1 Основные правила употребления артиклей. 1 Употребление артиклей с именами нарицательными. Неопределенный артикль

Название	1 Основные правила употребления артиклей. 1 Употребление артиклей с именами нарицательными. Неопределенный артикль
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**Упр.1.1.5.b. Объясните случаи употребления артиклей перед числительными.

In brominating the ketone a second bromine atom enters the nucleus.
The four centres lie in a plane.
A second smaller step is also produced just before the final increase in current.
All the three oxygen atoms lie in a plane with the carbon atom.
Of the two reactions the second goes about a thousand times faster than the first.
The close agreement of the six compounds is unlikely to be a coincidence.
A second notation uses the lower-case letters d- and l- to denote configuration.

1.1.6. Переход прилагательных и причастий в существительные.

Это происходит, когда они употребляются с определенным артиклем, например:

The wounded were taken to the hospital.

The French are famous for their food.

Упр.1.1.6.a. Закончите предложения, используя the со следующими прилагательными:

rich sick blind poor injured unemployed dead

Braille is a system of reading and writing by touch for ____ .
Many people were killed in the plane crush. The bodies of ____ were taken away. ____ were taken to hospital.
Every English child knows the story of Robin Hood. It is said that he robbed ____ and gave the money to ____ .
Those people with jobs have enough money but life is not so easy for ____ .
Agnes has been a nurse all her life. She has spent her life caring for ___ .

Упр.1.1.6.b. Как вы назовете людей из этих стран?

один человек (a/an) народ в целом

1. Canada? a Canadian the Canadians

2. Germany? ___________ __________

3. France?

Russia?
China?
Brazil?
England?

1.1.7. Употребление артикля с именами существительными собственными.

Как общее правило, имена собственные употребляются без артикля. Это относится к именам, названиям улиц, дорог, площадей, городов, стран, состоящих из одного слова, континентов, озер, единичных островов и горных вершин, к названиям научных журналов, к словам, обозначающим звания, титулы.

Определенный артикль употребляется перед ними в следующих случаях:

- перед фамилиями во множественном числе: The Browns have left London.

- если перед названием страны присутствует существительное с предшествующим определением или имеются слова: республика, королевство, союз и пр.:

the British Empire, the United Kingdom

- перед названиями океанов, морей, рек, заливов: the Pacific Ocean, the Persian Galf, the Volga

- в названиях горных хребтов: the Alps

- перед названиями групп островов: the Bermudas

- перед названиями судов, газет: the “Titanic”, the Daily World

- перед названиями гостиниц, музеев, галерей, театров, кинотеатров: the “Savoy”, the Palace Theatre, the Odeon, the British Museum, the Tate Gallery.

- перед названиями с of: the Bank of England, the University of Salamanca.

- перед названием исторических документов: the Constitution, the Magna Carta.

- перед названием следующих городов, стран, улиц, местностей: the Hague (Гаага), the Netherlands, the Ukraine, the Crimea, the Caucasus, the Transvaal, the Congo, the Argentine, the West Indies, the Reviera, the Lebanon, the High Street, the Mall, the Strand и др.

Если же в названиях есть имя или фамилия человека или название места, то артикль не употребляется (Buckingham Palace, Lloyds Bank, Cambridge University, Westminster Abbey)

Упр.1.1.7.a. Поставьте артикли a, an и the где необходимо.

_____ Statue of Liberty was a gift of friendship from _____ France to _____ United States.
No one in ____ Spanish class knew _____ correct answer to _____ Mrs Perez’s question.
____ Lake Erie is one of _____ five Great Lakes in ____ North America.
On our trip to _____ Spain, we crossed ____ Atlantic Ocean.
While we were in ____ Alaska, we saw _____ Eskimo village.
David attended _____ Princeton University.
Harry has been admitted to ____ School of Medicine at ____ midwestern university.
____ Queen Elizabeth II is _____ monarch of _____ Great Britain.
____ Declaration of Independence was drawn up in 1776.
____ Florida State University is smaller than ____ University of Florida.
____ Heathrow is ____ busiest airport in Europe.
We arrived in ____ Paris on ____ third of August.

Упр.1.1.7.b. Поставьте the, где необходимо.

____ Kevin lives in ____ Coronation Street.
Have you ever been to ____ National Theatre and ___ British Museum?

____ Milan is a large city in ___ north of ____ Italy.
Have you ever been to _____ Hague ?
____ Brussels is the capital of ____ Belgium.
____ Manila is the capital of ____ Philippines.
There are two cinemas in our town - ____ Regan and ____ Plasa.
____ Dr.Bradbury comes from a small village in ____ west of ___ Ireland.
____ Rocky Mountains are in ____ North America.
____ Texas is famous for oil and cowboys.
”Where are you staying ?” “At ____ Intercontinental Hotel”.
____ National Gallery is in ____ Trafalgar Square in ____ London.
In ____ London, ____ Houses of Parliament are beside ____ River Thames.
____ Panama canal joins ____ Atlantic Ocean and ____ Pacific Ocean.
If you sail from ____ Britain to ____ Denmark you cross ____ North Sea.

