Пособие по обучению практике устной и письменной речи (начальный этап) на английском языке Под ред. О. В. Серкиной
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1) Patient: Doctor, I think that I’ve bitten by a vampire. Doctor: Drink this glass of water. Patient: Will it make me better? Doctor: No, but I’ll be able to see if your neck leaks. 2) A man goes to the doctor and says, “Doctor, wherever I touch, it hurts.” The doctor asks, “What do you mean?” The man says, “When I touch my shoulder, it really hurts. If I touch my knee - OUCH! When I touch my forehead, it really, really hurts.” The doctor says, “I know what’s wrong with you - you've broken your finger!” 3) The doctor to the patient: “You are very sick.” The patient to the doctor: “Can I get a second opinion?” The doctor again: “Yes, you are very ugly too ...” 4) Patient: Doctor, I have a pain in my eye whenever I drink tea. Doctor: Take the spoon out of the mug before you drink. 5) Patient: Doctor! You've got to help me! Nobody ever listens to me. No one ever pays any attention to what I have to say. Doctor: Next please! 6) Question: What did the doctor say when the invisible man called to make an appointment? Answer: Tell him I can’t see him today. 7) - I have an awful toothache. - I'd have that tooth taken out if it was mine. - If it was yours, I would, too. 4.23. Work with a partner. Make up dialogues using the hints below. 1. At the Doctor's a) A patient enters the room and tells the doctor what he/ she is suffering from. b) The doctor asks the patient to strip to the waist and then examines him/ her. c) The patient asks the doctor what’s wrong with him/ her. He/ she seems to be worried. d) The doctor tries to comfort the patient and writes out a prescription. 2. At the Dentist's a) A patient complains of a bad toothache. b) The dentist asks him/ her to sit down and examines his/ her mouth. One of his / her teeth should be pulled out. c) The patient is afraid. He/ she feels sick and giddy. d) The dentist pulls out his/ her tooth and shows it to the patient who brightens up and looks happy. 3. At the Bedside a) A boy complains of a sore throat. b) His mother is worried. She takes his temperature, it’s normal. His throat is all right. c) Then the boy pretends to have a stomach-ache and a headache, to be sick and giddy. d) His mother understands he is feigning illness and orders him to go to school. 4.24. a) Skim the text to pick up its main idea. b) Answer the questions below. c) Compare the quality of healthcare in the US and in Russia? The Quality of Healthcare in the United States Healthcare in the United States is modern and scientific. Physicians, clinics, and pharmaceutical companies seek the newest and most advanced treatments. Patients expect their doctors to use the most modern methods of diagnosis and treatment so that their symptoms can be identified and their illnesses treated quickly and effectively. Technology plays an important role in specialty care and in the diagnosis and treatment of illness. The philosophy of U.S. healthcare emphasizes identifying physical symptoms, finding their causes, and treating them. Medical care in the United States is based on the idea that illness is a physiological condition. Historically, U.S. healthcare providers have not been trained to consider the relationships among mind, body, and spirit; healthcare in this country has, instead, focused on isolating problems and finding treatments for specific physical conditions. More recently, medical and nursing schools have begun to provide limited training on holistic health care. Some physicians, nurses, and other healthcare professionals now consider possible emotional causes for certain physical symptoms. The type of holistic approach to medicine often found in other parts of the world is not commonly available in the United States. Hospital emergency rooms are reserved for critical medical emergencies. They are prepared to provide treatment for life-threatening and critical situations, such as uncontrolled bleeding, broken bones, high fevers, dehydration, unconsciousness, and seizures. If you seek care in a hospital emergency room for minor problems, you will probably have a long wait, impersonal care, and a large bill. U.S. healthcare is very expensive. Healthcare costs, including hospital and clinic charges and doctors’ fees, are determined by market economics. Treatment is provided on a “fee for service” basis. Payment is often due when the service is rendered, using personal funds or previously-purchased medical insurance. Medical insurance is essential in the United States. There is no universal national healthcare insurance plan in the country. Americans must arrange for their own medical insurance; most do so through their employers, or by purchasing private policies for themselves and their families. No insurance plan covers every expense. Some types of treatment will be excluded from coverage (for instance, dental services, plastic surgery, eye prescriptions, etc.) and, even for expenses that are included, you will be expected to share the cost by paying a portion of the bill. Questions: 1. What is the idea of holistic healthcare? Do you know any countries where this approach is adopted? What is your attitude to this approach? 