ПРАКТИКУМ ДЛЯ ДНР 2. Практикум по английскому языку для студентов и слушателей заочной и дистанционной формы обучения
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TEXT B. Public and Private (Civil) Law CategoriesPublic Law categoriesA) Constitutional Law Constitutional Law controls the method of government and any disputes which arise over such matters as who is entitled to vote in an election, or who is allowed to become a Member of Parliament, or whether an election was carried out by the correct procedure. B) Administrative Law Administrative Law controls how Ministers of State or other public bodies such as local councils operate. An important part of this is the right to judicial review of certain decisions. C) Criminal Law Criminal Law sets out the types of behaviour which are forbidden at risk of punishment. A person committed a crime is said to have offended against the State, and so the State has the right to prosecute him (her). An offender may be imprisoned, fined, placed under supervision, or punished some other way. Private (Civil) Law Categories. Private (Civil) Law concerns disputes among the citizens within a country. The main categories of English Private (Civil) Law are the following: contracts – binding agreements between people (or companies), torts – wrongs committed by one individual against another individual’s person, property, or reputation, probate – arrangements of dealing with property after the owner’s death, trusts – arrangements whereby a person administers property for another person’s benefit, rather then his own Land Law. E X E R C I S E S.Ex. 1. Прочитайте международные слова, определите их значение. Обратите внимание на ударения
Ex. 2. Найдите соответствия английских и русских выражений
Ex. 3. Определите правильное завершение предложения 1. The Constitutional Law controls … a) the method of governing, b) the method of punishing, c) the method of disputing 2. The Administrative Law controls …….. a) the operating of militia, b) the operating of Ministers, c) the operating of judicial system 3. The Criminal Law sets out ….. a) the principles of the conduct in a society, b) the behaviour forbidden by a law, c) the system of militia bodies 4. The Civil Law concerns …. …… a) relations between citizens and society, b) disputes among citizens within a country, c) relations between the President and the population 5. The main categories of English Civil Law are …… a) Matrimonial Law and Ecological Law, b) Contract Law and Tort Law, c) Criminal Law and Labour Law Ex. 4. Отметьтезвездочкой (*) правильныеутверждения 1. The Constitutional Law controls any disputes arisen over the matters of the age limit for voting or for being elected in the Parliament (.). 2. An important part of the Criminal Law is the right to judicial review of certain decisions. 3. The Criminal Law sets out the types of behaviour forbidden in the society (.). 4. There is the Private Law containing such categories as the Criminal Law, the Civil Law, the Matrimonial Law etc. (.). 5. The contracts are binding agreements between people (or companies) (.). 6. The Family Law is one of the International Law categories (.). 7. An offender may be imprisoned, fined, placed under supervision, or punished some other way (.). 8. A tort is a wrongs committed by the group for endangering state security. 9. The environment is protected by the Ecological Law (.). 10. International and municipal laws enclose all spheres of human society’s life. Ex. 5. Ответьтенавопросы 1. What are the main categories of Law? 2. What does the International Law deal with? 3. What is the basis of the International Law? 4. What categories is the National Law subdivided into? 5. What does the Criminal Law deal with? 6. Which branches of law regulate the social sector of society’s life? 7. What is a tort? 8. What laws regulate the economic process in a society? 9. What are the business agreements legally arranged by? 10. What category of Law does the Family Law belong to? Ex. 6. Дайте краткое изложение содержания текста TEXT C. Common Law and Continental Law: historical aspect. Each country in the world has its own system of law. There are two main traditions of law in the world. One is based on English Common Law. The other tradition is known as Continental or Roman Law. Common Law, or Case Law system, differs from Continental Law as it has developed gradually throughout history. It is not the result of government attempts to codify every legal relation. Customs and courts rulings have been as important as statutes (government legislation). Judges do not merely apply the law, in some cases they make law, and their interpretations may become precedents for other courts. Before William of Normandy invaded England in 1066 no law was common to the whole kingdom. The Norman kings sent travelling judges around the country and gradually a “common law” developed. Uniform application of the law throughout the country was promoted by the gradual development of the doctrine of precedent. The doctrine of precedent is still a