Учебнометодическое пособие Под редакцией к ю. н профессора И. А. Горшеневой Москва Мосу мвд россии 2009 содержание
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Получить полный текст Each British town has a magistrates' court. In all there are over 600 magistrates' courts in Great Britain. They try less serious (trivial) cases such as motoring offences, petty thefts, drunkenness, and minor offences of violence. Magistrates have the power to send people to prison for up to six months or fine them up to 100 pounds. If a case is too serious for magistrates they hear the material of the case, and then send the case to a higher court called the Crown Court where there is a jury. Appeals against the sentences given in the Crown Court are sent to the Court of Appeal. Appeals on cases which are of public importance are dealt with by the House of Lords - the final court of appeal.
Упр. 6. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту 1. Where are the majority of criminal cases heard? 2. What kind of persons are magistrates? 3. Do they have legal education? 4. How many Justices of the Peace do magistrates' courts consist of? 5. What cases do magistrates' courts try? 6. Where are serious cases tried? 7. What is the final court of appeal in Great Britain? Упр. 7. Переведите глагольные формы на русский язык to hear (heard), to deal with (dealt with), to know (knew, known), to give (gave, given), to pay (paid), to spend (spent). Упр. 8. Некоторые слова являются многозначными, т. е. имеют несколько значений. Подберите к каждому из английских слов подходящий перевод case – 1 судебное дело; 2 случай, обстоятельство; 3 ящик. a criminal case, a case in precedent, to hear a case, to try a case, in any case, in that case, a cigarette case justice – 1 правосудие, юстиция; 2 судья to administer justice, to bring a person to justice, a Justice of the Peace, Chief Justice, the Department of Justice power – 1 власть; 2 полномочия absolute power, supreme power, to take power, powers of the police court – 1 суд; 2 корт (спорт.); 3 двор (короля) a magistrates' court, a city court, a criminal court, a court of appeal, a court of arbitration, a police court, the International court of Justice, a tennis court, an indoor court, the court of a sovereign, to be presented at court. Упр. 9. Переведите глагольные словосочетания to hear a case in court, to hear a criminal case, to hear the material of the case, to hear the news, to hear a course of lectures; to send a case to the court of appeal, to send a case to the higher court, to send a message, to send for the doctor; to try a case, to try a criminal, to try less serious cases, to try a case in the Crown Court; to know the facts of the case, to know all about the case, to know the details of the case, to know smth. (что-то) from experience, to know a man from a photography; a known person, to become known, to be known in the world, to be a known lawyer, to be known under the name of Smith. Упр. 10. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на лексику, относящуюся к теме «Судопроизводство». 1. If a person violates law he must first be brought before a magistrates' court. 2. Less serious offences (summary offences) are tried in the magistrates' courts speedily and with the minimum of formality. 3. There are over 28,000 Justices of the Peace in Great Britain. 4. The 12 Law Lords of the House of Lords deal with appeals in both civil and criminal cases. 5. In Britain the Department for Constitutional Affairs and Her Majesty's Courts Service are responsible for the organization and functioning of the courts. 6. The more serious offences must be tried in the Crown Court by a judge and jury. 7. Justices of the Peace play an important role as judges in the youth courts, in adoption cases, and in deciding problems of the break-up families. 8. The International Court of Justice is the main judicial organ of the United Nations. It is situated in the Hague. МАТЕРИАЛЫ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОГО ИЗУЧЕНИЯ Прочитайте тексты и выполните упражнения к ним ТЕКСТ А Упр. 1. Прочитайте текст со словарем THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES The Supreme Court of the US was created by the Judiciary Act of 1789. The US Supreme Court is the highest judicial body in the United States. It includes the Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices. They are appointed by the President and are approved by the Senate. The US Supreme Court has original and appellate jurisdiction. Under the Constitution the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in cases affecting ambassadors, ministers, and consuls and cases in which a state is a party (сторона). In all other cases the Supreme Court's jurisdiction is only appellate. The Supreme Court cannot change the Constitution. But the judicial branch has the responsibility of judging the constitutionality of acts of law. The Supreme Court can interpret the Constitution. The Supreme Court of the USA. begins its work every year on the first of October and usually ends it in the next June. Упр. 2. Подберите правильные ответы к данным вопросам 1. How many Justices does the Supreme Court consist of? a) 8; b) 9; c) 10. 