Метода. методичка.doc. Практикум по устной речи по английскому языку учебное пособие для студентовмедиков
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Тема 18. Методы обследования в зубоврачебной практикеMETHODS OF DENTAL EXAMINATION OF THE PATIENT Задание 1. Слушайте и запоминайте следующие слова и словосочетания: examination осмотр perfect совершенный, полный professional профессиональный check-up проверка, контроль to be responsible for быть ответственным за prevention предупреждение, профилактика to obtain приобретать, получать data данные, результаты proper правильный procedure процедура to take a case-history составлять историю болезни additional добавочный, дополнительный investigation исследование thoroughly тщательно, основательно to establish устанавливать family history семейный анамнез complaint жалоба to complain of жаловаться на … systemic diseases общие заболевания (организма) disorder расстройство, болезнь to contribute to способствовать чему-либо inspection осмотр visual examination визуальный осмотр skin кожа lymphatic nodules лимфатические узлы mobility подвижность plaque налёт, бляшка tartar зубной камень to proceed приступать, перейти tooth row зубной ряд sign признак, симптом gum pocket десневой карман breath дыхание bleeding кровотечение; кровоточить to suspect подозревать to confirm подтверждать precise точный ultrasound ультразвук to reduce уменьшать, сокращать to save сохранять, беречь to foster благоприятствовать overall общий Задание 2. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Повторяйте за диктором в паузу: METHODS OF DENTAL EXAMINATION OF THE PATIENT Every dentist must know how to do a perfect and professional check-up. He is responsible for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases of the teeth and mouth. Obtaining all data of examination doctor makes a diagnosis. For making a proper diagnosis the following procedures are used: patient’s questioning, taking a case-history, patient’s examination and additional investigations. Questioning the patient thoroughly the dentist establishes the family history and present complaints. Doctor must know how systemic diseases influence the disorders in the mouth. The dentist should pay attention to the patient’s health status, his systemic disorders including cardiac condition. Dental diseases may also contribute to many health problems. The physical examination of the patient includes: inspection, palpation, percussion and X-ray examination. Carrying on visual examination the dentist observes the patient’s skin colour. He must palpate the lymphatic nodules in the submaxillary region. The examination of the oral cavity includes the inspection of the lips and their colour, the tongue and its mobility, the floor of the mouth, the hard palate, the mucous membrane of the cheeks. Dentist must detect the presence of plaque and tartar, especially in hard-to-see areas. Then doctor proceeds to the examination of the maxillo-dental apparatus for establishing the following: whether the tooth rows are full or some teeth are absent; normal occlusion and articulation; signs of any abnormalities of the teeth and jaws; mobility of separate teeth; presence of carious teeth and gum pockets. If the patient complains of bad breath, bleeding of gums during brushing, the feeling that one of the teeth is longer, doctor must suspect the diseases of the gums. In most cases dentists use X-ray examination and laboratory tests to confirm the diagnosis. Today dentists use very precise high-tech ultrasound instruments in their practice. Modern methods of dental care and regular professional cleaning help to protect from dental diseases. The risk of pain is reduced to a minimum. The dentists must instruct their patients that regular preventive examinations, early diagnosis and treatment will save their teeth and fosters overall health. Exercises Задание 1. Ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текста: What is the dentist responsible for? What procedures do the dentists use to make a diagnosis? What does the doctor determine while questioning the patient? What procedures does the examination of the oral cavity include? What does the doctor establish while examining of maxillo-dental apparatus? What additional investigations do the doctors use in their practice? What modern instruments do the dentists use in their practice? What instructions must the doctors give to the patients to save their teeth? Задание 2. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующим словам и словосочетаниям: профилактика заболеваний зубов; ставить диагноз; процедура; настоящие жалобы; расстройства ротовой полости; проблемы со здоровьем; пальпация; перкуссия; рентгеновское обследование; визуальное обследование; дно ротовой полости; слизистая оболочка; труднодоступные области; нормальный прикус; кариозные зубы; плохое дыхание (запах изо рта); заболевания десен; лабораторные анализы; современные методы; инструктировать больных; регулярный профилактический осмотр. Задание 3. Составьте общий и специальный вопросы к следующим предложениям. Переведите их на русский язык: The dentist makes a professional check-up. The doctor asked the patient about his complaints. The patient made X-ray examination of his bad tooth. The dentist should pay attention to patient’s systemic disorders. Nick complains of gum bleeding during teeth brushing. Задание 4. Поставьте следующие предложения в Present Indefinite Passive. Переведите их на русский язык. Dentist disclosed caries and tartar. Doctor must make a correct diagnosis in every case. Dentist establishes family history and present complaints. Doctor palpated the patient’s lymph nodes. Dentists use high-tech instruments in their dental practice. Текст на аудирование Задание 1. Слушайте и запоминайте следующие слова и словосочетания: healthy здоровый professional профессионал to be able to быть в состоянии, мочь to detect обнаружить, определять plaque налет, бляшка tartar зубной камень advance успех, достижение precise точный to cool охлаждать image образ, имидж Задание 2. Прослушайте текст. Постарайтесь понять его содержание: TEXT Just because your teeth look great doesn’t mean that they are healthy. For your teeth to be healthy, your gums must be healthy as well. Only a professional is able to detect whether or not your teeth and gums are healthy. You have to see your dentist regularly to remove plaque and tartar. Advances of modern dentistry offer absolutely precise cooled instruments for comfortable, painless tooth cleaning and treatment. With new methods, there is no need to be a hero in the dental chair. Beautiful white teeth, great smile now are an important part of modern image not only for «stars», but ordinary people too. Задание 3. Передайте краткое содержание прослушанного текста на русском языке. Задание 4. Ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текста: Who can detect that your teeth and gums are healthy? How often have you to see your dentist? What advances does modern dentistry offer to the patients? What is important for modern image now? Задание 5. Передайте содержание текста на английском языке. ЗАДАНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ Выполните лабораторную работу по теме в лингафонном кабинете. Выучите новые слова и выражения по теме. Переведите тексты темы на русский язык. Составьте план пересказа темы на русском языке (используйте графологическую структуру к теме). Подготовьте пересказ и диалог по теме на английском языке. Тема 19. Болезни полости рта и их лечение ORAL DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT Задание 1. Слушайте и запоминайте следующие слова и словосочетания: periodontal относящийся к периодонту to attack поражать gum десна ligament связка pregnancy беременность filling пломба bridge мост bleeding кровотечение swollen опухший permanent постоянный to become loose расшатываться rapidly быстро adult взрослый mild слабый, умеренный plaque бляшка, налет to irritate раздражать tender болезненный to detach отделять, отсоединяться pocket карман to expose обнажать, оголять susceptible восприимчивый decay налет, гниение sensitive чувствительный touch прикосновение socket гнездо, лунка extraction удаление thorough тщательно scaling снятие зубных отложений planing сглаживание, выравнивание tartar зубные плотные отложения, зубной камень to restore восстанавливать to smooth шлифовать graft трансплантат splint шина Задание 2. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Повторяйте за диктором в паузу: PERIODONTAL DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENTPeriodontal diseases are caused by bacterial infections that attack gums, ligaments and the bone structure. Poor oral hygiene, smoking or poor diet, some types of drugs, pregnancy, defective fillings and bridges can increase risk of periodontal diseases. The signs of periodontal diseases are: easy bleeding from gums; swollen and red gums; permanent teeth become loose; persistent bad breath or bad taste; gums pull away from the teeth; any changes in the fit of dentures. There are several kinds of periodontal diseases. Some of them develop slowly and without any pain, while others progress rapidly. These diseases may occur at any age, but for adults they are the main cause of tooth loss. Gingivitis is a mild periodontal disease, which develops when toxins in plaque irritate the gums, making them red, tender, swollen and easy to bleed. Periodontitis is a serious periodontal disease. The gums detach from teeth, and pockets are formed. Exposed teeth roots become susceptible to decay and sensitive to cold and touch. If not treated, the affected teeth become loose in their sockets. They may fall out or require extraction by a dentist. Treatment methods depend on the type of disease and the patient's condition. The first stage usually involves thorough cleaning. Sometimes dentists place antibiotic fibers into periodontal pockets after scaling and planning tooth roots. To restore periodontal health, dentists use different ultrasound instruments to reach areas requiring removal of tartar, which causes chronic infection. Tooth roots are cleaned and smoothed. Sometimes bone surgery is required. Gums are returned back to their usual position or are placed into a new position. Grafts of the patient's bone or artificial bone may be used, as well as membranes. To stabilize loose teeth dentists often use splints. Exercises Задание 1. Ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текста: What are periodontal diseases caused by? What factors can increase risk of periodontal diseases? What are the signs of periodontal diseases? Do all kinds of periodontal diseases develop the same way? What is gingivitis? What infringements is periodontitis characterized by? What are treatment methods at periodontitis? When are bone grafts and splints sometimes used? Задание 2. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующим словам и словосочетаниям: относящийся к периодонту, бактериальная инфекция, десны, костная структура, плохая гигиена полости рта, плохое питание, пломбы и мосты с дефектом, кровотечение, опухший, дурной запах изо рта, дурной привкус, частичные протезы, быстро прогрессировать, в любом возрасте, основная причина, потеря зуба, гингивит, бляшка, раздражать десны, болезненный. Задание 3. Составьте общий и специальный вопросы к следующим предложениям. Переведите их на русский язык: Periodontal diseases are caused by bacterial infections. Easy bleeding from gums is one of the signs of periodontal disease. Some of periodontal diseases develop slowly and without any pain. The gums detach from teeth. Exposed teeth roots become susceptible to decay and sensitive to cold and touch. The first stage usually involves thorough cleaning. Sometimes bone surgery is required. Dentists often use splints to stabilize loose teeth. Текст на аудирование Задание 1. Слушайте и запоминайте следующие слова и словосочетания: caries кариес widespread широко распространенный demineralization деминерализация enamel эмаль to approach приближаться inflammation воспаление periapical периапикальный density плотность medication медикаментозное лечение filling пломбирование fluorine фтор restriction ограничение sugar intake употребление сахара oral hygiene гигиена полости рта immediately немедленно Задание 2. Прослушайте текст. Постарайтесь понять его содержание: DENTAL CARIESDental caries is a widespread disease. Caries is caused by microorganisms and is characterized by demineralization of the mineral part of enamel. When the disease approaches the pulp it may cause inflammation and death of the pulp. The infected pulp causes changes in the periapical tissues. The objective signs of caries are: hard tooth tissues changes in colour and density, and development of defects. Carious process may progress rapidly or slowly due to the general state of the organism. Dental caries is treated by tooth preparation, medication and filling. The pathologic changed tissues are removed surgically. Anatomic form and function of the tooth is restored by filling. The dentists must pay much attention to the fluorine prophylaxis, restriction of sugar intake, a balanced diet, thorough oral hygiene, and cleaning the teeth immediately after meals. Задание 3. Передайте краткое содержание прослушанного текста на русском языке. Задание 4. Ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текста: What is caries caused by? What is caries characterized by? What are the objective signs of caries? Does carious process develop rapidly or slowly? What are treatment methods of dental caries? What preventive factors must the dentists pay much attention to? Задание 5. Передайте содержание текста на английском языке. |