2. Why could you be unsatisfied with the service provided at hospital emergency room if you seek help for minor health problems? Is the situation similar or different to that of Russia? 3. What healthcare expenses is a person to meet himself/ herself? Why do Americans need medical insurance? Does it cover all medical expenditures of a person? 4.25. a) Work with a partner and describe a usual visit to a doctor in a Russian clinic. b) Read the text and compare the Russian procedure with the one in the USA? What would strike a Russian as the most unusual thing to do while visiting an American doctor? c) How are medications sold in the USA? Compare it with the situation in Russia? When you visit a doctor or clinic, the procedures may be unfamiliar to you. In the United States, doctors and other healthcare professionals value efficiency and thoroughness, often more than expressing personal concern. You may first be asked to provide information about yourself and your ability to pay for the services. You may meet with a nurse or physician’s assistant, who will probably take your temperature, blood pressure, weight, and other measurements; she or he will probably ask you many questions about the reason for your visit. In some cases, the nurse or physician’s assistant will conduct the examination and provide treatment. If so, it is because your condition is a common one, the treatment routine, and the practitioner is fully trained to provide the appropriate care. Nurses, physicians, and other medical professionals will expect you to explain your symptoms and conditions objectively, even if you are uncomfortable or intimidated. Always give complete and detailed information. If you have questions about your condition, treatment, or medical options, ask the doctor or the nurse. They expect and value your interest and questions. It is common in the United States for patients to ask about the medical procedures, options, treatments, and cost of care, and to express preferences about which treatment and medications are prescribed. Different countries have different laws about which medications may be sold without a doctor’s prescription. In the U.S., medications available without a prescription at pharmacies, supermarkets, and other retailers are called “over-the-counter” medications. 4.26. Work in a small group. Think of the idea of ‘being healthy’. What does it mean? The questions below will help you define this notion.
4.27. Thomas Gray once said that ‘Health is heaven’s best treasure”. Everybody should be responsible for keeping this treasure, but we all should be kept responsible for keeping the treasure of national health. What do you think about this problem? Work in a small group, answer the questions below. Present your group’s opinion to class. 1. Who do you think is responsible for the care of your health - you yourself, your parents, or your doctor and medical people? 2. What do you think is the most serious health problem in Russia? What can be done about it? Can this problem be solved within the national program on healthcare which is under way at the moment? 3. What do you think of the health service in this country? What is it like? How can it be improved? 4. If you had enough authority, what would you do to improve Russians’ health? 5. What do you think about abortion? 6. What do you think of cosmetic surgery? Do you know anyone who has had cosmetic surgery? Would you ever consider having cosmetic surgery? 7. Would you consider donating your organs after your death? 8. Do you think nuclear power is safe? 9. What kind of pollution is the riskiest? 10. How could you comment these words of Henry Louis Mencken about health: “Simply a state in which the individual happens to be perfectly adapted to his environment. Obviously such states cannot be common, for the environment is in constant flux.” Does it mean that we cannot speak about the health of nation? 11) What do you know about the SARS virus or AIDS? Is our society treating these and other plagues adequately? 12) What do you think about vaccination? Can it help in treating diseases? 