кого-то; to listen to smb.- слушать кого-то. С другой стороны, в английском языке есть ряд глаголов, которые не требуют после себя предлога, тогда как соответствующие им русские глаголы употребляются с предлогами: to follow smb. - следовать за кем-то; to enter smth.- входить в.
Предлоги бывают простые (of, for, on), сложные (below, between), составные (in front of, out of).
Предлоги обычно ставятся перед существительными, к которым они относятся, однако в ряде случаев могут стоять после них, а также в конце предложения:
This is a picture on the wall.
What street do you live in?
This novel is much spoken about.
Следует также отличать случаи так называемого несвободного, фиксированного употребления предлогов в том или ином сочетании слов: on duty, on foot; а также широкое употребление послелогов, то есть предлогов, обязательных для ряда глаголов и стоящих после них: (to laugh at, to listen to и т.д.)
Можно выделить три относительно большие группы предлогов: предлоги времени, предлоги места, предлоги направления.
4.1.Предлоги времени.
Ниже перечислены основные предлоги времени.
on – on Sunday, on the tenth of February
in – in two days, in September
at – at 7 o'clock, at noon
by – by 3 o'clock, by noon
from … till – from early morning till late at night
since – since 5 o'clock, since midnight
for – for an hour, for ages
during – during the lecture, during the break
before – before the bell, before winter
after – after the break, after classes
till (until) – till May, till the end of the year
between - between one and two o’clock
Упр.4.1.1. Заполните пропуски правильным предлогом in, at или on.
I get up early ____ the morning and go to bed late ____ night.
I’m so bored. There’s nothing to do ___ weekends.
He went swimming ___ Sunday morning, and ____ the evening he play squash.
I love going for walks ____ summer. It’s still light ___ nine o’clock.
I take my annual holiday ____ June, but I have a few days off ____ Christmas.
He usually starts work ____ 9.30, but ____ Friday he starts ____ 8.30.
I was born ____ 18 January, 1954.
People exchange presents ____ Christmas Day.
This house was built ____ the nineteenth century.
Упр.4.1.2. С какими выражениями времени используются эти предлоги? Продолжите список на сколько вы сможете.
In the morning at night on Sunday morning
___________ ___________ ________________
___________ ___________ ________________
Упр.4.1.3. Все предложения этого упражнения касаются прошедшего времени. Заполните пропуски подходящими словами из данных ниже. В некоторых случаях предлог не требуется.
ago last in for at when on.
Пример: I arrived home at six o’clock last night.
I saw Jane - yesterday.
I was born in Africa _____ 1970.
My parents moved back to England ____ I was five.
We lived in Bristol ____ three years.
I went to college three years ___ .
I found a flat on my own ____ last year.
I usually go home ____ the weekend.
I didn’t go home ____ weekend because some friends come to stay.
They arrived ____ three o’clock ____ the afternoon.
____ Saturday evening we went out to a concert.
____ we got home we listened to some music.
We got up late ____ Sunday morning.
____ the afternoon we went for a walk.
I bought a car a few weeks ____ .
I had an accident ____ last night.
It happened ____ 7.00 ____ the evening.
I took my car to the garage ____ this morning.
Упр.4.1.4. Употребите подходящие предлоги.
____ February; ____ Monday; ____ 11 o’clock; ____ night; ____ the daytime; ____ March; ____ an autumn day; ____ what time? late ____ the evening; ____ Friday; ____ the XYIII century; ____ June; ____ the afternoon; ____ 2 o’clock p.m.; ____ the 1st Sunday; ____ a fine September day; ____ Friday evening; ____ noon; (через) ____ a fortnight; ____ the 2nd ____ December; ____ midnight; _____ sunny summer morning.
Упр.4.1.5. While - это союз, за которым следует придаточное предложение (подлежащее + сказуемое). Если говорят “X happened while Y happened”, то это означает, что события X и Y случились в одно и то же время.
Пример: I met Peter while I was studying at university.
During - это предлог и за ним следует существительное. Значение его то же, что и у while - в течении, во время: during the film /lesson / afternoon / football match.
Пример: I worked on a farm during the holidays.
Словосочетания с while и during отвечают на вопрос When? - Когда?
Словосочетания с for отвечают на вопрос How long? - Сколько времени? Как долго?
Пример: I lived there for three years / six months.
Следует помнить, что a while - существительное, означающее период времени: for a while, for a long while.
Заполните пропуски словами while (1), during (2) или for (3).
I fell and hurt myself ________ I was playing tennis.
It started to rain ________ the match.
We played tennis _______ two hours.
I worked in Italy ______ three years.
_____ the summer I stayed on a farm in Tuscany.
I learned Italian _____ I was there.
We went on holiday to Florida _____ three weeks.
______ the day it was very hot, but it was cool at night.
We went to Disneyland _____ we were there.
We had a lovely meal yesterday. We sat at the table _____ three hours.