Упр.1.1.7.c. Поставьте артикли, где необходимо.
I. ____ (1) King Juan Carlos of ____(2) Spain arrived in ____(3) London today for ____(4) three day visit to ____(5) United Kingdom. He was met by ____(6) Queen and drove with her to ____(7) Buckingham Palace. Tomorrow he will have lunch with ____(8) Governor of ____(9) Bank of England and in the evening he will have talks with businessmen.

II. On the first morning we went to ____(1) British Museum and had lunch at ____(2) MacDonalds in ____(3) Church Street. We looked in ____(4) Evening Standard newspaper and found there was a good film at ____(5) Odeon (cinema) near ____(6) Piccadilly Circus.

1.1.8. Обзорные упражнения.
При выполнении этих упражнений следует иметь в виду, что существует достаточно много случаев, так сказать, «немотивированного» употребления артиклей или их отсутствия. Часть из них упоминалась ранее. Напомним здесь еще некоторые устойчивые выражения, употребляющиеся с определеннымартиклем: in the morning (evening, afternoon), the day before yesterday, in the country, on the one (other) hand, on the whole, to play the piano (the violin), to tell the truth, to run the risk, to catch the bus (to catch a train), to listen to the radio (to watch TV);

употребляющиеся безартикля: at home, by tram (train, bus, air), on foot, by heard, by chance, by means of, in/on time, on sale, on credit, from morning till night и др.

Упр.1.1.8.a. Поставьте артикли a, an или the, где необходимо.

I.

I don’t usually like staying at ____ hotels, but last summer we spent a few days at ___ very nice hotel by___ sea.
___ tennis is my favourite sport. I play once or twice ___ week if I can, but I’m not ___ very good player.
I won’t be home for ___ dinner this evening. I’m meeting some friends after ___ work and we’re going to ___ cinema.
____ unemployment is very high at the moment and it’s very difficult for ___ people to find ___ work.
There was ___ accident as I was going ____ home last night. Two people were taken to ____ hospital. I think ___ most accidents are caused by ____ people driving too fast.
Carol is ___ economist. She used to work in ____ investment department of ____ Lloyds Bank. Now she works for ___ American bank in ___ United States.
“What’s ___name of ___ hotel where you’re staying?”

“____ Imperial. It’s in ___ Queen Street in ___ city centre. It’s near ___ station.

I have two brothers. ___ older one is training to be ___ pilot with ____ British Airways. ____ younger one is still at ___ school. When he leaves ____ school, he hopes to go to ____ university to study ____ law.

II.

Excuse me. Is there ____ post office near here?
A We haven’t got any money.

B It’s all right. I’m going to ____ bank.

My wife and I went out for ____ meal last night. ____ food was excellent. I don’t usually like ____ Chinese food, but ____ duck was superb.
Has ____ postman been yet? I’m expecting ____ parcel.
We’ve moved to ____ lovely house in ____ country. It’s got ____ views of fields and hills, and there’s ____ garden at ____ back.
____ government without ____ strong leader will not produce ____ good policies.
____ government has introduced ____ law to ban ___ sale of ___ air guns to ____ people under ____ age eighteen.

III.

In my job, I do____ business with people from all over the world.
I’m going to do ____ shopping. Do you want anything?
I was late for ____ work this morning.
Can you keep ____ secret? I’m getting married.
He got ____ sack because he was caught stealing money.
It isn’t easy, but I think we’re making ____ progress.
I lost ____ control of the car and crashed into a wall.
Make ____ love, not ____ war.
If you make ____ promise, you must keep it.
When buying a house, you should take into ____ consideration how near it is to public transport.
He set ____ fire to his factory so that he could claim the insurance.
You must make ____ effort to get to know your neighbours.
I’ve been to all the countries of Europe with ____ exception of Albania.
If you’re in Paris, take ____ opportunity to visit the Louvre.

IV.

____ fog was so thick that we couldn’t see ____ side of ___ road. We followed ___ car in front of us and hoped that we were going ___ right way.
I don’t know what ____ price ___ owners are asking. But Dry and Rot are ___ agents. You could give them ___ ring and make them ___ offer.
___ day after ___ day passed without ___ news, and we began to lose ___ hope.
“Would you like to hear ___ story about ___ Englishman, ___ Irishman and ___ Scotsman?”

