1 Основные правила употребления артиклей. 1 Употребление артиклей с именами нарицательными. Неопределенный артикль

• Название: 1 Основные правила употребления артиклей. 1 Употребление артиклей с именами нарицательными. Неопределенный артикль
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5.2. Настоящее и прошедшее время и связанные с ними указатели времени.
Важным основанием для выбора временной формы является указатель времени в предложении. Достаточно часто выбор времени глагола целиком зависит от обстоятельства времени, например, при выборе между Past Simple и Present Perfect.
Упр.5.2.1. Определите, с какими указателями времени следует употребить Past Simple, а с какими - Present Perfect.
1. the day before yesterday; 2. a week ago; 3. in the past; 4. at that time; 5. lately; 6. today; 7. a minute ago; 8. just; 9. since; 10. never; 11. this year; 12. so far; 13.yesterday; 14.just now; 15.ever; 16.last Wednesday; 17.last night; 18.not yet; 19.up to now; 20.last century; 21.this century.
Упр.5.2.2. Употребите а) Past Simple или б) Present Perfect
1. ... you ever (to visit) ... Hungary? 2. Our group ... (to tour) Yugoslavia this month. 3. The film ... (to produce) a good impression on me. 4. A fortnight ago the theatre ... (to produce) a new play.

5. When ... you (to finish) ... school? 6. I ... (to happen) to see John the other day. 7. I … (to start) writing my book two years ago. 8. I … (to write) half of it since. 9. We … (to witness) great progress in space research this century.
Упр.5.2.3. Определите, в правильном ли грамматическом времени употреблен глагол в сответствии с указателем времени.
a. So far no uniform international policy against terrorism is established.

b. Some of the city's swimming pools were closed since the end of last summer.

c. From time to time even the healthiest individual needs to have a complete physical examination.

d. The city council is for some time now considering widening that street.

e. By this time next year, most students will leave school and return home.

f. Up until now, no cure for cancer is found.

g. It has been raining steadily since yesterday.

h. At the time of his death, John Kennedy has still been in his forties.

i. In the early part of the 20-th century, immigrants are coming to America in great numbers.

5.3. Времена Present Simple и Present Continuous.
При выполнении следующих заданий следует помнить, что ряд глаголов, как правило, не употребляются в длительном времени. Это глаголы, характеризующие умственную деятельность: know, realise, suppose, understand, believe, remember, forget, think, assume, consider, expect, agree, mean, doubt и др.;

глаголы эмоций: like, dislike, love, hate, envy, prefer, wish, want, care и др.;

глаголы обладания: have, own, belong, contain и др.;

глаголы чувств: see, hear, smell, taste и др.

Однако многозначность этих глаголов не делает это правило абсолютным.
Упр.5.3.1. Определите, в правильном ли грамматическом времени употреблен глагол.
a. I get up at seven in the morning.

2. 
   I'm liking black coffee.
   

c. He's speaking three languages.

d. I think Mexico's a beautiful country.

5. 
   Restaurants are staying open late in Spain.
   
6. 
   We usually eat at one o'clock.
   
7. 
   He's having a flat near the centre.
   
8. 
   What are you thinking of Shakespeare?
   
9. 
   I'm so dirty I need a bath right now.
   
10. 
    Peter's in the kitchen. He cooks breakfast.
    
11. 
    What are you thinking about?
    

Упр.5.3.2. Закончите следующие предложения, употребив каждый глагол дважды: один раз в Present Simple, а другой - в Present Continuous.
have

a. He ______ four cars, all of them Rolls-Royces.

b. I _______ lunch with my mother tomorrow.

think

a. What ________ you _______ of Stephen Spielberg's latest film?

b. You're day-dreaming. What ___________ you __________ about?

expect

a. I ______ an important phone call from America. Could you tell me when it comes?

b. I _____ you're hungry after so much hard work. Shall I get you something?