_____ the meal we exchanged news.
_____ I was talking to Barbara, I learned that Tony was in hospital.
Упр.4.1.6. В рассказе о Mrs Gibbs заполните пропуски одним из следующих слов:
for during ago while
Mrs Gibb’s husband died about fifteen years (a) _____ and to help her get over his death she decided to go abroad. She went to the Far East (b) _____ six months, found she liked travelling and so planned to travel more on her own. (c) ____ the winter of 1976 she bought and equipped a small camping van. Next summer she set off for Australia where she stayed (d) ____ two years. She went to America for the first time five years (e) ____ , and is going back this year. She plans to travel round Canada and America (f) ____ the next eighteen months. She says she has never been frightened, but once, seven years (g) ____ , someone came into her van and stole some papers. It happened (h) ______ she was driving through Zimbabwe. She heard a noise (i) _____ the night, but paid no attention.
Упр.4.1.7. Заполните пропуски одним из следующих предлогов времени:
at on in for since during by until
Jack has gone away. He’ll be back in a week.
We’re having a party _____ Saturday. Can you come?
I’ve got an interview next week. It’s _____ 9.30 ________ Tuesday morning.
Sue isn’t usually here ______ weekends. She goes away.
The train service is very good. The trains are nearly always ____ time.
It was a confusing situation. Many things were happening ____ the same time.
I couldn’t decide whether or not to buy the sweater. _____ the end I decided not to.
The road is busy all the time, even _____ night.
I was woken up by a loud noise _____ the night.
I saw Helen _____ Friday but I haven’t seen her ____ then.
Brian has been doing the same job ____ five years.
Ann’s birthday is __ the end of March. I’m not sure exactly which day it is.
We’ve got some friends staying with us ____ the moment. They’re staying ____ Friday.
If you are interested in applying the job, your application must be received ____ Friday.
*Упр.4.1.8. Заполните пропуски соответствующим предлогом времени.
I lived in Paris ________ five years, ____ 1970 _____ 1975.
Beethoven began his musical education _____ the age of five.
We never see our cat. _____ the day it sleeps, and it goes out _____ night.
I don’t usually go out _____ the evening, except ______ Monday evening, when I go to play snooker.
Generations of my family have lived in the same house ____ 1800.
A How long are you staying here? B _____ the end of the month. Then I have to go home.
I mustn’t forget my library books. I must take them back _______ the 24th.
I’m just going out to get a newspaper. If anyone rings, tell them I’ll be back _____ a few minutes.
Are you going away _______ Easter, or are you staying at home?
I met my husband in Wales. ______ the time, I was working in a travel agent’s.
4.2. Предлоги места и направления.
Основные предлоги места:
on – on the desk, on the wall
in – in the room, in the street
at – at the window, at the meeting, at the table
near – near the door, near the wall
by – by the river
over – over the table, over the sea
above – above the sofa
beyond - beyond the lake, beyond the forest
across – across the street
under – under the table, under the bed
between – between two chairs, between the doors
among – among the students, among them
behind – behind the house, behind the tree
across – across the street, across the river
in front of – in front of the house, in front of the column
through – through the window, through the glass
Предлоги направления:
to – to the library, to the south, to the park
towards – towards the forest, towards the house
from – from the table, from the north
along – along the street
into – into the room, into the box
out of – out of the house, out of the drawer
off –off the table, off the wall
Упр.4.2.1. Выберите правильные предлоги.
a train ____ Moscow 5. ____ the ten o’clock show
A to B for C on A on B in C at
a ticket ____ the plane 6. a visit ____ a college
A on B to C for A on B at C in D to
the plans ____ the future 7. ____ John’s birthday
A for B on C to A on B at C in
He is ____ his sister’s 8. What are the office hours ____ you?
A by B near C at A at B by C near D with
Упр.4.2.2. Поставьте правильные предлоги места.
____ the South; ___ the stadium; __ the corner; ___the post-office; __ the factory; ____ the meeting; __ the sky; __ the hostel; __ the station; __ the fifth floor; ____ the concert; ____ the picture; ____ the apple-tree; __ the forest; ___the newspaper; __ Ottava; __ the chemist’s; ____ the USA; ____ the air.
Упр.4.2.3. Заполните пропуски одним из предлагаемых предлогов.
above across against among around behind towards below beneath beside onto over out of
The cowboy leant _____ the bar in the saloon, drinking a beer.
She took her purse _____ her bag and paid the taxi driver.
Our cat just loves to curl up ________ the fire and go to sleep.
The view from the top of the mountain was breathtaking. We could see the town and the river ______ us, and people who looked like ants.
Last night the temperature fell to three degrees _____ zero.
The burglar heard a noise coming from upstairs, so he hid _____ the curtains.
The dog jumped _____ my lap, and settled down for a good sleep.
The hunter froze as the tiger started running ____ him. He had nowhere to hide.