“No, I’ve heard ____ stories about ___ Englishmen, ___ Irishmen and ___ Scotsmen before and they are all ___ same.”

“But mine is not ___ typical story. In my story ___ Scotsman is generous, ___ Irishman is logical and ___ Englishman is romantic.”

“Oh, if it’s ___ fantastic story. I’ll listen with ___ pleasure.”

*V.

____ worry about ____ state of his finances drove him to ____ despair.
He sauntered down ____ streets without ____ worry in ____ world.
____ main worry of ___ most people is ____ good health.
____ news is just coming into ____ studio of ____ fire at ____ home of Mr Paul Beaston, ____ film Director.
I can’t wait to go on holiday. ____ sea, ____ sand and ____ books - that’s what I want.
I went to ____ theatre last night and saw ____ great play. I thought it was good, anyway, but I read in ____ papers this morning that ____ critics had slammed it.
___ Paris of ___ 1980’s is nothing compared to ___ Paris of ___ 1968.
She was appointed ___ President of ___ National Union of ___ Printworkers.
___ last year has been good for business.
____ last year was good for business.
I decorated ___ children’s bedroom as fast as I could. In ___ week, I had finished.
I haven’t got time to phone him at the week-end. I’ll do it in ___ week.

**VI.

____ temperature varies with ____ pressure.
____ scientists believe to have discovered ____ new compound.
____ holes were spaced at ____ 10 foot intervals.
____ reaction is similar to that observed by us.
In 1812 Berzelius advanced ____ theory of ____ chemical combination.
No sooner had ____ reaction stopped ____ precipitate turned black.
Such ___ stage is known as ____ “theoretical” stage or plate.
____ compound II can be hydrolyzed to yield ___ free amine.
When being pure, ___ water is ___ colourless liquid.
___ benzene is ____ stronger acid than ____ ethane.

Упр.1.1.8.b. Поставьте артикли a, an, the, или местоимение some, где необходимо.

There is ___ fly in ___ lemonade.
____ youngest brother is at ____ school now.
___ birds can fly very high in ___ sky.
___ book on that shelf is ____ interesting one about ___ history.
It is pleasant to play ____ game of ____ tennis on ____ summer afternoon.
He makes ____ toys in the evening.
___ butcher opposite ____ library always sells ___ good meat.
I am fond of ____ apples with ____ cheese.
____ honesty is ____ best of all ____ virtues.
I should like to have ____ house in ____ country.
___ car is ready.
Do you prefer ____ book of ____ poetry or ____ stories of ____ adventure?
Peter travelled in ____ third-class carriage with ____ Americans.

Упр.1.1.8.c. Поставьте a, an или one, где необходимо.

___ of my friends advised me to take ___ taxi; another said that there was quite ___ good bus service.
“___ friend of mine lent me ___ book by Meredith. I’ve only ___ more chapter to read. Would you like ___ loan of it afterwards?”

“No, thanks. I read ___ of his books ___ few years ago and didn’t like it. Besides I have ___ library book to finish. If I don’t take it back tomorrow I’ll have to pay ___ fine.

Most people like ___ rest after ___ hard day’s work, but Tom seems to have ___ inexhaustible supply of energy.
I’ve told you ___ hundred times not to come into ___ room with ___ hat on.
You’ve been ___ great help to me; ___ day I will repay you.
My car broke down near ___ bus stop. There was ___ man waiting for ___ bus so I asked him for ___ advice.
He took ___ quick look at my car and said, “Buy ___ new ___.”
Most of the staff had been there for only ___ very short time, but ___ man had been there ___ year and ___ half, so he knew ___ little more than the rest.
___ day a new director arrived. He was ___ ambitious, bad-tempered man, and the staff took ___ instant dislike to him.

Упр.1.1.8.d. Поставьте a, an, the или my, his, her, our, your, their, где необходимо.