2. What is the original jurisdiction? a) The Court may try a case in the first instance. b) The Court deals only with appeals. 3. What function other than (кроме) jurisprudence does the US Supreme Court have? a) The Supreme Court can correct the Constitution. b) The Supreme Court decides whether the laws agree with the Constitution. c) The Constitution can be modified by the Supreme Court. 4. Can the Supreme Court interpret the Constitution? a) Yes, it can. b) No, it cannot. ТЕКСТ В Упр. 3. При переводе текста выпишите английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний и выучите их 1. подросток 7. родитель или родственник 2. суд по делам несовершеннолетних 8. вести защиту 3. до 17 лет 9. медицинская карта 4. правила судопроизводства 10. домашняя обстановка 5. поведение детей 11. успеваемость в школе 6. менее формальный 12. сведения, предоставляемые местными властями A JUVENILE COURT IN BRITAIN A Juvenile Court tries cases of juveniles under the age of seventeen. The rules of procedure in the Juvenile Court are basically the same as in the adult (взрослый) court. A Juvenile Court consists of three magistrates, one of whom must be a woman. All of them should have an understanding (понимание) of children and their behaviour (поведение). Under the Children and Young Persons Act (1933) a Juvenile Court must sit either in a different building, or a different room from that in which the adult court sits, or it must be held on a different day. This is important as juveniles should not feel (чувствовать) that they are «criminals». The hearing before a Juvenile Court is less formal than in a Magistrates' Court. A parent or any relative may conduct the defence (защита). The court should examine the juvenile's medical history, home surroundings, school record, and any report of the local authority. УРОК 10 ТЕКСТ, ЛЕКСИКО-ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ Упр. 1. Прочитайте вслух следующие слова, обращая внимание на чтение буквы «u» в 1-м и 2-м положениях 1. Accuse, prosecute, refuse, introduce, unite, union, usual, usually. 2. Punish, punishment, custom, judge, justice, number, subject, such, sum. Упр. 2. Подберите русские эквиваленты данных интернациональных слов analysis, component, correctional, to guarantee, individual, innovation, marshal, modern, nation, to operate, to patrol, process, program, to rehabilitate, sheriff, social. Упр. 3. Перепишите, переведите и выучите следующие слова to accuse, to appear, to apprehend, to convict, to create, crime, defence, to determine, to enforce, facility, few, to improve, to identify, law enforcement, like, to operate, probation, to prevent, to prosecute, to punish, society, street, to supervise, to suspect, trial, useful, various, to violate. Упр. 4. Перед чтением текста 10 обратите внимание на перевод следующих слов и выражений Law enforcement – правопринуждение, правоохранение; полиция. Sheriff – (ам.) начальник полиции округа. Marshal – (ам.) 1 судебный исполнитель; 2 начальник полицейского участка; 3 начальник пожарной охраны. Probation – условное освобождение. Probation officer – должностное лицо, осуществляющее надзор за условно осужденными. Упр. 5. Прочитайте текст и скажите, из каких трех частей состоит система правосудия. Перескажите текст. ТЕКСТ 10 THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM Any state has an established system of law, procedures and punishments to guarantee social order. Like other societies, the United States of America has a criminal justice system to enforce the laws protecting individuals and the entire community. The system operates by identifying, apprehending, prosecuting, convicting, and sentencing people who violate the laws of the nation and its various states. The society has given its police the powers to patrol the streets, prevent crime, and arrest suspected criminals. It has established the system of courts to conduct trials of the accused and sentence criminals. It has created a correctional process which