She has beautiful works of art all ____ her house, even in the kitchen and the bedroom.
These days, politicians like to walk ____ the crowds, shaking hands and saying one or two words.
He climbed _____ the wall and ran _____ the field.
The plane took off and was soon flying _____ the clouds.
Упр.4.2.4. Заполните пропуски соответствующим предлогом.
I’d love to be able to visit every country _____ the world.
“Have you read any books _____ Margaret White?” “No, I’ve never heard of her.”
“Is there a bank near here?” “Yes, there’s one _____ the end of this road.”
Tim is away at the moment. He’s ______ holiday.
You’ve got a dirty mark ____ your cheek. Have a look _____ the mirror.
We went _____ a party ______ Linda’s house on Saturday.
Bombay is _____ the west coast of India.
Look at the leaves ______ the tree. They’re a beautiful colour.
“Have you ever been _____ Tokyo?” “No, I’ve never been _____ Japan.”
Mozart died _____ Vienna in 1791 _____ the age of 35.
“Are you _____ this photograph?” “Yes, that’s me, _____ the left.”
We went ______ the theatre last night. We had seats _____ the front row.
“Where’s the light switch?” “It’s _____ the wall _____ the door.”
What time did you arrive _____ the party?
I couldn’t decide what to eat. There was nothing ___ the menu that I liked.
We live _____ a tower block. Our flat is _____ the fifteenth floor.
“What did you think of the film?” “Some parts were a bit stupid but ____ the whole I enjoyed it.”
When you paid the hotel bill, did you pay ___ cash or _____ credit card?
“How did you get here? ____ the bus?” “No, _____ car.”
A “I wonder what’s _____ television this evening. Have you got a newspaper?”
B “Yes, the TV programmes are _____ the back page.”
4.3. Предлоги, которые используются, когда речь идет о способе путешествия.
Это предлоги by, on и in . При использовании предлога by между предлогом и словом, определяющим способ путешествия (air, sea, car, bus и т.д.), нет ни артикля, ни притяжательного местоимения. Предлог on употребляется, если есть артикль или притяжательное местоимение (on the train, on my bicycle, on his horse) (Исключение - on foot ). Предлог in используется так же, как и on, но только с автомобилем, как средством передвижения (in the taxi, in your car).
*Упр.4.3.1. Выберите соответствующий предлог.
I saw him riding into town on / by his bicycle yesterday.
He’d rather go on / by bus than drive there himself.
She sent him home in / by a taxi.
That’s much too far to travel on / in foot.
Did you take the tunnel to France, or did you go on / in the ferry?
She rode through town on / by her horse.
Let’s go home in / by taxi - I can’t be bothered to walk.
She sometimes gets sick when travelling on / by sea.
He flies round the world in / by his own private jet.
The quickest way to get there is on / by air.
Упр.4.3.2. Закончите второе предложение так, чтобы оно имело то же значение, что и первое. Используйте выделенное слово, а также от двух до пяти других необходимых по смыслу слов.
Air travel frightens many people.
plane Many people find travelling ___________ frightening.
The train is the quickest way to get to London from here.
on The quickest way to get to London from here ________ train.
Sometimes it is quicker to walk than to drive to work.
foot Sometimes it is quicker to go to _________ than to drive.
The bicycle is my favourite form of transport.
by I prefer __________ than any other way.
We used the car that belonged to my uncle to drive to Wales.
drove We _____________ my uncle’s car.
4.4.Предложные сочетания.
Упр.4.4.1. Во многих случаях существительные употребляются с последующим предлогом. Заполните пропуски соответствующим предлогом.
I got a cheque _____ five hundred pounds in the post today.
There has been a rise _____ the number of violent crimes.
Have you seen this photo _____ my daughter? Isn’t she beautiful?
The difference _____ you and me is that I don’t mind hard work.
I can think of no reason _____ such strange behaviour.
It took a long time to find a solution _____ the problem.
Could you give me some information _____ train times?
I’m having trouble _____ my car. It won’t start.
She’s doing research _____ the causes of tooth decay.
This is a machine _____ grinding coffee.
Упр.4.4.2. После многих прилагательных в составном сказуемом с глаголом to be используются предлоги. Выберите нужный вариант.
Who isn’t present ____ the lesson?
A on B at C from
Why are you afraid ____ him?
A of B - C with
Are you angry ___ her?
A on B at C with
What is John ill ____ ?
A with B by C -
John Smith is proud ____ his progress in Russian.
A with B of C by
I am quite sure ____ good results of our research.
A in B with C of
The old woman is seriously ill. All are afraid ____ her.
A of B for C -
I am sorry ___ the girl. She isn’t able to pass the exam.
A for B about C -
Упр.4.4.3. Заполните пропуски соответствующим предлогом.
I.
The plan has been changed but nobody seems to know the reason ____ this.
Don’t ask me to decide. I’m not very good ____ making decisions.