___ most of ___ stories that ___ people tell about ___ Irish aren’t true.
___ married couple with ___ children often rent ___ cottage by ___ seaside for ___ summer holidays.
___ men hire boats and go for ___ trip along ___ coast; ___ children spend ___ days on ___ beach and ___ poor mothers spend ___ most of ___ time doing ___ cooking and cleaning.
When ___ Titanic was crossing ___ Atlantic she struck an iceberg which tore a huge hole in her bow. ___ captain ordered ___ crew to help ___ passengers into ___ boats.
Everywhere ___ man has cut down ___ forests in order to cultivate ___ ground, or to use ___ wood as ___ fuel or as ___ building material.
But ____ interference with ___ nature often brings ____ disaster. ___ tree-felling sometimes turns ___ fertile land into a dustbowl.
___ people think that ___ lead is ___ heaviest metal, but ___ gold is heavier.
You can fool some of ___ people all ___ time, and all ___ people some of ___ time; but you cannot fool all ___ people all ___ time.
Why are you standing here with ___ hands in ___ pockets?
At most meetings ___ people vote by raising ___ right hands.
The bullet struck him in ___ foot.
Someone threw ___ egg which struck the speaker on ___ shoulder.
He was ___ very tall man with ___ dark hair and ___ small beard, but I couldn’t see ___ eyes because he was wearing ___ dark glasses.
She pulled him by ___ sleeve to attract his attention.
He is ___ thoroughly selfish man; he wouldn’t lift ___ finger to help anyone.
We have a very good train service from here to ___ city centre and most people go to ___ work by train. You can go by ___ bus too, of course, but you can’t get a season ticket on ___ bus.
“I’d like to see ___ Mr Smith please.” “Do you mean ___ Mr Smith who works in ___ box office or ___ other Mr Smith?”

Упр.1.1.8.e. Исправьте ошибки, связанные с артиклями.

Jane, has anyone ever told you that you’ve got some lovely fingers?
I’m very interested in the history, especially the history of Western Europe.
What a lovely weather we’re having! It’s such a nice day!
We’re trying to sell our house. People came to see it on Saturday, and they were quite interested, but some people who saw it on Sunday morning were very rude and said they didn’t like it at all.
Did you remember to buy a bread while you were out at some shops?
Crossing the English Channel can be quite unpleasant in the bad weather.
People who live on the floor above ours work in a government ministry.
What’s the government going to do about the unemployment?

Упр.1.1.8.f. В 10 предложениях артикль the употреблен правильно, а в 10 - неправильно. Найдите неправильные предложения и исправьте их.

He lived in United States for ten years.
John has cut the leg and needs the stitches.
The camera I bought yesterday doesn’t work.
William Wordsworth is famous for his poems about nature.
It was first time I had crossed equator.
This is only one left but you can have it.
Frank does a lot of work for the disabled.
I will be visiting the Netherlands next month.
Society doesn’t care enough for old people.
This is the same film I saw last week.
The worst thing was not knowing exactly what had happened.
Harder we work, more money we make.
Smiths are coming round to dinner tonight.
The aeroplane is one of the greatest inventions of the twentieth century.
It’s very disappointing news but that’s the life.
Eating the chocolate always gives me pimples on my face.
What is on radio this afternoon?
John plays the football very well.
The furniture was sold at auction.
He was sent to prison for life.

*Упр.1.1.8.g. Поставьте артикли, где необходимо.

What ___ strange feeling it was to be going home when it was not home, and to find that every object I looked at reminded me of ___ happy old home which was like ___ dream I could never dream again.
___ one thing that really interested him in connection with his parents was ___ existence somewhere in ___ east in ___ small city called Lycurgus … of ___ uncle, ___ brother of his father’s.
But ___ bed I made up for myself was sufficiently uncomfortable to give me ___ wakeful night, and I thought ___ good deal of what ___ unlucky Dutchman had told me.
___ English of ___ 14^th century differs from ___ Modern English.
___ walls, down which ran ___ number and variety of ___ pipes and cables, were painted in two contrasting of green - dark up to ___ height of five foot, lighter above that.
___ London train was on ___ point of ___ departure. It was yet ___ early morning, ___ hour of ___ milkmen and ___ postmen. ___ station had ___ chill, unused, deserted look; ___ passengers were few.
And now he was in ___ large bedroom overlooking ___ Thames, ___ chamber with ___ writing table, ___ sofa, ___ telephone, ____ electric bells and ___ massive oak door with ___ lock and ___ key in ___ lock.
___ sun comes up from ___ East and goes down to ___ West.
Mr Skimpole could play ___ piano and ___ violoncello; and he was ___ composer, had composed half ___ opera once, and played what he composed with ___ taste. After ___ tea we had quite ___ little concert, in which Richard and Mr Jarndyce and I were ___ audience.

*Упр.1.1.8.h. В текстах поставьте артикли, где необходимо.
I. Lovesick teenager snatched from cliff.

____(1) lovesick teenager, threatening to jump seventy feet from ____(2) cliffs at ____(3) seaside resort, was saved by ____(4) human chain of ____(5) policemen today.

____(6) eighteen-year old had driven from his home in ____(7) Lake District to Langhorn, near ___(8) Bouremouth, to talk his girlfriend out of breaking off their three-month romance.

He threatened to jump off ____(9) balcony at her house, but when she dialled ____(10) 999 he dashed to ___(11) edge of ____(12) cliffs below ____(13) Metropole Hotel.