consists of prisons to punish convicted persons and programs to rehabilitate and supervise them so that they can become useful citizens. These three components – law enforcement (police, sheriffs, marshals), the judicial process (judges, prosecutors, defence lawyers) and corrections (prison officials, probation officers) – establish the system of criminal justice. The basic rules that determine the working of the American criminal justice system are defined in the Constitution of the United States. During the past few years innovations have been introduced, modern facilities have appeared and system analysis has been conducted to improve crime control on the part of (со стороны) the criminal justice system. Упр. 6. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту 1. What state structure guarantees social order? 2. In what way does the criminal justice system operate? 3. What three components establish the criminal justice system? 4. What are the powers of police? 5. What are courts established for? 6. What is the aim of the correctional institutions? 7. Where are the functions of the criminal justice system defined? 8. What measures (меры) were conducted to improve the working of the criminal justice system? Упр. 7. Переведите на русский язык данные слова и словосочетания: force – police force, Armed Forces, military forces, physical force, to come into force, to use force; to enforce – to enforce laws, to enforce order, to enforce the terms (условия) of a contract; enforcement – enforcement actions, law enforcement, law enforcement system, law enforcement authorities; order – public order, economic order, in alphabetical order, to be out of order; law and order, to establish law and order; to give orders, to carry out orders, by order; society – civilized society, primitive society, to establish a society; suspect – to arrest a suspect, to question a suspect, to suspect a person of a crime, a suspected person, suspicion, to be under suspicion; to defend – to defend one's (свой) country, to defend one's principles; defence – national defence, the system of collective defence, a defence lawyer, Department of Defence, in one's defence; to violate – to violate laws of the nation, to violate an order, to violate law and order, to violate military discipline. Упр. 8. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. The law came into force. 2. The police broke into the house by force. 3. The commander gave an order to attack. 4. The machine is out of order. 5. A dog is a good protection against breaking of a criminal into the house. 6. A suspected person was apprehended. 7. During a war a violation of military discipline is a military crime. Упр. 9. 1. Подберите перевод из колонки В к словам из колонки А. 2. Подберите синонимы из колонки С к словам из колонки В. 3. Запишите цепочки синонимов с переводом и запомните их. A B C 1. судья 1. police 1. to carry out 2. защищать 2. to arrest 2. a justice 3. власть 3. to perform 3. to protect 4. арестовать 4. to defend 4. law enforcement 5. выполнять 5. a judge 5. authority 6. полиция 6. power 6. to apprehend Упр. 10. Подберите из колонки В объяснение к словам из колонки А. Переведите предложения на русский язык A B 1) a society 1) the chief law enforcement officer of a county 2) a fine 2) an officer responsible for the released (освобожденные) criminals 3) a sheriff 3) punishment given to a convicted person 4) a probation officer 4) an imprisoned offender 5) a sentence 5) an organization of a civilized nation 6) a convict 6) a sum of money paid as a punishment for a crime. Упр. 11. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, связанные с понятием «пробация» – условное освобождение. 1. Under probation, a convicted offender remains in the community, but is subject to certain conditions imposed by the court. 2. Probation is a legal system for dealing with criminals (often young offenders) where they are not sent to prison provided (при условии), that they continue to behave well under the supervision of a probation officer. 3. A probation officer is an official of the social services who supervises young people on probation. 4. The probationer is supervised by a probation officer who assists the offender in securing and maintaining a job, and provides counselling. 5. By a probation order an offender is placed under the supervision of a probation officer for special period (often one or two years). 