Some people say that Sue is unfriendly but she’s always very nice ____ me.
What do you think is the best solution ____ the problem?
There has been a big increase _____ the price of land recently.
He lives a rather lonely life. He doesn’t have much contact _____ other people.
Paula is a keen photographer. She likes taking pictures _____ people.
Gordon got married ____ a woman he met when he was studying at college.
He’s very brave. He’s not afraid ____ anything.
I’m surprised ____ the amount of traffic today. I didn’t think it would be so busy.
Thank you for lending me the guide book. It was full ____ useful information.
Please come in and sit down. I’m sorry ____ the mess.
*II.
She was angry ____ me _____ breaking her best plate.
Canterbury is famous ____ its ancient cathedral.
Bill is jealous ____ anyone who has something he hasn’t.
I’m very proud ____ my two daughters. They are so clever.
You’re very different ____ your husband. I thought you’d be quite similar ____ each other.
Are you excited ____ going to Greece?
Many foreigners find driving in Britain quite difficult. They’re not used ____ driving on the left.
Are you good ____ tennis?
You are responsible ____ your own actions.
Sweets are bad ____ your teeth, but fruit is good ____ them.
I’m terribly short _____ time.
*Упр.4.4.4. Заполните пропуски одним из данных предлогов. Выучите получившиеся предложные словосочетания наизусть. Цифры показывают, сколько раз следует использовать предлог.
in x 3 on x3 out of x2 for at by
After running up the stairs he was __________ breath.
My sister and I are very different. We don’t have much ______ common at all.
I don’t want to go to Franco’s Restaurant again. We always go there. Let’s go somewhere else
_____ a change.
I don’t dislike Jane. ______ the contrary, I’m very fond of her.
_______ general I go abroad for my holidays, but occasionally I stay at home.
It always pays to buy high-quality goods. _____ the long run it’s cheaper.
You most certainly cannot borrow my car. It’s completely ______ the question.
This is a very important decision. All our lives are _____ stake.
I went on holiday _____ my own because sometimes I like being _____ myself.
I’ll do it tomorrow. No, _____ second thoughts, I’ll do it today.
I’ll love you _____ ever!
Thank you ____ advance.
*Упр.4.4.5. Заполните пропуски соответствующим предлогом.
At two thousand pounds, the car looks like a bargain. It’s _____ very good condition.
Don’t talk to me at the moment. Five bills arrived in the post today. I’m _____ a bad mood.
____ average, I spend about thirty pounds a week on food.
The house was _____ fire, but the blaze was soon brought _____ control.
As I’m the deputy, I’m _____ charge of the office while the manager is away.
I can see the arguments for capital punishment, but personally I’m not ____ favour of it.
Don’t give me any money for it. You can have it _____ nothing.
It’s a good idea ______ theory, but I don’t think it’ll work _____ practice.
When you go away, you’ll keep ____ touch, won’t you? I want to hear all your news.
I don’t think you dropped the vase _____ accident. I think you did it ____ purpose.
Упр.4.4.6. Переведите следующие выражения на английский язык:
решение проблемы; наоборот; в общем; в среднем; в конце концов; сам по себе; случайно; намеренно; отвечать (быть ответственным за что-либо); в пользу чего-либо; навсегда; в теории и на практике; отличаться от; иметь много общего; быть в цейтноте; хорошо уметь (что-либо сделать), заранее.
4.5. Устойчивые выражения с предлогами.
В зависимости от используемого предлога меняется значение словосочетания. Например, выражение at the beginning (of the story) означает в начале с хронологической точки зрения. А выражения in the beginning и at first подразумевают противопоставление, то, что обстоятельства позднее изменятся.
Выражение at the end (of the story) означает в конце с хронологической точки зрения. А выражение in the end подразумевает разрешение некой проблемы или неопределенности, о которой речь шла ранее.
Когда используются наречия finally и eventually, то это означает долгое ожидание результата, положительного или отрицательного.
Выражение at last предполагает долгое ожидание положительного результата.
Сравните следующие пары предложений.
John and Anita got married at the beginning of May.
In the beginning, the marriage worked well, but problems soon began to emerge.
At the end of the war, the soldiers all went home.
We had a long and bitter argument, but in the end I realized he was right after all.
I burnt the meat and dropped the vegetables, but the meal turned out all right in the end.
At last the waiter brought them their meal, but by then it was cold.
Упр.4.5.1. Заполните пропуски соответствующим словом или выражением из тех, о которых шла речь выше в этом параграфе.
After the operation, he went home to recuperate. ______ he made good progress, but his condition soon began to deteriorate.
____ of the film, we are introduced to the two main characters, Bill and Sarah Cunningham.
Damain told me the other day that he wants to be an astronaut. I didn’t believe him ______ , but then I realized he was serious!
She spent days trying to decide what to do. She _______ decided that the best course of action was to do nothing.
I’ve spent thousand of pounds trying to get my driving licence, and now, after seventeen goes, I’ve got it ________!