appear

a. He _________ to understand what you say to him, but when you ask him a question, he isn't so sure.

b. Roy Pond _________ at Her Majesty's Theatre in the role of King Lear.

smell

a. Something ___________ good in the kitchen. What's cooking?

b. Why __________ you __________ the meat? Do you think it's gone off?

weigh

a. I need to know how much the meat _____ to know how long to cook it for.

b. Why _____ you _____ yourself? Do you think you've put on weight?

see

a. I _________ what you mean, but I don't agree.

b. She ________ a solicitor about her aunt's will.

have

a. I usually pick up languages quickly, but I ____ difficulties learning Chinese.

b. He __________ more clothes than a department store.

look

1. 
   It ________ as if it's going to rain.
   
2. 
   What are you doing on your hands and knees? ______ you ______ for something?
   

think

a. What _________ you ________ of doing when you leave here?

2. 
   How much ________ you _________ it would cost to fly to Australia?
   

Упр.5.3.3. Вставьте один из глаголов: hear, listen to, see, look at, watch в правильной форме. С глаголами hear и see часто употребляется can или can't.

1. 
   I have a lovely view from my room. I _________ the whole city.
   
2. 
   A  What's Peter doing?
   

B He ________ music in his bedroom.

3. 
   In winter I like ___________ the photographs of my summer holiday.
   
4. 
   In the evening I usually __________ the news on television.
   
5. 
   I find it difficult to sleep because I __________ the traffic all night.
   
6. 
   Can you speak louder? You're speaking so quietly that I _______ you.
   
7. 
   ____________ that strange man over there! What's he doing?
   
8. 
   Please __________ what I'm saying. It's very important.
   
9. 
   A Where's Maria?
   

B Over there. She ________ the picture on the wall.

j. Oh dear! Where are my glasses? I __________ anything without them.
5.4. Present Simple в придаточных времени и условия.
По правилам английской грамматики в придаточных предложениях времени и условия с союзами if, when, as soon as, until, before, after, whenever, unless и др. вместо будущего времени употребляется соответствующее настоящее время.
Упр.5.4.1. Соедините следующие предложения, используя слова в скобках.
Пример: She'll pay me back. She'll get some money. (as soon as)

  She'll pay me back,  as soon as she gets some money.

1. 
   I'll wait here. You'll get back. (until)
   
2. 
   Give me a ring. You'll hear some news. (when)
   
3. 
   The TV programme will end. I'll do my homework. (after)
   
4. 
   I'll go to work. I'll have a bath. (before)
   
5. 
   She'll be in Paris. She'll visit friends. (while)
   
6. 
   The lesson will end. I'll go home. (as soon as)
   
7. 
   I won't leave the house. The postman will call. (until)
   
8. 
   Can you feed the cats? I'll be away. (while)
   
9. 
   I'll tell you about the holiday. I'll get back. (when)
   
10. 
    I'll study English. I'll speak it perfectly. (until)
    

5.5. Употребление Past Continuons и Past Simple.
Повторите случаи употребления Past Continuons и Past Simple по таблице. В сложно-подчиненных предложениях эти два времени могут использоваться вместе, если

- длительное действие в прошлом прерывается другим действием в прошлом: We were playing in the garden when it started to rain.

- действие в прошлом происходит во время другого более длительного прошлого действия или состояния:

While I was working for the Health service I decided to give up smoking.
Упр.5.5.1. Выберите правильное грамматическое время.
Пример: The flight lasted / was lasting three hours.

1. 
   It was 8.00 in the morning. A lot of people stood / were standing at the bus stop, waiting to go to work.
   
2. 
   A magnificent oak tree stood / was standing in the middle of the garden.
   
3. 
   I studied / was studying politics at university.
   
4. 
   He studied / was studying the effects of radiation when he suddenly died.
   
5. 
   When I woke up this morning it rained / was raining.
   
6. 
   It rained / was raining every single day of the holidays.
   
7. 
   I asked him what he thought / was thinking about.
   
8. 
   I thought / was thinking the play was extremely good.
   
9. 
   A What did you do / were you doing with that electric drill?
   

  B  I was putting up some book shelves in my bedroom.

j.   A What did you do / were you doing with that electric drill?

