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Usually the patients with sepsis have spleen and liver enlargement. What process is underlying this state? Metaplasia Neoplasia @Hyperplasia Hypertrophy Pigment accumulation # 75 The left lobe of an adult donor liver is used as an orthotopic transplant in a recipient relative with severe liver disease. A year later, the size of each liver is greater than at the time of transplantation. Which of the following mechanisms explains this phenomenon? Metaplasia Dysplasia @Hyperplasia Anaplasia Neoplasia # 76 In a 40-year-old man, who has a stenosing (without metastases) cancer of the esophagus, the following changes can be observed: the atrophy of the skeleton muscles and of subcutaneous fat. The skin is of ground black colour, epidermis is thinned, and the heart is regressed in size. The myocardium and the liver are of brown colour. Make a diagnosis. Addison’s disease Myasthenia Cachexy caused by cancer Brown atrophy @Alimentary cachexy # 77 Examination of a 40 y.o. man ill with stenosing (without metastases) esophageal carcinoma revealed the folowing changes: atrophy of skeletal muscles and fatty tissu E. His skin is sallow, epidermis is attenuated, heart has grown smaller. Myocardium and liver are brown. What is the most probable diagnosis? Brown atrophy @Alimentary cachexia Myasthenia Cancerous cachexia Addison's disease # 78 A man with stenotic oesophageal cancer gained the following: atrophy of skeletal muscle and fat cellulose, skin is brown colour, thin epidermis, heart is diminished in size, myocardium and liver are brown coloured. Name the diagnosis. @Alimentary cachexia Myasthenia Cancer cachexia Brown atrophy Addison's disease # 79 A patient, who had a cancer of the stomach, died of cancer cachexy. At the autopsy the characteristic changes were detected. How can we call such heart? Bony heart Hairy heart @Brown atrophic heart Tiger heart Bovine heart # 80 During an autopsy of a man: heart size is diminished, fat cellulose under epicardium is absent, myocardium is thick, brown coloured. Microscopically: cardiomyocytes are diminished, sarcoplasm is full of brown grains of lipofuscin. Name the pathological process. @Brown atrophy Amyloidosis Oil dystrophy Haemochromatosis Hypertrophy # 81 During an autopsy of a man: heart size is diminished, fat cellulose under epicardium is absent, and myocardium is thick, brown coloured. Microscopically: cardiomyocytes are diminished; sarcoplasm is full of brown grains of lipofuscin. Name the pathological process. Hypertrophy Amyloidosis Oil dystrophy Haemochromatosis @Lipofuscinosis # 82 A 31-year-old primigravida has a difficult delivery of a term infant. There is loss of 1500 cc of blood. She has hypotension for 6 hours. Over the next month, her ACTH level decreases. Within the next 3 months, her adrenal glands become only about 2 grams each (normal 4 to 6 grams). This alteration of the adrenals is primarily due to which of the following cellular processes? Metaplasia of the cortex Lipid depletion of the cortex Atrophy of the medulla @Atrophy of the cortex Adrenal infarction # 83 A 7-year-old child presented with a poliomyelitis. His somatic muscles are weak, their volume is reduced, and skin is dry and pale. Choose the most likely pathology, which takes place in the soft tissues? @ Atrophy Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Metaplasia Hypoplasia # 84 There were adenoma of the prostate and big kidneys with enlarged pelves and calyces, filed with clear fluid on the autopsy. Name the process in the kidneys. @Atrophy Inflammation Hypertrophy Tumor Necrosis # 85 78 year-old male has complained the retention of urine, intermittent oligouria and incomplete urination. After examination the enlargement of prostate and compression of urethra were revealed. Urography shows the bilateral dilation of ren pelvis and caps, as well as diminishing of kidney parenchyma. What process led to these kidney changes? Metaplasia @Atrophy Hyperplasia Hypertrophy Cell injury # 86 During a histological research of a removed tooth: sclerosis of conjunctive tissue of the pulp, decreased amount of odontoblasts of reduced size and pulpocytes. Name the diagnosis. Pulp dystrophy Pulp necrosis @Pulp atrophy Pulp hyalinosis Acute pulpitis # 87 An autopsy of an elderly male revealed the atherosclerosis of the brain arteries accompanied with the thinning of the brains cortex. Name the cause of the atrophy? @Ischemia Compression Chemical and physical factors Loss of innervations Decreased workload # 88 During an autopsy of a 69 year old woman, who has been suffering from chronic hypertension there was revealed, that both kidneys are of thick consistency, shrunken and with granular surface. How these changes are called? @Atrophy due to ischemia Atrophy due to pressure Elderly atrophy Dysfunctional atrophy Hypoplasia # 89 A post-mortem of a 64-year-old woman with a long story of hypertensive disease revealed considerably diminished, dense kidneys with a fine-grained surface. What pathology such changes are characteristic for? @ Blood insufficiency atrophy Atrophy from pressure Senile atrophy Dysfunctional atrophy Hypoplasia # 90 During an autopsy of a 86 year old woman, who suffered from atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels there was cerebral cortex atrophy found. What is the name of such atrophy? @Atrophy due to insufficient blood