____(14) police found him sitting on ____(15) edge. They chatted to him for twenty minutes in ____(16) darkness, then clung together and grabbed him.

He was later released after _____(17) treatment by ____(18) hospital doctor.

____(19) police spokesman said, “There was ____(20) high wind, it was pitch dark at about 2 a.m., and ___(21) grass on ____(22) cliff top was wet and slippery. It was ____(23) brave rescue.”

“It was ____(24) case of ____(25) unrequited love. The youngster was upset after his romance broke up, but he has now recovered his senses.”
II. You can't teach managers.

___(1) Harvard Business School is ___(2) ark of the tabernacle in ___(3) management education. ___(4) many schools more or less ape the HBS, especially its “case study” method of ___(5) instruction - though mulling over ___(6) out -of-date business anecdotes is about as helpful in ___(7) actual management as waging war by tramping over ___(8) old battlefields. ____(9) specific management element in these mind-bending studies is hard to isolate. Although ___(10) managers should be numerate (and many are not), they don’t require ___(11) skills in ___(12) higher algebra; and ___(13) many great businesses have been created by ___(14) men who all but count on their ___(15) fingers. ___(16) story tells of ___(17) two schoolboy friends, one brilliant at ___(18) maths, one innumerate to the point of idiocy, who meet much later when ___(19) first is ___(20) professor and ___(21) second ___(22) multi-millionaire. Unable to control his ___(23) curiosity, ___(24) professor asks ___(25) figure-blind dunderhead how he managed to amass his fortune. “It’s simple”, replies ___(26) Midas. “I buy ___(27) things at $1 and sell them for $2, and from that 1% difference make ___(28) living.”

III. Garbage.

For most of ___(1) past two and ___(2) half million years ___(3) human beings left their garbage where it fell. Oh, they sometimes tidied up their sleeping and activity areas, but that was about all. This disposal scheme functioned adequately, because ___(4) hunters and ___(5) gatherers frequently abandoned their campgrounds to follow ___(6) game or find new stands of plants. ___(7) man faced his first garbage crisis when he become ___(8) sedentary animal - when, rather than move himself, he chose to move his garbage.

IV. Tax.

___(1) West Germany funds ___(2) large share of its social welfare outlays, as it did in Bismarck’s time, through ___(3) regressive payroll taxes. Like ___(4) Sweden, it uses ___(5) tax incentives to lower certain burdens on ___(6) wealthy. ___(7) capital gains on ___(8) stocks and bonds, subject to ___(9) tax of up to 33 percent in ___(10) United States, are exempt in ___(11) West Germany - as well as ___(12) Netherlands, ___(13) Belgium, and ___(14) Japan. (But ___(15) United States, virtually alone among ___(16) Western nations, leaves gains from ___(17) sale of one’s home, in most cases, untouched.) In ___(18) France, one of ___(19) most heavily taxed nations in ___(20) Europe, ___(21) successive governments after ___(22) World War II clung to ___(23) tradition of ___(24) indirect taxation. ___(25) France adopted ___(26) value added tax (VAT), ___(27) consumption tax on goods and services, in 1954.

V.

There are ___(1) several sources of ___ (2) funds. One source is ____ (3) commercial bank such as ___ (4) Citibank, Chase, Chemical and ___ (5) others. Any money you get from such ___ (6) source would be borrowed and only on ___ (7) short-term basis ___ (8) bank would become ___ (9) creditor of yours, not ___ (10) owner. Another possibility is ___ (11) venture capital firm, whose sole purpose is to invest in ___ (12) young, promising companies. To secure ___ (13) funds from such ___(14) firm, you would have to prepare ___ (15) convincing business plan for ___ (16) expected operation, showing ___ (17) return you expect on ___ (18) investment and how you intend to make it. Among ___ (19) other requirements, ___ (20) venture capital firm will expect you to incorporate. What does ___ (21) venture capitalist get out of ___ (22) investing in your company? ___ (23) sizable percentage of ____ (24) ownership.

___(25) third source of ___(26) funds is ___(27) investment banker, who can help you raise ___(28) money through ___(29) sale of ____(30) securities, only if ___(31) company is incorporated.

1.2. Единственное и множественное число существительных.
1.2.1. Образование множественного числа существительных.
Основное правило образования множественного числа существительных просто: окончание -s добавляется в конце слова: car - cars, book - books.

- Однако, если существительное оканчивается на -s, -sh, -ch, -x, то следует добавить -es: bus - buses, dish - dishes, match - matches, box - boxes.