B I put it back in its box in the tool cupboard.

k. A What did you do / were you doing before you took this job?

B Nothing, actually. I only left school a few months ago.

l. A What did you do / were you doing in my bedroom just now?

B The light was on, so I just went in to turn it off.

13. 
    The poor chap died / was dying. All we could do was comfort him.
    
14. 
    The poor chap died / was dying early last morning.
    

Упр.5.5.2. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в правильное грамматическое время (Past Simple or Past Coutinuons).

1. 
   I _______ (watch) TV when Mark ______ . (phone).
   
2. 
   What _____________ (you/do) at the time of the murder?
   
3. 
   She _____________ (jump) into the river and ___________ (rescue) the drowning boy.
   
4. 
   I _____ (see) my first baseball game while I _______ (live) in New York.
   
5. 
   Where __________ (you/go) when you ___________ (get off) the train?
   
6. 
   We ________ (ring) the police because the neighbours _________ (play) their music too loud.
   
7. 
   He ____________ (write) the whole composition during the lunch hour.
   
8. 
   She ___________ (write) to her brother when he ____________ (walk) through the front door.
   
9. 
   ___________ (you/work) in Spain this time last year? Yes, I ___________ (go) out there in '93.
   
10. 
    Mum and Dad ______ (sleep) when I _________ (get) home last night.
    
11. 
    What _____ (that news reader / say) just then? I don't know. I _______ (not / listen).
    
12. 
    Someone ________ (take) a photo of me while I ___________ (have) a bath.
    
13. 
    “__________ (you / see) the match last night?” “No. I ________ (try) to get some work done.”
    
14. 
    We ________ (not/know) what to do when the сomputer ______ (break down).
    
15. 
    It __________ (rain) outside and the children __________ (cry), so we ___________ (decide) to play a game.
    

Упр.5.5.3. Определите, в правильном ли грамматическом времени употреблены глаголы.

1. 
   The kitchen caught fire while we were having dinner.
   
2. 
   The sun shone so we decided to go for a walk.
   
3. 
   I'm afraid I wasn't hearing what you said.
   
4. 
   Alan read a newspaper when he heard a strange noise.
   
5. 
   She was knowing she was being followed.
   
6. 
   The boss walked in while I played a computer game.
   
7. 
   I was walking home from work when a dog attacked me.
   
8. 
   He was reading the entire book, from start to finish, in two hours.
   
9. 
   What did you do when you saw someone trying to steal your car?
   
10. 
    I didn't see the last goal because I looked at the sky at the time.
    

5.6. Present Perfect или Past Simple?
Упр.5.6.1. Поставьте глагол в скобках в правильном времени.

1. 
   Barbara Lively________ (write) a lot of books. She ________ (write) her first fifteen years ago.
   
2. 
   ______________ you ever ___________ (try) Indian food?
   
3. 
   I _____ never _____ (be) to Japan. When _____ you _____ (go) there?
   
4. 
   I ____________ (live) in London for eight years, and I don't want to move.
   
5. 
   He __________ (live) in Oxford for two years, and then in 1995 he _________ (move) to London.
   
6. 
   We ____________ (meet) Tim and Maureen three years ago. How long _________ you _________ (know) them?
   

Упр.5.6.2. Вставьте одно из предложенных слов в каждое предложение.
ever, never, for, since, already, just, yet

1. 
   He's worked there many years, 1986, I believe.
   
2. 
   I have loved anyone as much as I love you.
   
3. 
   We've known Paul two years. Have you met him?
   
4. 
   I've known him we went to school together, but I've met his parents.
   
5. 
   We have sold two hundred tickets and there is still a month to go before the concert.
   
6. 
   I have visited New York. I’m looking forward to going.
   
7. 
   Have you thought of learning to fly?
   
8. 
   I have received my exam result. It came ten minutes ago.
   
9. 
   Janet hasn’t finished with the camera. She needs it tomorrow.
   

Упр.5.6.3. Задайте вопросы, используя глаголы в соответствующем времени.