4.28. a) What is alternative medicine? Have you ever turned to alternative therapies? b) Read the descriptions of various kinds of alternative therapies and answer the questions below. Do you know any other alternative therapies? Iridologists examine the eye for irritation or deposits in nerve fibres, which they say correspond to inflammation or infection in the body. They also claim to detect inherent weaknesses, and can discover whether a person has a predisposition for certain illnesses. Aromatherapy uses essential oils from plants, which are diluted with carrier oil before being rubbed into the skin. Different plants are supposed to have different healing properties. Like other massages, it’s soothing, pleasant and relaxing. Homeopathy is based on the principle of using the similar or the like to treat the like. A German doctor, Samuel Hahnemann, found that using substances at extreme dilutions and shaking them violently produced a correspondingly more powerful effect. This process of potentizing (= enhancing)has become the key feature of homeopathy. In acupuncture, needles are inserted at an acupuncture point, then aligned with energy pathways called ‘meridians’, which connect internal organs with points along the body’s surface. The needles are rotated clockwise or counterclockwise, according to whether energy is to be stimulated or damped down. Questions: 1. What makes those various treatments different from more conventional medicine? What treatment could be offered in their place? 2. Choose one alternative therapy which you find particularly interesting. Make a list of the reasons why you would or would not want to try it, then discuss your reasons with a partner. 4.29. Read the text and be ready to hold a Q&A session: ask each other questions and answer them basing on the text or your personal knowledge of acupuncture. Have you ever turned to this therapy? Acupuncture and Other Alternative Therapies “As an acupuncturist I think it’s important to understand the philosophy of Chinese medicine, which includes the belief in Chi and the body’s energy flow. If you have an even flow of chi you are in good health. What acupuncture offers is an ability to tap into the Chi. It is then possible to readjust a person's flow of energy if it is has become unbalanced. Before I treat anybody, I take some time to study the patient’s medical history. I also read the body's pulses. We can take the pulses at twelve different places, and each place relates to different organ. From this information I can decide if there are any blockages in the flow of energy or indeed any surges of energy. It is at this point I decide where I’m going to insert the needles. These needles increase or reduce the flow of energy when they are twisted at the appropriate meridian points. Don’t worry - it doesn’t hurt and you won’t bleed. There is great interest and acupuncturists have a long waiting list. The reason for this is partly because conventional medicine has become increasingly impersonal. Ordinary doctors are over-worked and don’t have enough time to spend on each patient. It is often easier and quicker for them to hand out pills than to give proper personal attention. Now I believe that acupuncture can benefit most people suffering from disease or who are in pain. In China it is used as an anesthetic. I myself used it on my wife when she was having our last child. It certainty seemed to reduce her need for pain-killers. What acupuncture does is encourage the body to heal itself, which is, after all, a natural tendency. There is nothing drastic about the treatment, and people feel more in control of their bodies than when they are subjected to all that high-tech equipment in a modern hospital.” 4.30. a) What ailments can be treated with alternative medicine? Should there be any restrictions applied to alternative therapies? b) Scan the text to pick up the main causes of migraine and the methods of alternative medicine that can be used to treat it. c) What treatment would you personally prefer if you had a migraine? Alternative Therapies and Migraine A great many people have headaches. For millions it’s a nuisance that can easily be cured by a couple of aspirin pills. For some, however, that headache becomes a nightmare. Headaches of such severity are nearly always due to migraine. Cases of migraine only increase largely due to stress of city living where noise and pollution are contributive factors. In addition, it’s recognized that particular foods and wine can bring on a migraine as well as inadequate sleep. Conventionally, treatment with the painkillers is usually very effective especially if the patient suffers from nausea. A more successful approach is to use alternative therapy. Mild bouts of migraine can be relieved by homeopathic remedies, usually in the form of tablets which dissolve under the tongue and do not irritate the stomach. Acupuncture produces excellent results in cases of sever migraine. Four needles applied to points of the face give rapid relief, and freedom from attacks can be achieved after as few as six treatment sessions. Hypnosis is another technique which can be used. Many people misunderstand hypnosis. A hypnotic state is simply one of deep relaxation. You are still in complete control and can not be made to do anything against your will. Hypnosis is an effective cure for migraine, as it induces a trance in the patient and migraine attacks eventually disappear. 