- Несколько существительных, оканчивающиеся на -o , требуют добавления окончания -es : tomato - tomatoes, potato - potatoes, hero - heroes. Несколько других образуют множественное число по общим правилам: photo - photos, piano - pianos.

- Если существительное оканчивается на букву -y с предшествующей согласной, то она заменяется на -ies: baby - babies, family - families. Если букве -y предшествует гласная, то по общему правилу добавляется -s: holiday - holidays, key - keys.

- Во многих словах, оканчивающихся на f, во множественном числе f меняется на v+(e)s: shelf - shelves, knife = knives.
Упр.1.2.1.a. Образуйте множественное число от следующих существительных:
child, person, woman, tooth, wolf, sheep, mouse, foot, leaf, half.

Упр.1.2.1.b. Напишите следующие существительные в форме множественного числа:
boy, lady, day, potato, party, watch, glass, city, church, address, sandwich, key, video, way.
1.2.2 Особые случаи использования существительных в единственном и множественном числах.
- Собирательные существительные. К ним относятся такие слова, как class, team, police, committee, audience, family, и т.д. Они не меняют форму, если употребляются в значении множественного числа, указывая на членов коллектива. Индикатором числа в этом случае становится число сказуемого или местоимения.

That class has its final test on Friday.

The class are working on their individual projects today.

- Cуществительные, имеющие одинаковую форму во множественном и в единственном числе. Часть из них оканчивается на -s: species, series, means: That species is rare. Those species are common.

Другая часть никогда не оканчивается на -s: sheep, deer, fish. That deer is young. Those deer are old.
Упр.1.2.2.a. Заполните пропуски в следующих предложениях формами глагола is или are в зависимости от числа подлежащего. Объясните свой выбор.

Several unusual species of birds _____ found in this area.
When a young deer ______ motionless, its coloring will hide it well.
The committee ______ ready to make its recommendations public.
Both apparatus ______ available for your use.
The family ______ fighting among themselves constantly.
The fish in the aquarium ______ waiting for their daily feeding.
All sheep ______ dipped in the spring to kill the parasites.
The press ______ requested to show their credentials to the guard.

1.2.3. Существительные, не имеющие формы множественного числа.
Это:

- названия наук и видов спорта: mathematics, physics, economics, statistics, ethics, gymnastics;

- название болезней: measles, mumps, herpes;

- некоторые отвлеченные существительные: news, politics.

Как называется та область знаний, в которой вы проводите свои исследования? Попадает ли ее название в эту группу слов?
1.2.4. Выражения, обозначающие количество времени, веса, объема как одно целое.
Выражения, обозначающие количество времени, веса, объема как одно целое, имея форму множественного числа, согласуются с глаголом в единственном числе:

Two weeks is enough time for a nice vacation.

Five hundred roubles is required as an entrance fee.

Twenty gallons of gasoline costs a lot of money.

Названия книг, газет, фильмов, даже если имеют форму множественного числа, согласуются с глаголом в единственном числе:

The New York Times is a good newspaper.

Star Wars was a good movie.
Упр.1.2.4.a. Найдите и исправьте ошибку в некоторых из следующих предложений.

News of the peace talks has not yet reached the island.
Politics usually attract ambitious individuals.
There were extra copies of the New York Times in all the offices.
Two weeks are ample time for a camping trip to the state park.
Two thousand dollars is a lot for him to pay for tutorial.
Jaws, a movie about sharks, was seen by a record number of people.
Both mathematics and physics are interesting.
Thermodynamics are beyond me.

1.2.5. Неисчисляемые существительные.
Неисчисляемые существительные согласуются со сказуемым в единственном числе. Это существительные:

meat, tea, butter, bread, juice, weather, accommodation, advice, permission, behaviour, chaos, damage, furniture, luggage, baggage, news, knowledge, scenery, traffic, work, luck, research, progress, information, и ряд других.
Упр.1.2.5.a. Сделайте все необходимые изменения, используя слова в скобках.
Пример: There aren’t many jobs for school leavers.

There isn’t much employment for school leavers.

He couldn’t give me much information. (details)
When I moved into my flat, I had very few chairs or tables or anything. (furniture)
There aren’t many flats to rent in this town. (accommodation)
I haven’t got many bags. They’re in the boot. (luggage)
I had a little time to spare, so I browsed round a bookshop. (minutes)
Very little research has been done to find out the cause. (experiments)
It’s very quiet in my area. There aren’t many cars or lorries. (traffic)

1.2.6. Еще несколько правил согласования.
Некоторые названия предметов одежды (trousers, jeans, shorts, pyjamas, tights) , инструментов (scissors, tweezers) согласуются с глаголом во множественном числе. Эти слова используются с глаголом в единственном числе в выражениях типа a pair of (jeans).