They tried hard to make the marriage work, but their hearts weren’t in it, and they got divorced ________ .
The story jumps around from place to place, and there are characters introduced who don’t seem to be connected. ________ , you have very little idea of what it was all about.
I had to wait weeks for the cheque to come, but it arrived ________ .
4.6. Глагол и предлог.
Можно выделить следующие типы комбинаций глагола с частицей.
Глаголы с закрепленными предлогами.
Глаголы с последующим предлогом или наречием, совпадающим по форме с предлогом, образующие новую лексическую единицу, которая часто имеет несколько значений. Количество таких комбинаций глаголов с последующим предлогом или наречием (послелогом) (phrasal verbs) в английском языке очень велико.
4.6.1.Глаголы с закрепленными предлогами.
Упр.4.6.1.a. Заполните пропуски соответствующим предлогом.
I applied ____ the job that I saw advertised ____ the paper.
I think you’re quite right. I absolutely agree _____ you.
They are arguing ____ who’s going to win the World Cup.
Water consists ____ hydrogen and oxygen.
After six months of working overtime, she succeeded _____ paying off her debts.
It took him a long time to recover ____ the injuries he sustained in the car crash.
I’d like to complain ____ the manager _____ the state of my room. It isn’t very tidy.
Compared ____ many countries, the cost of living in Spain is quite low.
She was concentrating so hard _____ her book that she didn’t hear me come into the room.
Do you believe _____ reincarnation? I do.
Who does that car belong _____? It’s in my way.
Could I speak ____ you for a moment ____ our plans for next month? It’s rather important.
Gold is not affected ____ moisture.
The work was divided ____ four students.
The ship cruises ____ Odessa and Batumy.
Упр.4.6.1.b. Закончите вопросы необходимым предлогом.
What are you worrying ____ ? i. Who do you agree ____ ?
What do you hope ____ ? j. Who did you cooperate ____ ?
What exam are you preparing ____ ? k. Who have you just danced ___?
Where are you hurrying ____ ? l. What disease did she die ____ ?
Who are you waiting ____ ? m. Who has it happened ____ ?
What are you listening ____ ? n. Who have you learned it ____ ?
What railway station does this train arrive ____ ?
What have you congratulated John ____ ?
Упр.4.6.1.c. Задайте вопросы по образцу (не к подлежащему).
Пример: I’m waiting.
Who are you waiting for?
Sh! I’m listening. What ____________ ?
Jane’s talking. Who _____________ ? What ___________ ?
Sh! I’m thinking. What ______________ ?
They’re looking everywhere. What ______________ ?
She’s going on holiday. Who _____________ ?
I’m going out. Who _____________ ?
I had a dream last night. What ________________ ?
I had an argument with Bert yesterday. What ________________ ?
Jerry ‘s in love. Who _____________ ?
Sophie’s getting married. Who ___________________ ?
Упр.4.6.1.d. Преобразуйте утверждения в вопросы к выделенным словам.
Пример: Who are you looking at? I’m looking at that man.
________________________ She’s talking about politics.
________________________ I’m waiting for the postman to arrive.
________________________ He works for the American government.
_______________________ I’m writing to the Prime Minister.
________________________ She was angry with her husband.
________________________ The house belongs to Mr Briggs.
________________________ The letter’s for you.
________________________ I stayed with some friends.
4.6.2.Глаголы to be и to get с предлогами и наречиями.
Глаголы to be и to get являются одними из “рекордсменов” по количеству идиоматических выражений, которые они образуют с предлогами и наречиями.
Упр.4.6.2.a. Закончите предложения одной из предложенных частиц.
away back out of over up out in off
Many people are ________ work in the north-east of England.
Don’t phone for the next few weeks. I’ll be ________ on business.
I should be ________ on the 10th of March.
I was ______ all the night with the baby. She just wouldn’t sleep.
It had been a long winter, but at last it was nearly ________ .
I phoned you, but there was no reply. You must have been _______ .
Are you sure? I’ve been ______ all day, and I didn’t hear the phone.
We’re ____ sugar. Could you get some more when you go to the shops?
I’m ________ to Italy tomorrow, so I won’t see you for a while.
Попробуйте передать смысл предложений с помощью синонимов.
Например: Many people are unemployed in the north-east of England.
Упр.4.6.2.b. Ниже дан ряд значений глагола to get с послелогами:
to get back - to return to get up - to climb (e.g. a wall)
to get in - to enter to get smth off - to remove (e.g. a stain)
to get away - to escape to get off - to leave (e.g. a train, a bus)
to get through - to pass with difficulty to get in touch with - to make contact (e.g. on the phone)
а также примеры из словаря:
The new manager is easy to get on with.
Fred didn’t remarry. He never got over the shock of losing Jane.
The books are locked up and I can’t get at them.
Don’t let this cold weather get you down.
How’s Jim getting on at school?