central feature of modern common law system. Even when governments make new laws – statutes, they are interpreted by the courts in order to fit particular cases, and these interpretations become new precedents. Continental systems, codified legal systems, have resulted from attempts by governments to produce a set of codes so that the state could govern every legal aspect of a citizen’s life. When law makers were codifying their legal systems, they looked to the example of Revolutionary and Napoleonic France, whose legislators wanted to break with previous case law. The law makers were also influenced by the model of the Canon law of Roman Catholic Church, but the most important models were the cods produced in the seventh century under the direction of the Roman Emperor Justinian. Version of Roman Law had long influenced many parts of Europe but had little impact on English law. E X E R C I S E S Ex. 1. Прочитайте международные слова, определите их значение. Обратитевниманиенаударения
Ex. 2. Найдите соответствия английских и русских выражений
Ex. 3. Определите правильное завершение предложения 1. There are two main traditions …………………………… a) of government in he world, b) of writing in the world c) of law in the world 2. Common La w differs from ……………. a) Civil Law b) Continental Law c) German Law 3. The doctrine of precedent is …………….. a) the core of continental law system b) the core of modern common law system c) the core of Roman law system 4. Versions of Roman Law had long …….. a) influenced many states in US b) influenced many parts of Europe c) influence only France 5. The Norman kings sent travelling ……. a) musicians around the country b) soldiers around the country c) lawyers around the country Ex. 4. Отметьтезвездочкой (*) правильныеутверждения 1. Each country in the world has its own system of law ( ). 2. There are three main traditions of law in the world – English law, Roman law and German law ( ). 3. Common Law or Case Law system developed gradually throughout history is the result of higher classes’ attempts to codify every legal tradition ( ). 4. The doctrine of precedent still remains as a central feature of current common law system (... ). 5. Continental systems have resulted from governments’ attempts to create a set of codes for ruling every legal aspect of a citizen’s life ( ). 6. Revolutionary and Napoleonic legislators wanted to follow the previous case law ( ). 7. The 7th century codes produced by Roman Emperor Caesar were the most important models for the future development of law ( ). 8. Before William’s invention of England in 1066 there was no common law system in the kingdom ( ). 9. Judges’ interpretations of a case may become precedents for other courts ( ). 10. Versions of Roman law had long influenced many parts of Europe and America ( ). Ex. 5. Ответьтенавопросы 1. Does each country in the world have its own legal system? 2. What are the main legal traditions in the world? 3. What did Common Law originate from? 4. What role does the government play in Continental Law? 5. What experience is common Law grounded on? 6. What does a precedent mean? 7. What way is the name of Roman Emperor Justinian connected with modern legal systems? 8. What countries is Continental Law used in? 9. What legal tradition does Great Britain operate within? 10. What legal tradition is actual for DPR? Topical vocabulary
U N I T 5. THE LEGISLATIVE AND JUDICIAL POWERS OF UK AND US. Part 1. Text A. The legislative power of Great Britain. The legislative power resides in Parliament, which consists of the Sovereign, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. There are 635 members of the English House of Commons (MP). They are elected by popular vote and represent counties and borough constituencies. The House of Commons seems to have most of power within Parliament. It is here that the government is formed. The Prime Minister (PM) is usually the leader of the party of majority in the Parliament. Ant member of the House may initiate or introduce a Bill. Due to the Parliament Act 1911 the maximum life of the House of Commons was restricted to five years. Each session of Parliament is usually opened in the House of Lords. The House of Lords, or the Upper House, consists of hereditary and life peers and top church officials. The House of Lords is not elective body. There are more than 650 members. This house has lost most of its powers and can not influence the law making process in Parliament. In practice, the powers of the House of Lords have been truncated to limited revising and delaying functions. It is the House of Commons which is a dominant part of legislature. The Lords and Commons began to meet separately five centuries ago. The House of Lords consists of the Lords “Spiritual and Temporal”. The Lords Spiritual are the two Archbishops (Canterbury and York). The Lords Temporal include peers by hereditary rights, peers by virtue of their office (the Law Lords), and life peers created under the Life Peerage Act 1958 and twenty-four bishops of the Church of England. |