Учебное пособие по англ языку. Анатомия человека
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РАЗДЕЛ X. THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE Studying the topics of the unit «The History of Medicine» you will know about the development of medicine throughout the history. You will read the information about Pavlov I.P., Pirogov N.I., Botkin S.P. , their life and great contribution to the development of medical sciences. Цели раздела В результате изучения теоретического материала по темам данного раздела вы должны знать:
уметь:
Обучающие цели:
TOPIC 54. THE HISTORY OF MEDCINE Texts for Reading 1.Read and translate the texts about the development of medicine. Work in pairs. Indian Surgery
1. The study of Indian surgical texts is very interesting. In the history of surgery we find proof of the priority of Indian to Hippocratic medicine. Their surgery held a position of honour and was subject of careful study. Different operations are described in the Indian texts. The plastic operations are characteristic of Indian medicine which came into use in the rest of the world only in the late mediaeval period. 2. The Indian physicians knew how the blood vessels were ligated; they performed amputations, excised tumours, repaired hernias. In India medical instruments and methods for using them were known centuries earlier than in Europe. This country was inhabited by an intelligent people; their art, industry and science even in early times had reached a high stage of development. Medicine in the Middle Ages 3. Man tried to protect health during the Middle Ages. Certain important health methods were used during this period. Epidemics of diphtheria, typhoid, fever, leprosy (проказа), influenza, bubonic plague and other diseases took millions of lives. 4. Leprosy was spread for hundreds of years. This disease was controlled not by medical means. The patient lived in special colonies away from other people. This was a very important advance in public health during this period. 5. During the Middle Ages plague killed many millions of people in Europe. In 1348 the “Black Death” struck Britain: nobody knew how to fight with this disease. The doctors advised people to run away from the affected areas. Everybody agreed that plague was god’s punishment for the sins of men. Developments of the Middle Ages 6. A very important development during the Middle Ages was the hospital. Hospitals appeared in Ceylon early in the 5th century B. C. and in India in 260 B.C. Hospitals were founded during the Middle Ages in Italy, France, England, Spain and other European countries. The number of hospital beds was not always an indication of hospital size, usually great beds were used and 4-6 patients were put on one bed. 7. Hospitals were founded to treat the sick people. Another development during the Middle Ages was the foundation of Universities. Many of the great European Universities were founded during the 13 and 14th centuries. Biological sciences were taught in the universities. Students studied the human body and some diseases. Rapid scientific advantages 8. Great discoveries were made in the 19th century. One of them was the discovery of cocaine, which was very effective as a local anaesthetic. Surgeons could inject cocaine into a certain part of the body and deaden (заглушать) the pain in that part during the operation. When the problem of pain was solved, surgeons could carry out long and complicated operations. 9. A very important discovery was made by the French chemist, physicist and bacteriologist Louis Pasteur. We know him as the originator of the “germ (бактерия, микроб) theory” of disease. He discovered fermentation and developed the process of pasteurization (пастеризация). Louis Pasteur produced the theory that disease and infection were caused by germs and he proved that they were spread through the air. He found that germs could be killed in the liquids by heat and the term “pasteurization” was given to the process. 10. Rudolf Virchov became known for his work in cellular pathology, and Herman von Helmholtz for his invention of the ophthalmoscope (офтальмоскоп) in 1850. Lord Joseph Lister introduced antiseptic surgery in 1867, and Wilhelm K. Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895. He placed his hand in front of the apparatus and saw the rays passed through the hand and cast a shadow of bones on the screen. As these rays were unknown to him, he called them X-rays. The Developments of the 20th century 11. During the first seventy years of the 20th century many discoveries were made in the treatment and prevention of disease. In 1901 Karl LandSteiner discovered the blood groups. Some diseases are not caused by germs or infections but by the lack of certain substances in our food. The discovery of vitamins in 1912 was very important to provide people with a properly balanced diet. In 1922 Sir Frederick Banting found that insulin was very effective against diabetes. 12. Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Dr. Alexander Fleming who became the founder of the modern science of antibiotics. Penicillin was used in hospitals to reduce infections in wounds during the Second World War. Streptomycin and a series of anti-infection drugs were discovered after penicillin. All these drugs are known as antibiotics. 13. A drug known as sulphanilamide was discovered in 1935. It became the first of the “miracle” drugs (чудодейственное лекарство) which gave immediate and amazing results in the treatment of many infectious diseases including pneumonia. 