4.31. Some people live for a hundred years or even more. Many of these live in either the Mediterranean region, or in parts of rural Japan, and Russia. What do you think is their secret?
“People who live the longest normally ...”. Your ideas should explain why you think some people live to a very old age.
and cons of what you have just written. Share any stories of people who lived long lives. c) Answer the questions below. 1. Do you think you will live until a ripe old age? Why or why not? 2. What do you think about getting old? 3. What is the average age of people in your country? Can you explain why? 4. What are the aspects of being old? 5. What can old people do to pass time? 6. Are you afraid of being old? What are you afraid of? 7. What do you expect to feel like when you are old? What will you do? How do you see yourself when old? 4.32. Read the following citations about health and doctors. Comment on each. Which one do you like best? Why? Share your opinion with class. Citations about health and doctors: 1. [Health is] the first of all liberties. (Henry F. Amiel) 2. [Health is] a man’s own observation (of) what he finds good and what he finds hurt of. (Francis Bacon) 3. [Health is] the absence of disease, and … of all those kinds of pain which are among the symptoms of disease. (Jeremy Bentham) 4. [Health is] not a condition of matter, but of mind. (Mary Baker Eddy) 5. [Health is] the first wealth. (Ralph Waldo Emerson) 6. [Health is] the ground-work for all happiness. (Leigh Hunt) 7. To wish to be healthy is a part of being healthy. (Seneca) 8. [Health is] the one condition taken for granted by those who have it. (Anonymous) 9. [A doctor] is one upon whom we set our hopes when ill and our dogs when well. (Ambrose Bierce) 10. [Doctors are] nature, time, and patience. (Henry G. Bohn) 11. [Doctors are] men who prescribe medicines of which they know little, to cure diseases of which they know less, in human beings of whom they know nothing. (Voltaire) 12. [Medicine is] nothing more that the substitute of exercise or temperance. (Joseph Addison) 13. They [doctors] do not heal, but only relieve suffering temporarily, exchanging one disease for another. (Mary Baker Eddy) 14. [Medicine is] a good laugh and a long sleep. (Irish proverb) 15. [Medicine is] a collection of uncertain prescriptions, the results of which, taken collectively, are more fatal than useful to mankind. (Napoleon) 16. [Medicine] consists of amusing the patient while nature cures the disease. (Voltaire) 17. [Medicine is] the knowledge of the loves and desires of the body, and how to satisfy them. (Plato) WRITING 4.33. Pick up any citation from the previous activity and write a 350-word essay using the citation as the title for the essay. 4.34. Make up your prescription of staying healthy as long as possible. Use examples from your personal experience or form the experience of your friends and relatives. 4.35. a) What is living stress free? Do some research on the topic by interviewing your friends and relatives and write a report on this. The questions below will help you to structure your paper. Feel free to add new questions to the list. Living Stress Free 1. What situations do you find stressful (meeting someone for the first time, making a public speech, having much work to do, etc.)? 2. Do you work or study for long hours under stressful conditions? 3. What is the most stressful / least stressful job you can think of? 4. Which would you choose: A stressful job with very high pay or a relaxing job with considerably low pay? Why? 5. Does the place you live have a low-stress environment? What do you think “a low-stress environment” means? 6. How do you relieve stress (listening to a certain kind of music, going shopping, taking a long walk, being alone, being with other people, eating more or eating less, taking alcohol, etc.)? 7. Do you always follow the same pattern to relieve stress or do you try different things? Do you deal with stress differently than your parents do/did? 8. Are you capable of relieving your stress or do you need help? 9. What is the most stressful experience you have ever had? Did you learn anything from that experience? 