Закончите следующие предложения, используя phrasal verbs на основе глагола get.
I must put this vase in a place where the children __________ .
I know I shouldn’t let this comments ________ but I can’t help feeling upset.
How are you ________ in your new job?
A How __________ with your flatmate?
B Not very well at all. He is a smoker, and I can’t bear the smell.
Jim’s only just beginning to __________ his disappointment.
My house was burgled yesterday. The burglar managed to _______ .
The police were called, but the burglar ______ .
We were in the capital when war broke out. Naturally we _____ .
The journey was terrible. We didn’t _____ until three in the morning.
Someone spilt wine on the carpet, but I _____ .
I’ve been trying _____ to you for ages, but you’re always engaged.
4.6.3. Другие глаголы с послелогами.
Упр.4.6.3.a. Заполните пропуски правильной формой глагола look с нужным предлогом или наречием и запомните значение полученных словосочетаний.
after for out forward to up through
Baby-sitters are people who _______________
I wonder what “scratch” means. I’ll _________ dictionary.
A What are you doing on your hands and knees?
B I _________ my glasses. Have you seen them anywhere?
Look _________! That box is going to fall on your head!
It’s a great pleasure to meet you. I’ve heard a lot about you, and I ________ meeting you for a long time.
I looked these data ______ .
I looked some figures _____ in the textbook.
Упр.4.6.3.b. Прочитайте примеры из словаря, поясняющие значение phrasal verbs с глаголом put. Затем сделайте упражнение, закончив предложения с использованием нужной формы.
The fireman soon put the fire out. Please put this call through to the manager. Put your books / toys away. Put the rent up by 50p (a week). The mere smell of garlic put him off his supper.
I’m sorry. I didn’t realize I couldn’t smoke here. I ______________
Why don’t you buy your car now? They’re going to ____________ soon.
Hello, operator. Could you _________ extension 301, please?
I’ll dry the dishes if you _________ . I don’t know where they should go.
The violence in America _____________ going there for my holiday.
Упр.4.6.3.c. Замените глаголы в этих предложениях глаголом to put и нужным предлогом или наречием из данных ниже.
away back off out up with
Пример:He placed the money on the table. He put the money down on the table.
It is difficult to extinguish electrical fires. __________________
I don’t know how you can tolerate so much noise. ______________
Please replace the books on the shelves. ______________________
We have postponed the meeting until next week.________________
Could you please tidy all your clothes? ______________________
Упр.4.6.3.d. Употребите необходимые послелоги с глаголом to turn.
It grew dark and I turned ____ the light.
In heavy snowfall the truck turned ____ .
My tea was ready and I turned ____ the gas.
The lamp was too bright and I turned it ____ .
4.6.4. Обзорные упражнения на тему глагол + предлог.
Упр.4.6.4.а. Заполните пропуски, выбрав нужные глагол (из строчки А) или предлог (из строчки В). Поставьте глагол в необходимую форму. Цифры показывают, сколько раз используются в упражнении глагол или предлог.
A fill give put try look x3 turn fall
B out back on away up x4 down x2 round after
You look tired. Sit ____ and have a cup of tea.
I’m looking for yesterday’s newspaper. Did you throw it ______ ?
______ on your warm coat. It’s cold today.
Could I _____ on these shoes, please? Size nine.
Turn ____ the music! It’s too loud!
Don’t forget to _____ off the light when you come to bed.
I live in Bristol now, but I grew _____ in Leicester.
Have you heard? Tony’s going _____ with an Italian girl called Sophia.
Could you _____ in this form, please, and sign it at the bottom?
Come _____ ! Hurry _____ ! You’ll be late for school.
I’m _______ forward to meeting her very much.
Pick ______ your litter! Don’t drop it on the street!
Don’t worry about the baby. I’ll look _______ her while you’re out.
What a pretty dress! Turn _____ ! Let me look at it from the back.
_____ out! The glass is going to fall! Oh! Too late!
John! Wake ____ ! Can you hear a noise downstairs?
I’m _____ for the car keys. Have you seen them anywhere?
I’m going to take these shoes _____ to the shop. The heel has broken already.
She _____ off her horse and hurt her wrist.
I used to smoke, but I ____ up last year.
Упр.4.6.4. b. Употребите необходимые послелоги.
You should think the plan ____ .
Let’s put it ____ for the next week.
Look this word ______ in the dictionary.
He rings her ____ almost every day.
I can’t begin this work because it may take ____ a lot of time.
It’s a nasty habit, believe me. You should give it ____ as soon as possible.
“I want to buy this pair of gloves.” “Try them ____ first.”
I just can’t make _____ my mind about the trip.
How are you getting ____ ?
How are the young men getting ____ ?
“Do you think John is able to do this work?” “I think he is ____ to it.”
After my disease I have to catch ____ with the group.
I dropped _____ at the photographer’s.
The Browns moved ____ last November. They live in a suburb now.