6. The police are interested in probation system as it affects prison population levels and places potential law violators back in the community. МАТЕРИАЛЫ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОГО ИЗУЧЕНИЯ Прочитайте тексты и выполните упражнения к ним ТЕКСТ А Упр. 1. Переведите текст А со словарем THE AMERICAN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM (part 1) In theory, the American criminal justice system operates in such a manner. When a crime has been committed and it becomes known to the police, they investigate and attempt to find who did it. If they are successful the suspect is then arrested, informed of his constitutional rights, and registered in the police records. The accused is next taken before a judge, or a magistrate. If the offence is minor, the judge may deal with the accused at this time. If the offence is major, the accused is held for further action. Responsibility for charging the accused with the violation of a specific law belongs to a prosecuting attorney. If the prosecutor believes that the police have sufficient evidence, he prepares a complaint, identifying the accused and giving the details of the charges against him. At the preliminary hearing, a prosecutor presents the charge and evidence against the accused before a judge. If the judge determines that there is sufficient evidence that the accused has committed the offence, he will send the case to a grand jury. Упр. 2. Подберите из данного списка пропущенные слова в предложениях a magistrate, to send, a complaint, to present, constitutional rights, the prosecuting attorney, to find. 1. When a crime becomes known to the police they try … who committed it. 2. The suspect is arrested and informed of his … . 3. First the suspect is taken before … . 4. Responsibility for charging the accused belongs to … . 5. The prosecutor prepares … giving the details of charges against the accused. 6. At the preliminary hearing, a prosecutor … evidence against the accused. 7. If there is sufficient evidence against the accused the judge … the case to a grand jury. ТЕКСТ В Упр. 3. Переведите текст В на русский язык с помощью словаря THE AMERICAN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM (part 2) At the grand jury stage, the prosecutor presents the evidence to a grand jury, a group of citizens from the community. The grand jury meets in secret. The accused has no right to be present or defend himself before the grand jury. The grand jury determines if there is sufficient evidence to believe that the accused has committed the crime. If they find that this is true the accused will be formally charged with the crime (indicted). Then the accused is brought before the trial court. At the trial, the prosecuting attorney presents the evidence and witnesses which establish the guilt of the accused. The judge supervises the trial. Упр. 4. Выберите соответствующее объяснение к данным ниже словам 1. A magistrate is a) the counsel for the defence; b) an attorney general; c) a judge. 2. An accused is a) a witness of a crime; b) a person charged with a crime; c) a member of a jury. 3. Evidence is a) information of a crime; b) a verdict of a jury; c) a minor offence. 4. A trial is a) a police report; b)a criminal investigation; c) a court proceeding. 5. At a preliminary hearing a prosecutor a) prepares a complaint; b. presents the evidence against the accused; c) sends the case to a grand jury. ТЕКСТ С Упр. 5. Переведите текст С на русский язык с помощью словаря. Найдите английские эквиваленты следующих выражений 1 признать свою вину 2 признать кого-либо виновным 3 налагать наказание 4 в зависимости от характера преступления 5 оштрафовать человека 6 приостановить действие тюремного приговора 7 назначить преступнику условное освобождение 8 вести законопослушный образ жизни 9 освободить заключенного условно (под честное слово). THE AMERICN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM (part 3) If the accused pleads guilty or if he is found guilty at the trial, the judge will impose punishment. Depending upon the nature of the offence, the judge may fine or sentence the offender to prison. The judge may also suspend a jail sentence and place the offender on probation. If put on probation, the offender will remain out of jail but he must live a law-abiding life and report regularly to a probation officer. If the offender is sentenced to prison he may obtain an early release by the state parole board. The conditions for parole are similar to those for probation. Упр. 6. Определите, как изменяется от момента совершения преступления до тюрьмы название человека, совершившего преступление, по мере прохождения через систему уголовного правосудия 1) a prisoner; 2) an accused; 3) an offender) 4) a suspect. Упр. 7. Расставьте предложения в порядке, соответствующем отправлению правосудия от момента совершения преступления до выхода преступника из тюрьмы 1. The accused is taken before a magistrate. 