10. What do you think is the greatest cause of stress for most people? b) Plan a low-stress, cheap, one-day holiday. 4.36. What do you think of ‘sick building syndrome’? Explain what you think it is and give some written suggestions of how it can be treated. 4.37. Compare the health systems of Russia, Great Britain and the USA. Write a short report on it and present it to class. 4.38. Render the text in English. Мобильник вызывает астму и экзему? К  ак показывают последние исследования, мобильные телефоны могут быть причиной аллергии. Доктор Хаджиме Кимата (Hajime Kimata) из токийской больницы Unitika высказал предположение, что микроволновое излучение мобильных телефонов может «провоцировать» являющиеся причиной аллергических реакций антигены в крови тех людей, кто уже страдает от аллергии. Доктор Кимата обследовал группу из 52 больных, страдающих аллергией. Всем им было предложено просмотреть видеофильм продолжительностью один час. Половина из них параллельно разговаривала по мобильным телефонам, у другой они были предварительно отключены. «Проверив их кровяное давление, мы обнаружили, что мобильные телефоны ведут к росту содержания в крови определенных химических веществ, провоцирующих такие аллергические реакции, как экзема, сенная лихорадка и астма, — говорит Кимата. — Результаты нас удивили, однако в их результатах не приходится сомневаться — исследование надлежащим образом контролировалось. У одной группы обследуемых мобильные телефоны были включены, и они принимали звонки во время просмотра часового видео. Другая группа просматривала тот же видеофильм, однако у ее членов мобильники были выключены, и принимать звонки они не могли. Складывается впечатление, что значительный рост аллергических уровней может быть вызван использованием мобильных телефонов». Дальнейшие исследования показали также, что у пользовавшихся мобильными телефонами обследуемых кожная реакция на клещей домашней пыли или пыльцу кедра также оказалась более высокой, чем у контрольной группы. Проводящиеся в настоящее время исследования влияния мобильников на здоровье дают пока что противоречивые, но в целом тревожные результаты. Имеются свидетельства того, что мобильный телефон негативно влияет на здоровье мужчин, может вызвать развитие опухоли уха и негативно влиять на работу мозга вообще, а также разрушать клеточную ДНК. Кроме того, сейчас в некоторых странах мира мобильных телефонов больше, чем людей, и подключенные к сотовым сетям граждане находят все новые и новые поводы для волнений, связанных с мобильниками. В результате, говорят эксперты, на свет появился телекоммуникационный эквивалент синдрома «фантома конечности», когда у человека с ампутированной конечностью появляется ложное ощущение ее наличия, хотя ее больше нет. Довольно часто в публичных местах можно наблюдать такую картину: где-то раздается звонок мобильного, и все люди поблизости с неистовой энергией начинают проверять свои карманы и сумки. Психологи склонны полагать, что это проявление одной из форм новой фобии, связанной с мобильниками. Этот феномен уже получил название ringxiety («мания звонка»). Научные данные, стоящие за новой теорией, достаточно обоснованы: определенные звуковые диапазоны - от 1 до 6 кГц - легче улавливаются человеческим ухом и поэтому в большей степени стимулируют реакцию. В мании звонка существенную роль играет психологическая потребность всегда быть на связи, ни на секунду не выпадая из общего информационного поля. Именно эта потребность заставляет людей, сидя в кафе или ресторане, выкладывать мобильник на стол. А при потере аппарата у некоторых людей начинаются истерики, причем не из-за дороговизны пропавшего устройства, а из-за невозможности быть на связи, пусть даже и временно. Впрочем, пока «мания», как и многие другие расстройства, провоцируемые современной жизнью, не является настоящим, признанным заболеванием. Есть и другие, менее очевидные психологические расстройства, способные быть вызванными мобильным телефоном. В некоторых странах, в том числе в Великобритании, набирает оборот сервис Bluedating, позволяющий обладателям мобильника знакомиться друг с другом посредством технологии Bluetooth. Казалось бы, что в этом плохого? Однако психологи считают, что подобные способы знакомств способствуют развитию у людей социофобии и неуверенности в себе. «Пользователям Bluedating сложно пересилить себя, подойти к понравившемуся молодому человеку или девушке и просто познакомиться. Боязнь быть отвергнутым или неправильно понятым заставляет людей фактически прятаться за такими технологиями, как Bluetooth. Bluedating часто позволяет общаться анонимно, не прибегая к личному знакомству, а это еще больше развивает в людях неуверенность в себе», - считает доктор психологических наук Петра Бойнтон. Unit 5. The things I like and Dislike. Problems of My Environment.  