I picked Jane ____ on my way to the hostel.
We showed the stranger _____ .
Pick me ___ on your way to school.
Shall we drop ____ or pass ____ .
I’ll be back in the town the day after tomorrow. I’ll drop ____ at your place.
4.6.5. Классификация Phrasal verbs.
Phrasal verbs в различных словарях и пособиях классифицируются различными способами. В этом разделе дается их простая классификация, в которой выделяется 4 типа:
Тип 1: phrasal verb не имеет дополнения: take off, (a) make a start in jumping. (b) (of an aircraft) leave the ground and rise: The plane took off despite the fog.
Тип 2: дополнение находится между глаголом и предлогом: turn smth on, start the flow of (liquid, gas, current) by ing a tap, switch, etc: T
the light / radio on. Дополнение может менять свое положение.
Тип 3: дополнение следует за предлогом: look for smb / smth, (a) search for; try to find: Are you still
ing for a job? Дополнение не может менять своего места.
Тип 4: дополнение с двумя предлогами: look down on smb / smth, regard as inferior: Why do the English look down on everything foreign?
Упр.4.6.5.a. Сопоставьте phrasal verb из колонки А с его определением в колонке В. Ответьте на вопрос, к какому типу (2 или 3) они относяться.
A B
to talk over a problem 1. to recover from
to try out an idea 2. to experiment with
to go off a person / food 3. to cancel
to call off a meeting 4. to stop
to give up smoking 5. to discuss
to look into a problem 6. to care for
to get over an illness 7. to not accept
to turn down an offer 8. to not like any more
to look after a child 9. to investigate
to work out a sum 10.to solve
Упр.4.6.5.b. Поставьте местоимение it на нужное место.
Jan had a problem with her finances, so we talked ___ over ____, and now it’s fine.
I had an idea for reorganizing the system. We tried ____ out ____, and it worked well.
I used to love ice cream, but since I found out how it’s made, I’ve really gone ___ off ___ .
We were due to have a meeting on Thursday, but we’ve had to call ___ off ____ because the chairperson’s ill.
I wish you wouldn’t smoke. Why don’t you give ____ up ____ .
I’m sorry to hear about your problem with the Tax Office. I promise I’ll look ___ into ___ as soon as possible.
The best thing for backaches is rest. Don’t worry. You’ll soon get ___ over ____ .
The job looks very attractive. You’d be a fool to turn ____ down ____ .
That ring is extremely valuable. Make sure you look ___ after ____ .
I need a calculator to see how much money I’ve got in my account. I can’t work ____ out ____ in my head.
Упр.4.6.5.c. Познакомьтесь со значениями словосочетания “bring smb / smth up”.
Bring smb / smth up, (a) educate; rear: She has brought up five children. If children are badly brought up they behave badly. (b) vomit:
up one’s dinner. (c) call attention to : These are facts that can always be brought up against you, used as evidence against you. These are matters that you can
up in committee. (d) (mil) summon to the front line: We need to
up more tanks. (e)
for trial: He was brought up on a charge of drunken driving. (f) cause to stop suddenly: His remarks brought me up short /sharp / with a jerk.
Какие из значений (a),(b),(c),(d),(e) или (f) использованы в следующих предложениях?
I thought you brought up a very interesting point at the end of the lecture
Her mother died in childbirth and she was brought up by her father.
The war is going badly. We need to bring up more soldiers.
The journey was so bumpy that the baby couldn’t help bringing up her breakfast.
Упр.4.6.5.d. Закончите предложения одним из приведенных ниже словосочетаний. К какому типу относятся полученные phrasal verbs?
away with on with down on up to back on up against
in with out of away from
We’ve run _________ sugar. Could you buy some more?
Please don’t let me disturb you. Carry ___________ your work.
We must try to cut ________ the amount of money we spend. We just can’t make ends meet.
Keep _____ me! I’ve got a terrible cold, and I don’t want to give it to you.
When I look _______ my childhood, I realize what a happy time it was.
She’s such a snob. She looks ____ people who have to work for their living.
The only people she looks _____ are her grandparents.
Children grow __________ their clothes so quickly. It costs a fortune to clothe them properly.
The government have come _______ a big problem in their economic policy. The unions won’t co-operate, and management doesn’t approve of what they’re trying to do.
Face _______ the facts, Joey, and stop living with your head in the clouds. You’ll never get anywhere if you don’t work at it.
The antique table is very beautiful, but it doesn’t fit _____ the rest of the furniture, which is modern.
He tries to get ______ doing nothing around the house by charming everyone, but they’ve all learnt his tricks.
Упр.4.6.5.e. В данном упражнении обе части phrasal verbs используются буквально. Заполните пропуски предложенными наречиями или предлогами.
away out on down off up in
I’d better write your telephone number _______ . I’ve got a terrible memory.
Don’t run _______ . Come here! I want to talk to you!