supply Atrophy due to pressure Atrophy due to chemical and physical factors Neurotic atrophy Dysfunctional atrophy # 91 Pathohistologic examination of endometrium of 64 year-old menopausal female has revealed: the amount of endometrial glands as well as stroma cells are decreased, stroma replaced by connective tissue, endometrial glands predominantly have small size. What is the name of this condition of endometrium? Inflammatory metaplasia Virus-induced neoplasia Age-related hyperplasia @Hormonal atrophy Work hypertrophy # 92 A teenager complains of muscular atrophy and negative volume of the shank after a long healing up of the femur fracture without nerve damage. How can we term such atrophy? Of compression Neurotic Of short blood supply @Dysfunctional Of physical factors’ influence # 93 After long-healing fracture of right thigh bone (nerves weren't damaged), a teenager complains on muscles getting thin and decrease in volume of his right leg. What's the name for such atrophy? Neurotic @Dysfunctional Caused by ischemia Caused by pressure Caused by physical factors # 94 After removal of tooth patient gained an atrophy of edges of tooth pocket. What kind of atrophy is this? Ischemic atrophy @Dysfunctional atrophy Atrophy due to pressure Neurotic atrophy Atrophy due to physical and chemical factors # 95 A young male complains of diminishing leg muscles in size and volume as a result of the complicated femoral fracture. The innervations of the muscles was not lost. Name the type of atrophy? @Disuse atrophy Degeneration atrophy Ischemic atrophy Atrophy due to compression Atrophy due to chemical and physical influence # 96 Histological examination of a 40 y.o. man's thymus revealed decreased share of parenchymatous gland elements, increased share of adipose and loose connective tissue, and its enrichment with thymus bodies. The organ's mass was unchanged. What phenomenon is it? @Age involution Hypotrophy Atrophy Dystrophy Accidental involution # 97 A 4-years-old girl was operated because of an acute appendicitis. During the operation in the retroperitoneal space it was found that the right kidney is less by 1/3 in comparison with the left one. The diameter of the right renal artery was 0,3 cm, the left one was 0,4 cm. What pathologic process did occur in that case? @Hypoplasia Pathologic atrophy Physiologic atrophy Aplasia Agenesia # TUMOURS Epithelial tumour # 1 Continuous taking of some drugs foregoing the pregnancy increase the risk of giving birth to a child with genetic defects. What is this effect called? Embryotoxic effect Blastomogenic effect @Mutagenic effect Fetotoxical effect Teratogenic effect # 2 A 56-year-old man has had a chronic cough for the past year. He is a non smoker. He recently had an episode of hemoptysis. A chest x-ray demonstrates a 6-cm perihilar mass. A sputum sample is collected, and the sputum cytology report reads "Atypical cells present -suggestive of squamous cell carcinoma. Which of the following environmental exposures is most likely to be associated with these findings: @Asbestos Radon Silica Benzene Formaldehyde # 3 Of the following characteristics of neoplasms, which implies the best prognosis: Increased expression of laminin receptors Increased cathepsin expression Decreased apoptosis @Decreased doubling time Decreased nuelear/cytoplasmic ratio # 4 A biopsy is performed on a patient with a mass lesion that proves to be a neoplasm. Of the following histopathologic findings, the one that best indicates that a neoplasm is malignant is: Pleomorphism Atypia Invasion @Increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio Necrosis # 5 A 65-year-old woman has a firm mass with irregular borders felt in her left breast on a routine physical examination. A fine needle aspiration is performed and microscopic examination shows an infiltrating ductal carcinoma. A left mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection is performed. A tissue sample of this neoplasm is submitted for analysis by flow cytometry. Which of the following does flow cytometric analysis most likely? @Determination of aneuploidy Determination of the karyotype Diagnosis of benign neoplasms Distinguishing carcinoma from sarcoma Quantitation of RNA content # 6 An epidemiologic study is performed to determine risk factors for development of malignant neoplasms. A statistical analysis of pre¬existing medical conditions is done. Some pre-existing conditions are observed to precede development of malignant neoplasms, while others do not. Which of the following conditions is most likely to be statistically unrelated to subsequent malignancy? Endometrial atypical hyperplasia Chronic alcoholism with hepatic cirrhosis @Cervical squamous dysplasia Chronic ulcerative colitis Uterine leiomyomas # 7 A 21-year-old woman has a routine Pap smear performed for a health screening examination. The pathology report indicates that some cells are found cytologically to have larger, more irregular nuclei. A follow-up cervical biopsy microscopically demonstrates disordered maturation of the squamaous epithelium, with hyperchromatic and pleomorphic nuclei extending nearly the full thickness of the epithelial surface. No inflammatory ccells are present. Which of the following descriptive terms is best applied to these Pap smear and biopsy findings? @Dysplasia Metaplasia Anaplasia Hyperplasia Aplasia # 8 At the histological examination