Nature is a step-mother. Guillaume de Bartas Nature is a hanging judge. Anonymous Society is a hospital of incurables. Ralph Waldo Emerson War is the science of destruction. J.S.Abbot Recommended grammar: Noun clauses. Connectors. 5.1. Read the text and say what are the major environmental concerns in modern world. What are the characteristics of each type of the problem? BUILDING-UP YOUR VOCABULARY A Challenge to All Mankind There is growing evidence that man’s unrestrained and undirected manipulation of the natural world at today’s expanding geometric rate can only bring disaster. Either we reduce the scale of our intervention, or we manage it so the cumulative impact is tolerable, even beneficial to man and society. Everyone with a deep concern for the future of the world has a vital role to play in meeting the environmental challenge. An inescapable reality of that challenge is the need to consider all elements, both natural and manmade: population as well as resources, poverty as well as pollution. For, in the final analysis, any solution is contingent on creating vastly improved living conditions for all people. At this juncture of human history, we must affirm the physical unity and interdependence of the biosphere’s diverse elements, and realize that we hold the planet in trust for future generations. We need to achieve an international and communal sense of urgency that we can translate into dynamic global action. Fresh (= unsalted) water in an unfrozen state comprises less than one per cent of earth’s water supply. Lakes and rivers are polluted faster than natural processes can cleanse them. Furthermore, this constant and finite resource – which is along with air and food provides the base for all living creatures – is unevenly distributed around the world. And man is using so much of this precious commodity that many nations are heading for serious trouble. To keep up with an accelerating demand, we are increasingly drawing on (= using) our fresh water ‘capital’ – groundwater. Overfishing has depleted the number of fish in the oceans. Air pollution knows no boundaries: poison in the air over Europe will later be poison in the air over Asia and North America. Contamination with carbon dioxide, lead, cadmium or fluoride emissions shows up first and most dramatically in the atmosphere over big cities, though it is not solely a big city problem. Unlike water pollution which can be removed before water is used, air pollution must be attacked at the source to keep our air breathable. The destruction of the ozone layer is leading to climatic changes and what is known as the greenhouse effect. Amount of land each person has to feed himself is shrinking rapidly, and half the earth’s populations is already hungry. Paradoxically, nations with chronic food shortages have the largest farm populations. The limiting factor to growing more food is not labour, but supply of productive soil. Only about two per cent of the earth’s surface is used to grow crops; the rest is too hot, too cold, too wet, too dry – or covered with water or ice. Besides, the pesticides, fertilizers and irrigation techniques applied to produce more food are polluting the pure water and productive land we need to survive. Poor waste disposal adds to this pollution. The destruction of the rainforests is causing widespread ecological problems. 5.2. Study the vocabulary used to describe environmental and social problems. Consult a dictionary if necessary. Environmental problems: shrinking habitat, endangered spices, finite resource, ecological balance, pristine environment, piecemeal conservation, protection, green credentials(= reputation of positive support of the environment), greens; the worst case scenario, global warming, climatic changes, greenhouse effect, deforestation, prophets of doom and gloom (= people who make the most pessimistic forecasts for the future), pollution, ozone layer, acid rain, smoke (from factories), car exhaust fumes, emission, fossil fuel, dumping industrial waste, aerosol can/ spray, CFC (= chlorofluorocarbon, gas used in sprays),carbon dioxide, bottle bank; harmful /damaging/ destroying; to exert severe pressure on smth., to cut down, to throw away, to recycle, to plant, to waste resources; Problems or war/ terror and peace: outbreak/ start, clashes, ultimatum, hostilities/ hostile acts, hostilities begin/ break out, hostilities cease, (to take somebody) to the brink of war, conflict, war zone, the war between (two countries), in a