1. 
   How long __________ you __________ (live) in your town?
   
2. 
   ___________ you ever __________ (drink) champagne?
   
3. 
   How many foreign countries ___________ you ___________ (visit)?
   
4. 
   Where ___________ you _________ (go) on holiday last year?
   
5. 
   How long ____________ you ____________ (know) your best friend?
   

Упр.5.6.4. Употребите глагол в скобке в правильном времени (Present Perfect или Past Simple).

1. 
   Carlos _______ (come) to London before Christmas. When he ________ (arrive), he ________ (go) to stay with some friends. He _________ (be) in London for several months, and he's going to stay until the autumn.
   
2. 
   A I'm looking for Susan. ___________ you ___________ (see) her?
   

B I _____ (see) her yesterday, but not today. _______ you ________ (look) in the coffee bar?

A Yes. I ___________ (go) there before I _____________(ask) you.

c. A John, you know I ____________ (borrow) your bicycle last night. Well, I'm afraid I ____________ (lose) it.

B That's awful! Where ______ you _______ (go)? What time ______ it ______ (happen)?

A Well, I ________ (leave) your house at 8.00, went home and _________ (chain) it outside my house. Someone must have taken it during the night. I ________ (phone) the police, and they're coming soon.

B OK. You can tell them what _______________ (happen).
Упр.5.6.5. Закончите предложения, соединяя строчку из колонки А со строчкой из колонки В.
A a) Jane's angry because.

b) Anne's disappointed because.

c) Julie's excited because.

d) Kate's jealous because.

e) Mary's worried because.

B 1) she hasn't heard from her parents for a long time, and hopes they're all right.

2) she's just seen someone in the kind of car that she wants to buy.

3) her boyfriend hasn't arrived and they're already late for the party.

4) she's just won first prize in a competition.

5) she's had to cancel her holiday, and she was so looking forward to it.
5.7. Страдательный залог.
Времена страдательного залога образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени и формы причастия прошедшего времени (Past Participle).

Как и в русском языке, страдательный залог употребляется, когда в центре внимания находится лицо или предмет, который подвергается действию, а не лицо или предмет, который совершает действие. Формой выражения лица или предмета, производящего действие, является косвенное дополнение с предлогом by (или with, если косвенное дополнение обозначает инструмент или орудие труда) :

The images are computed by a four-processor system.

Non-destructive observation of specimen surface microstructures down to 10 nm or less can be carried out with an electron scanning microscope.

Страдательный залог также употребляется в тех случаях, когда необходимо описать какие-либо процессы, а также когда лицо, совершающее действие, неизвестно или когда считают ненужным его упоминать:

Business letters are usually written on special forms.

This educational networking project is designed for self-managing groups of students, teachers and resource administrators.

Для всех рассмотренных времен существуют конструкции в страдательном залоге. В страдательном залоге отсутствует форма Future Continuous, а также времена группы Perfect Continuous. Ниже дана таблица времен в страдательном залоге.

	Simple	Continuous	Perfect
Present	I am invited.	I am being invited.	I have been invited.
Past	I was invited.	I was being invited.	I had been invited.
Future	I shall be invited.	-	I shall have been invited.
Future in the Past	I should be invited.	-	I should have been invited.

При употреблении страдательного залога следует помнить, что в английском языке, как и в русском, есть переходные (которые могут иметь при себе прямое дополнение) и непереходные (которые не могут иметь при себе прямое дополнение) глаголы. Переходные глаголы могут употребляться как в действительном, так и в страдательном залоге. Непереходные глаголы употребляются только в действительном залоге.