2. The police find out who committed the crime. 3. At the trial the prosecutor presents the evidence against the accused. 4. The suspect is arrested. 5. The prisoner is released from the jail. 6. The judge sentences the offender to prison. 7. The magistrate sends the case to a grand jury. УРОК 11 ТЕКСТ, ЛЕКСИКО-ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ Упр. 1. Прочитайте вслух следующие слова, обращая внимание на чтение буквы «g» 1 age, damage, knowledge; 2 general, forgery, dangerous, intelligence, legislative, magistrate, originate; 3 belong, drug, go, government, great, legally; 4 according, proceeding, driving, lawmaking, committing. Упр. 2. Подберите русские эквиваленты данных интерна-циональных слов to classify, condition, conspiracy, element, license, obstruction, result, theoretically, terrorism, type, vandalism, voluntarily. Упр. 3. Перепишите, переведите на русский язык и запомните следующие слова accidental, age, to be present, to commit, condition, conscious, to consider, dangerous, to drive, harm, however, illicit, insane, insurance, intent, to involve, malice, omission, to possess, to prescribe, proceeding, to prohibit, property, to range, several, traffic, voluntary, way, willful. Упр. 4. Перепишите, переведите и запомните слова, связанные с преступной деятельностью arson, assault, battery, blackmail, breach, burglary, damage, drug, forgery, homicide, kidnapping, larceny, manslaughter, murder, perpetrator, pocket-picking, rape, robbery, shoplifting, speeding, treason, weapon. Упр. 5. Перед чтением текста 11 обратите внимание на перевод следующих слов mens rea (лат.) – преступное намерение, преступный умысел; actor (зд.) – преступник. Упр. 6. Прочитайте текст и скажите, каковы основные элементы понятия «преступление» и какие существуют виды преступлений ТЕКСТ 11 CRIME A crime is any act or omission prohibited by law and punishable by the state in judicial proceeding. There are some necessary theoretical elements in a crime: 1. The act must involve a conscious, voluntary harm. 2. The act must have been legally prohibited at the time it was committed. 3. The perpetrator must have had criminal intent (mens rea) when he committed the crime. If the criminal act was «willful, or done with malice», criminal intent is present. However, there are several conditions under which in commission of a criminal act mens rea does not exist. They are: a) if the actor is below the age of criminal responsibility; b) if the actor is considered to be insane; c) if the actor was involved into committing the criminal act; d) if the act is accidental. 4. There must be some legally prescribed punishment for anyone convicted of the crime. Crimes are not all of one type. They range from a minor traffic violation to murder. Some crimes can be classified in such a way: – crimes against the person - homicide, murder, manslaughter, assault, battery, bodily harm, kidnapping, blackmail, rape; – crimes against the property – theft, larceny, shoplifting, pocket-picking, robbery, burglary, criminal damage of property, forgery, arson; – political offences – treason, terrorism, conspiracy; – public order offences – breach of the peace, obstruction of police, unlawful assembly, possessing weapons, drug trafficking, vandalism; – road traffic offences – dangerous driving, speeding, drunken driving, driving without a license or insurance. Упр. 7. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту 1. What is a crime? 2. What is «mens rea»? 3. When does criminal intent exist? 4. In what criminal cases mens rea does not exist? 5. What are crimes against a) the person; b) property? Упр. 8. Запомните следующие латинские термины corpus delicti – состав преступления; de facto – фактически (на деле); de jure – юридически (по закону); actus reus – виновное действие, преступное деяние; mens rea – преступное намерение; modus operandi – способ действий; veto – вето, запрет. Упр. 9. Назовите по-русски преступное действие, преступление и преступника to blackmail – blackmail – blackmailer to burglarize – burglary – burglar to forge – forge – forger to murder – murder – murderer to offend – offence – offender to rob – robbery – robber. Упр. 10. Переведите и запомните сочетания со словом «crime» и производные от него слова сrime – преступление, преступность; to commit a crime, to report a crime to the police, to prevent a crime, to suspect a person of committing a crime, to punish a