state of war, a theatre of war, ally/ allies/ allied forces, aid, troops, military forces, supplies, civilians, casualties, victim, survivor, refugees, guerrilla, to be hostile; shelling / firing of guns and explosives, incendiary device/ bomb, germ/ biological warfare, weapon of mass destruction (WMD), target, to take aim at; peace talks, peace settlement, ceasefire, peace treaty, truce, intermediary, peacekeeping troops, international observer, campaign, corps [ko:]; to be alive, to be wounded, to be contused/ shell-shocked, to be missing, missing in action (M.I.A.), prisoner of war (P.O.W.); to invade a country, to capture/ to take/ to take control of, to retreat, to attack, to defend, to run out (food supplies have run out), to deteriorate, to mobilize, to declare war, to retaliate (against smb. for smth.), to wage war/ to fight/ to make a war against/ with smb., to rout/ to defeat, to withdraw (troops), to station troops, to besiege, to ambush, to plan/ to organize/ to launch a campaign, to place/ to set off/ to throw a bomb, to place an army on a war footing; terrorist, hijacker, hostage, to take smb. hostage, to hold smb. hostage, to bargain for smth., to release; Adjectives: war-stricken (area), war-devastated (area), a war can be limited, holy, civil, global/ world, air, guerrilla, nuclear, cold, trade, class, liberating; Problems of poverty: poverty line, income poverty (= if your income is less that the defined poverty line in your country), human poverty, malnutrition, illiteracy, lack /shortage of food, famine, poor sanitation, poverty alleviation, overseas aid, scarce resources, Peace Corps [ko:]. 5.3. Put each of the following words or phrases in its correct place below. sewage enlightened pesticides sustainable organic acid rain ecological deforestation disposal herbicides extinction animal rights When industrialisation began, little thought was given to its (a) ______effects. Raw, untreated (b) ______ was allowed to pollute our seas and rivers. Animals were killed for profit to the point of (c) ______. The loss of trees through uncontrolled (d) ______caused erosion and unstable climate, (e)______was caused by the poisonous gases man sent into the atmosphere. Chemicals in (f)______ killed animal life, (g) ______ destroyed plants. The balance of nature was disturbed. It is only now that we are waking up to the problem. More natural, (h) ______ farming is advocated. Legislation controls the (i) ______ of waste products into our air and water. Wildlife organisations are becoming more militant in their fight for (j) ______. Replanting policies in some parts of the world mean that our forests should in future be (k) ______. We can only hope that growing public awareness and (l) ______ legislation will produce a world which is safe for us and will provide a good quality of life for future generations. 5.4. a) Put each of the following words or phrases in its correct place in the passages below. b) Think of examples from real life to illustrate each case. a) The Outbreak of War deteriorate mobilise hostile acts declare war clashes aggression outbreak forces ultimatum retaliate For years there were border (a) ______between troops of country X and those of country Z. Then (b) ______ from X attacked a village in Z. Z accused X of (c) ______ and began to (d) ______ in readiness for possible war. X warned Z: “If you carry out (e) ______ against us, we will (f) ______.” But there was more fighting on the border. The situation begun to (g) ______. X delivered an (h) ______ to Z. “If you do not promise to respect our borders, we will (i) ______.” Finally came the (j) ______of war. b) Peace Making withdraw intermediary targets neutral peace treaty get involved intervene ceasefire civilian peace-keeping force After months of fighting, during which (a) ______ as well as military (b) ______ were bombed, country X asked country Y, which had remained (c) ______ during the hostilities, to act as an (d) ______, but Y decided not to (e) ______. X then asked the United Nations to (f) ______. The United Nations managed to arrange a (g) ______and stationed a multi-national (h) ______ between the two opposing armies. After weeks of talks, the two countries finally signed a (i) ______ and the UN troops were able to (j) ______. 5.5. Explain the difference between the following. (a) to advance and to retreat (e) conventional war and nuclear war (b) liberating war and civil war (f) an ally and an enemy (c) absolute poverty and relative poverty (d) GDP and GNP 5.6. Put one of the following words in each space in the sentences below. as on in for out between 1. X declared war ______ Z. 2. Troops are moving ______ readiness ______ an attack. 