Если слова, выражающие понятие количества (several, many, both, few, a few), являются подлежащим, то они согласуются с глаголом во множественном числе:

Only a few have passed the exam.

Выражение a number of согласуется с глаголом во множественном числе, а the number of требует глагола в единственном числе.

Какие еще выражения для обозначения количества вы знаете?
1.2.7. Единственное и множественное число слов с латинскими и греческими корнями.
Таких слов относительно много. Они образуют множественное число по правилам, суммированным в таблице.

Происхождение слова	Окончание в един- ственном числе	Окончание во мно жествен-ном числе	Примеры (в единственном числе)
Греческое	-is	-es	basis, crisis, hypothesis, analysis, thesis, axis
Греческое	-on	-a	criterion, phenomenon
Латинское	-us	-i	radius, alumnus, nucleus, genius
Латинское	-a	-ae	formula, vita
Латинское	-um	-a	datum, medium, bacterium
Латинское	-ix / -ex	-ices	index, appendix

Упр.1.2.7.a. Образуйте множественное число от приведенных слов.
**Упр.1.2.7.b. Заполните пропуски нужной формой глагола to be.

Alumni of the university ______ invited to the graduation ceremony.
These bacteria _______being studied by university scientists.
The criteria for promotion ________ clearly stated.
The appendices ________ usually found at the back of a book.
Supernatural phenomena ______ of great interest to many people.
The hypothesis _______ supported by the data.

**Упр.1.2.7.c. Выберите правильный вариант числа существительного.
a. This phenomena / phenomenon follows the Newton Law.

b. Data / datum speak in favour of this theory.

This hydrolysis / hydrolyses is taken to follow the above scheme.
Conclusive proof for the dioxane structure of IV was acquired through an independent synthesis / syntheses.
This thesis / theses holds for more general cases of isomerisation.
The free proton resembles an-a particle in that it consists of a nuclei / nucleus without planetary electrons.
As long as the barrier to internal rotation is not too low, the molecule will remain in one of these minimum / minima.
The motion of a valency electron in its orbital is equivalent to the flow of a current in the loci / locus of its motion.
The equation will now be derived on a statistical basis / bases.
We still have a long way to go before we can claim to have solved the problem of sexuality in bacterium / bacteria.
The equilibrium constant was found to equal 0.232 and the data to fit more accurately into a formulae / formula.
This value may be subject to refinement when analysis / analyses are complete.
These workers have examined the spectra / spectrum of some seventy nitrides.

*Упр.1.2.7.d. Заполните пропуски в предложениях словами из предложенного списка. Каждое слово используется дважды в каждой паре предложений, один раз в форме единственного числа, а другой раз - в форме множественного числа. Это упражнение напоминает о том, что неисчисляемое существительное, если оно принимает окончание -s, приобретает другое значение.
quarter condition term experience youth good

damage pain honour ground length saving

Under the _________ of the contract, you are obliged to repay the loan within two years.

The car was a reasonable price, but wasn’t in good _______ .

It has been an ______ to work with you. I’ve been very proud of what we’ve achieved together.

She has an _______ degree in geography.

I have a terrible ______ at the back of my neck.

He took great ______ to ensure his quests’ stay was pleasant.

After the accident, it took her a long time to come to _______ with the fact that she would never dance again.

During his first _______ of office, the Prime Minister made many sensible decisions.

We need a person with relevant ________ to fill the post.

He wrote a book about his _______ whilst crossing Africa on foot.

The Vicar was a kind man, and did a lot of _______ during his life.

There is a wide range of electrical _______ on sale in our village shop.

The day return fare is only $12 – a __________ of $8 on the full fare.

Mrs Higgins’ house was broken into the other day, and all her _______ were taken.

Officers don’t live with ordinary soldiers. Their _______ are usually separate and more luxurious.

Interest rates have risen to 8.25 per cent, a rise of a _______ of a per cent.

For some reason, he was ashamed of his working class background, and went to great ______ to conceal the fact.

I can only swim one _______ of the swimming pool before I get tired.

Don’t sit on the grass. The _______ is still very wet.

I trust John. I have good _______ for believing his version of events.

The storm caused a lot of ________ .

She was awarded four thousand pounds’ ________ in the libel case.

Two _______ were seen running away from the scene of the crime.

_________ has always been the time for rebellion.
1.3. Имя существительное в роли определения.
Существительное может служить в качестве определения к другому существительному. Такое существительное может быть

в притяжательном падеже, например, the professor’s opinion, the manager’s signature, reader’s conference;
в общем падеже, то есть без изменения своей формы. Такое существительное переводится на русский язык прилагательным, существительным в родительном падеже, предложным оборотом или причастным оборотом:

an iron bridge - железный мост

light waves - световые волны

an institute building - здание института

a particle model - модель частиц

an exchange agreement - соглашение об обмене

war damage - ущерб, нанесенный войной.