of a formation was detected that parenchyma was formed of integumentary epithelium with an increased amount of strata. Stroma together with the epithelial proliferation forms papillae. Term the form of atypism. Metabolic Cell Hystochemical Functional @Tissue # 9 A teenager male presents with slowly enlarging, painless nodule on his right hand's skin. Microscopic examination of removed lesion revealed an increased number of epithelial layers, with a stroma underneath, with developed a papillomatous pattern. Identify most likely type of atypia? @ Tissue Cellular Metabolic Functional Hystochemical # 10 A 23-year-old female decided to have a surgeon's removal of a small nodule at her leg's skin. An operation material delivered to pathology department. A histological examination of a new growth has shown that parenchyma has been formed of integumentary epithelium with an increased amount of layers. Stroma together with epithelial proliferation forms papillae. What is the most likely form of atypism? @Tissue Cellular Histochemical Functional Metabolic # 11 During a histological research of skin neoplasm: parenchyma is made of covering epithelia with increased amount of layers in it. Stroma along with epithelia forms papillae. Name the type of atypism. @Tissue Cell Histochemical Functional Metabolic # 12 A study is performed to analyze characteristics of malignant neoplasms in biopsy specimens. The biopsies were performed on patients who had palpable mass lesions on digital rectal examination. Of the following microscopic findings, which is most likely to indicate that the neoplasm is malignant? Pleomorphism @Atypia Invasion Increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio Necrosis # 13 A 53-year-old woman feels a lump in her right breast. Her physician palpates an irregular 3 cm mass that is not movable because it appears fixed to the overlying skin, which is retracted. A mastectomy is performed and the pathologist on sectioning the breast finds a 3 x 3.5 cm ovoid mass that does not have discrete borders, but appears to infiltrate into the surrounding fibrofatty breast stroma. The mass is firm, white, and has a fibrous consistency. Which of the following features is most likely demonstrated by the gross appearance of this mass? @Anaplasia Aplasia Desmoplasia Dysplasia Metaplasia # 14 A 37-year-old woman complained of prolonged cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and episodic flushing of the skin. At autopsy, pearly-white, plaquelike deposits were found on the tricuspid valve leaflets. These cardiac lesion most likely were due to Rheumatic heart disease Amyloidosis Iron overload Hypothyroidism @Carcinoid heart disease # 15 A 59-year-old man has had a worsening cough with chest pain for the past 6 months. On physical examination he has no remarkable findings. A chest x-ray shows a 3 cm left lung mass. A sputum cytology specimen yields cells diagnosed as a squamous cell carcinoma. A mediastinoscopy is performed and reveals metastases in a lymph node. He is given radiation therapy, and the mass diminishes in size. Which of the following classifications best indicates the stage of his disease? @T1N1M0 T1N0M1 T2N1M0 T3N0M0 T4N1M1 # 16 A 66-year-old man has a routine physical examination and a stool sample proves positive for the presence of occult blood. He undergoes colonoscopy and a 5 cm sessile mass is present in the sigmoid colon. Biopsy of the mass yields a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma. A chest x-ray shows multiple 1 to 3 cm nodules in both lungs. Presence of which of the following in the neoplastic cells is most likely to explain the presence of lung nodules? T1N1M0 @T1N0M1 T2N1M0 T3N0M0 T4N1M1 # 17 A lump in the right breast is discovered on physical examination of a 48-year-old woman. The mass is 4 cm in diameter and appears fixed to the chest wall. Another 2-cm mass is palpable in the left axilla. A chest radiograph reveals multiple 0.5 to 2-cm nodules in both lungs. Which of the following classifications best indicates the stage of her disease: T1 N1 MO T1 NO Ml T2 N1MO T3 NO MO @T4 N1 M1 # 18 A 44-year-old woman notes a lump in her left breast while taking a shower. Her physician notes a 3 cm firm, irregular, non-movable mass located in the upper outer quadrant of her left breast on physical examination. A fine needle aspiration of this mass is performed. Cells obtained from the mass are examined cytologically and are consistent with infiltrating ductal carcinoma. The mass is removed with lumpectomy along with an axillary lymph node dissection. Which of the following findings will best predict a better prognosis for this patient? The tumor cells are strongly estrogen receptor positive @No metastases are found in the sampled lymph nodes Flow cytometric analysis demonstrates aneuploidy and a high S-phase She has one relative who had a similar type of breast cancer The tumor has a high grade # 19 A 66-year-old woman has developed a chronic cough over the past 2 months. No abnormal physical examination findings are noted. A chest x-ray shows a 3 cm mass in the right upper lobe. After fine needle aspiration biopsy, the mass is resected. Gross and microscopic examination of the mass is performed and it is determined that a neoplasm is present. Which of the following findings regarding this mass is most likely to be irrelevant for determining further therapy and prognosis? |