3. Y didn’t want to get involved ______ the fighting. 4. The Second World War broke ______ in 1939. 5. Canada acted ______ an intermediary ______ the argument. 6. War planes carried ______ an attack. 7. The peace-keeping force remained ______ the two enemy armies during peace talks, then withdrew. 5.7. Read the passage from the New Internationalist (1999) and match the words in bold to their definitions after the text. Changes in Attitudes to War One area in which great changes occurred in the twentieth century is in the public attitude to war and peace. The vocabulary in which war is spoken about has ceased to be one of courage, patriotism and pride, and has instead become one of failure or of unimaginable disaster. The ‘War Office’ has in general become the ‘Ministry of Defence’; the greatest destructive weapons ever invented have become ‘deterrents’. Most people went out of the 20th century with a view of the military ‘virtues’, of the place of war in a civilised society, fundamentally different from that of the nineteenth century and earlier. The inventor of dynamite at the end of the nineteenth century believed that his invention would outlaw war, since the devastation it could produce would make any major outbreak destructive beyond imagination. After 1918 the same view was held about aerial warfare. My childhood was dominated by the conviction that a major war would end up wiping out the cities of the industrial world. Since 1945, the possibility of nuclear annihilation has seemed to make war between the great powers an act of collective suicide. These factors alone have contributed to a revulsion against large-scale military operations among thinking people in all nations - though the world is unquestionably still full of national, ethnic and political causes whose supporters see a resort to bullets and bombs as the only means of gaining their ends. (a) loyalty to your own country (b) the act of killing yourself deliberately (c) ways of discouraging people from doing something because of the negative results (d) achieving their aims (e) most important political powers (used about the USA and the Soviet Union from the 1940s to 1990s) (f) feeling of total disgust towards (g) use something, especially something bad, as a means of achieving something (h) total destruction by nuclear weapons (i) movements, organisations (j) fighting a war using airplanes (k) make war illegal or impossible 5.8. Put each of the following words in its correct place in the sentences below. absolute alleviation Domestic malnutrition relative sanitation servicing National 1. The figure of a country’s Gross ____ Product will be larger than that for its Gross _____ Product. 2. In countries where food is scarce, ______ is inevitably a major problem. 3. Using overseas aid for debt ______ does not directly help any people who are suffering through poverty. 4. The amount of money earned by someone suffering from _____ poverty will be greater in a rich area than in a poor area, whereas ____ poverty does not take account of a person’s immediate environment. 5. The Child Poverty Action Group does all it can for the ____ of poverty among children in the United Kingdom. 6. Temporary refugee camps usually have rather poor _____ facilities. 5.9. Read the sentences below containing the metaphors of warfare and some expressions relating to poverty. Explain their meanings in English and think of any similar Russian expressions. 1. The government is waging war on drunken driving. 2. Paparazzi are besieging the Princess’s home. 3. A major advertising campaign was planned to launch a new cosmetics range. 4. The Brazilian football team routed all the others in the World Cup. 5. The companies are battling to win market supremacy. 6. We have a major fight on our hands if we are to save the company from bankruptcy. 7. It’s time to rally the troops and get them to do some overtime. 8. A lot of artists who only became famous after their deaths spent their lifetimes in penury. 9. It’s a very poor country – over 60% of the population live on /below the breadline. 10. The charity’s main aim is to improve healthcare in impoverished areas of the world. 11. Everywhere in the city you see destitute people living in shop doorways or under bridges. 12. Unfortunately, the number of deprived children in the world is growing, even in so-called rich countries. 13. When we were first married, we were living from hand to mouth. 14. When we were children, money was always tight. ACQUIRING COMMUNICATION SKILLS 5.10. a) For a long time, man has been taking a head-in-the-sand approach, eagerly accepting certain myths about environmental and demographic problems. Comment on the following myths. Think of other myths of the kind. |