The bird’s cage wasn’t closed properly. It managed to get _____ , and unfortunately it flew ____ . We haven’t seen it since.
When Mrs Johnson died, she didn’t have a penny. She’d given all her money ______ to charity.
I don’t feel like cooking tonight. Shall we eat ______ ?
The soup doesn’t taste very nice. If I were you, I’d put some more salt _____ .
A button has come _____ my shirt. Could you sew it back ____ for me?
It has just started to rain, and the washing is hanging outside. Could you help me to bring it ____ ?
Hello. It’s Peter, isn’t it? I hardly recognized you! You’ve shaved ____ your beard.
Kate’s having a birthday party this afternoon. Could you help us to blow _____ some balloons?
I fell _____ my horse and dislocated my shoulder.
And my wife fell ____ stairs! One disaster after another!
The wind was very strong last night. It blew ____ a tree in our garden.
*Упр.4.6.5.f. Многие phrasal verbs имеют синонимы латинского происхождения. Phrasal verbs являются менее формальными, тогда как слова латинского происхождения более формальны и буквальны. Догадайтесь о значении phrasal verbs в следующих предложениях и найдите для них соответствующий синоним латинского происхождения из предложенного списка.
I was badly beaten up when I tried to break up a fight outside a pub last night.
You should tell the police that it wasn’t your fault. I’ll stick up for you, don’t worry.
Soon there will be no import duties within the Common Market. They’re going to do away with them.
Government forces in Walliland have put down a revolt by a group of soldiers.
The business went through a lean period at the beginning of the year, but things are picking up now.
Looking after six kids all day has completely worn me out!
Many old people are taken in by bogus officials, who call their houses, find a pretence for looking round and then steal their property.
I was told off for being late again this morning. If it happens again, my pay gets docked.
We’ve bought an old house which isn’t in very good condition, but we’ll do it up bit by bit.
Don’t believe her when she says she’s got stomach ache. She’s putting it on. She just wants to get out of going to school.
I had a very unhappy childhood, but the delights of being an adult and a parent have made up for that.
I can’t solve the riddle at all. I give in. What’s the answer?
The government is going to set up an inquiry into the condition of Britain’s prisons.
Police have ruled out murder, but are still holding several people for questioning.
He’s a great mate of mine. He’s the kind of friend who’ll stand by you through thick and thin.
Список синонимов латинского происхождения.
compensate for ___________ 9. establish_______________
exhaust _________________ 10. exclude _______________
deceive _________________ 11.improve _______________
defend __________________ 12. decorate_______________
pretend _________________ 13. surrender ______________
abolish _________________ 14. support ________________
reprimand _______________ 15. assault ________________
suppress ________________
*Упр.4.6.5.g. Затруднения, которые приносят многочисленные и многозначные phrasal verbs иностранцам и самим носителям языка тонко подмечены английскими журналистами. Далее в качестве примера приводится статья Майлса Кингтона, опубликованная в газете The Independent и написанная в форме урока английского языка по теме Phrasal verbs. Перед чтением сделайте ряд упражнений.
a) Догадайтесь о значении следующих phrasal verbs, фигурирующих в статье.
My sister has written, asking if we can put her up for a few days whilst she’s in London.
Paul was left ten thousand pounds in his grandfather’s will, so he set himself up as a photographer.
This bad weather’s really getting me down.
The flat isn’t very nice, but I can put up with it until I find somewhere better.
The family dog was old and crippled, so they decided reluctantly that they had to have her put down.
Let’s meet on the 20th . Put the date down in your diary so you don’t forget it.
James Gregory was sent down for ten years for his part in the robbery.
Peter thinks I’m trying to get off with his girlfriend, but I don’t find her very attractive. Anyway, I wouldn’t do a thing like that to a mate of mine.
Have you seen how Jane always putting him down? Either she criticizes him for the way he dresses, or the way he eats or the way he speaks, and she makes him feel such a fool!
“I’ve been set up,” thought Alice. “Joe told the director that I was incompetent, than altered the accounts making it look like my handwriting, and now I’ve been accused of stealing money!”
Jeremy, who is a very good mimic, was sending up the Director and the way he screws up his face when he talks, when the Director himself came into the room. You could have heard a pin drop!
Сопоставьте phrasal verbs с предложенными определениями.
1. to depress, make miserable ____________
2. to send to prison _____________
3. to establish a business __________________
4. to prove a bed for someone for a short while _________________
5. to imitate someone in such a way as to make them appear foolish ________
6. to write down ______________
7. to kill (an animal) out of humanitarian reasons ______________
8. to tolerate _________________
9. to begin a romantic or sexual relationship with someone ____________
10. to make someone appear guilty in order to get them into trouble ________
11. to make someone seem foolish by criticizing and ridiculing them _______
c) Теперь прочитайте статью.
Miles Kington
Could I say to the vet, “Here is my cat, please have her sent up?”
Learning English as a Second Language
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