14. During the two world wars, great advances were made in the field of plastic surgery, in which skin, bone or muscles was taken from one part of the body and then was transplanted to a badly injured area in another part. 15. Great progress was made in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, bacterial and viral infections, kidney disorders and other main causes of death and disability (потеря трудоспособности). The individual of today will live longer and healthfully than ever before. TOPIC 55 . PAVLOV I.P. 1. Read the text Pavlov I.P. – MAN AND SCIENTIST Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born on September 14, in 1849 in Ryazan. When he was still a very little boy he helped his father on his farm. His father taught him to read books. In 1870 Pavlov entered Petersburg University to study natural sciences. Soon he decided to become a physiologist himself. During his work at the Academy Pavlov discovered some new facts about the blood pressure. In 1881 Pavlov got married. His wife was a wonderful help and companion to him. Their marriage was a very happy one. In 1890 Pavlov began to lecture on physiology in the Military Academy. Many of his ideas were new to the students and he was a very popular lecturer. His lectures were simple and clear. He didn’t use notes since his memory was wonderful. He allowed students to interrupt him and gladly answered their questions. Pavlov studied the work of the digestive system. He made many experiments on dogs. He had to make operations on dogs and as he loved animals he treated his dogs with great kindness and they showed no fear of him. Pavlov never operated unless it was necessary and he always used anaesthetics. He was a very skilful surgeon and his dogs generally recovered very quickly. Pavlov made great contribution to medical science. When he was an old man of seventy-four he worked as hard as ever. He rose at 7 o’clock each morning, ate a simple breakfast of tea and bread-and-butter. He worked nine or ten hours a day. A few years before his death he addressed the youth of our country:
Pavlov, the great Russian scientist, died on February 27, 1936 at the age of eighty-six. 2. Proof these statements
3. What principles do these people follow?
4. Speak about Pavlov I.P. TOPIC 56. PIROGOV N.I. 1. Compose the text about N. I. Pirogov by putting the words into the right order. Read the second part of the text and translate it. Part I
Part II
2. Choose the right variant 1.Pirogov was … a. a physiologist b. a biologist c. a surgeon d. a lecturer e. a scientist 2. … helped Pirogov to overcome obstacles. a. money b. friends c. devotion to science d. societies 3.Pirogov generalized … a. all medical knowledge b. major scientific works c. experience of surgery 4.Pirogov produced the work on … a. medicine b. surgery c. anatomy d. physiology 3. Ask the questions to the underlined words
4. Translate into English
TOPIC 57. BOTKIN S.P. 1. Read the text S. P. Botkin S. P. Botkin was born on September 17, in 1832. After finishing one of Moscow schools, he entered the Medical Faculty of Moscow University. Botkin was very interested in medicine very much and soon became one of the best students. After graduating from the Medical Faculty in 1855 Botkin went to the Crimea where he worked as a physician at the Simferopol Military Hospital under the direction of the well-known Russian surgeon Pirogov. In 1860 Botkin began to work at the Medico-Surgical Academy in Petersburg. In 1861 he became a professor of the Therapeutic Clinic at the Academy. He worked hard. He wanted to have a model clinic at the Academy. Botkin organized a well-equipped physiological laboratory for clinical experiments. Botkin was a brilliant therapeutist and diagnostician. One of his greatest achievements was his theory of nervosism, which is the most progressive theory in clinical medicine. Botkin was not only a brilliant scientist but an excellent teacher too. Many of his pupils became famous physicians and worked at Russian universities as professors. Botkin was also one of the founders of military therapeutists. He worked at the front during the Russo-Turkish war giving much of his time to the organization of medical aid. During his whole life he never stopped working for the good of the Russian people. His name is one of the most famous names in medicine and it will always be remembered in the history of Russian science. 2. Find English equivalents in the text
3. Put the sentences into the logical order
4. Speak about S.P. Botkin TOPIC 58. HIPPOCRATES 1.Study the new words. Write down the words into your work books.
2.Translate the text about Hippocrates using the new words. 1.Гиппократ родился в Греции. 2.Он был сыном врача. 3.Гиппократ изучал медицину, и ходил из города в город, где он практиковал искусство медицины. 4.Мы знаем немного о самом Гиппократе. 5.Но у нас есть его записи, которые называются «Собрание Гиппократа». 6.Собрание состоит из 100 книг. 7.Некоторые мысли Гиппократа современны и сейчас. 8.Собрание начинается со знаменитой клятвы. 9.Гиппократ был хорошим практикующим врачом и учителем медицины. 10.Он учил учеников осматривать пациента очень внимательно и оказыватьему помощь. 11.Он создавал медицину на основе опыта. 12.Гиппократ освободил медицину от суеверий. 13.Он уделял большое внимание диете, гимнастике, массажу в лечении. 14.Гиппократ использовал многие лекарства и был хорошим хирургом. 15.Он вправлял переломы и делал трепанацию черепа. 16.Гиппократа называют «отцом медицины». 3.Correct the mistakes
4.Continue the sentences
5.Answer the questions
6. Speak about Hippocrates |