Имя существительное может иметь в качестве определения два и более существительных в общем падеже, а существительное в функции определения может, в свою очередь, иметь определение, выраженное существительным, прилагательным или причастием. В таких случаях необходимо внимательно прочитать и проанализировать выражение, чтобы разбить его на составляющие части. Чаще всего помогает прием чтения от ключевого слова к началу цепочки слов:

home market prices - цены внутреннего рынка,

engine-driven generator - генератор с приводом от двигателя,

permanent bar magnet - постоянный стержневой магнит,

a super high voltage transmission line - линия передачи сверхвысоких напряжений,

a document-image-processing program - a program which processes images of documents.

Существительное с предшествующим числительным, служащее определением, обычно стоит в форме единственного числа:

a five-pound note - банкнота в пять фунтов,

single circuit capacity - мощность одной цепи.
**Упр.1.3.1. Переведите следующие словосочетания, обращая внимание на местоположение слов.

I.

belt elevator – elevator belt

tube amplifier – amplifier tube

spring balance – balance spring

surface cooling – cooling surface

maintenance equipment – equipment maintenance

pressure gauge – gauge pressure

tooth gear – gear tooth

core transformer – transformer core

ignition spark – spark ignition

routine inspection – inspection routine

heating furnace – furnace heating

calorimeter test – test calorimeter

pressure welding – welding pressure

zone melting – melting zone

II.

application server - server application

call program – program call

call library – library call

array cell – cell array

character identification - identification character

data group – group data

library (sub)program - (sub)program library

III.

bank credit – credit bank

construction firm – firm construction

consumption fund – fund consumption

law firm – firm law

business world – world business

world market – market world

quality standard – standard quality

equipment safety – safety equipment

sales discount – discount sales
**Упр.1.3.2. Переведите следующие цепочки слов.
generation system analysts

gas turbine combined cycle

200-to-500 hours-per-year service range

mechanical design problem

liquid nitrogen temperature

lower melting point materials

large primary intermetallic compound particles

cubic centimeter plasma density

demonstration fusion power system

air quality standards emission regulations

super high-voltage supply transmission line

production engineering functional organizational chart

data processing equipment

battery-charging motor generators

automobile repair plant construction project

molten metal extraction technology

a four year degree course

fast growing peace market
**Упр.1.3.3. Составьте словосочетания из предложенных английских слов.
a. поперечное сечение ткани a) section b) tissue c) cross

b. спектр эмиссии молекул a) molecular b) spectrum c) emission

c. энергия электрона с пульсирующей амплитудой a) pulse b) electron c) energy d) amplitude

d. коэффициент сильной абсорбции a) strong b) coefficient c) absorption

орбитальные научно-исследовательские станции долговременного действия a) term b) orbital c) stations d) long e) research
долговременное сотрудничество в области науки и техники a) term b) long c) cooperation d) technical e) scientific
генератор переменного тока a) generator b) alternating c) current
мощность ГЭС a) plant b) power c) water
станция перекачки природного газа a) station b) gas c) natural d) transmission
вычислительные машины непрерывного действия a) action b) computers c) continuous
программное обеспечение для коллективной работы a) collaboration b) software c) group
запасы топлива всего мира a) world’s b) resources c) entire d) fuel
индекс цен на товары массового потребления a) price b) index c) consumer
совокупный общественный продукт a) product b) national c) gross
5% скидка за покупку большого количества товаров a) quantity b) discount c) 5 per cent
Московская центральная фондовая биржа a) Stock b) Moscow c) Central d) Exchange

**Упр.1.3.4. Переделайте предложенные определения согласно примеру.
Пример: A device that scans bar codes is called a bar code scanner.

A unit that gives a visual display of information on a screen is called ……..
A device that reads magnetic cards …..
A device that prints using a laser as the light source …..
A device that plots graphs …..
A unit that holds magnetic disks ….
A device that prints using a jet of ink ….
The rate of transmission of data …..
A package for making presentations using multimedia …..
A program which processes data in batches …..

**Упр.1.3.5. Напишите простые короткие объяснения для следующих словосочетаний, опираясь в качестве примера на задание в предыдущем упражнении.

An input device is …..
An optical character reader …..
A graphics stylus …..
A document sorter …..
A fibre optics transmission system ……
A sequence control register …..
A liquid crystal display …..
Network configuration information …..
A desktop document manager …..
A multimedia editing software package …..

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