person for a crime, to sentence a person for a crime; an economic crime, a serious crime, a minor crime, a political crime, a war crime, organized crime; criminal – 1) преступный; 2) преступник; a criminal act, a criminal case, criminal intent, criminal responsibility, criminal law, criminal procedure, the criminal code; to arrest a criminal, to apprehend a criminal, to convict a criminal, to sentence a criminal, to punish a criminal, to pardon a criminal; criminality – преступность; criminology – криминология; criminalistics – криминалистика. Упр. 11. Подберите к глаголам из колонки А словосочетания из колонки В А В 1 to commit 1 at high speed 2 to arrest 2 to the police 3 to prohibit 3 punishment 4 to pass 4 the perpetrator 5 to prescribe 5 property 6 to drive 6 a law 7 to report 7 drug trafficking 8 to possess 8 a burglary. Упр. 12. Распределите преступления по категориям в зависимости от степени их общественной опасности (от малозначительных до особо тяжких) larceny, murder, shoplifting, possessing weapons, manslaughter, illegal parking, robbery, assault. Упр. 13. Переведите предложения на английский язык обращая внимание на перевод слов с суффиксом «–ing». 1. Arson is setting fire to a building. 2. Homicide is killing of a person. 3. Battery is using force against another person. 4. Assault is attacking and doing harm to a person. 5. Kidnapping is taking away a person by force. 6. Blackmail is getting money from a person by threatening to make public facts about him which he doesn't want to reveal. 7. Pocket-picking is stealing money from people's pockets. 8. Forgery is a crime of making an illegal copy of a document or banknote to use it as if it were a real one. 9. Treason is the crime of betraying one's country, usually by helping the enemy. 10. Conspiracy is agreeing with another person or other people to commit a crime. 11. Obstruction of the police is doing anything which prevents a police officer from doing his duty. 12. Manslaughter is killing a person without intention to do so. 13. Drug trafficking is buying and selling illegal drugs. 14. Burglary is a crime of going into a building at night and stealing things. МАТЕРИАЛЫ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОГО ИЗУЧЕНИЯ Прочитайте тексты и выполните упражнения к ним ТЕКСТ А Упр. 1. Переведите текст А со словарем MURDER «Murder» is defined as the willful killing of another human being. This crime represents approximately 2 percent of all violent crimes. Most of the homicides occur in December. Males outnumber females as victims of murder by more than three to one. Firearms are the predominant weapon used in murder. Murders tend to be committed by relatives or close associates of the victim. Killing within the family makes up approximately one-fourth of all murders. Over half of these family killings involves spouses killing each other. These facts have caused some criminologists to see criminal homicide as a social problem which is beyond the control of the police. Упр. 2. Переведите предложения на русский язык и выберите правильный вариант английского сказуемого 1. Criminologists (define / are defined) murder as a willful killing. 2. Firearms (are / are to be) the predominant weapon. 3. Murders (have committed / are committed) mostly by relatives and close associates. 4. These facts (show / are shown) that criminal homicide is a social phenomenon. 5. The police (have controlled / are controlled) the situation. ТЕКСТ В Упр. 3. Переведите текст В на русский язык с помощью словаря AGGRAVATED ASSAULT «Aggravated assault» is defined as an unlawful attack by one person upon another for the purpose of inflicting severe bodily harm, usually by the use of a weapon. Most offences occur during summer months. Aggravating assault usually occur within the family unit or among neighbours and acquaintances. Because of the close family, or other relationship between the victim and offender, convictions are often difficult to obtain. The victim simply refuses to cooperate with the police. Persons involved in these disputes look at their fights as family affairs and do not want to decide their conflicts through the courts. Упр. 4. Найдите в тексте или вспомните аналогичные английские словосочетания 1 война и мир 2 мужчины и женщины 3 телесное увечье и материальный ущерб 4 соседи и знакомые 5 жертва и преступник 6 полиция и общество 7 семья и семейные дела 8 семья и семейные отношения 9 полиция и полицейские 10 преступление и наказание. ТЕКСТ С Упр. 5. Переведите текст на русский язык со словарем. ROBBERY Robbery is defined as the taking of money or other items of value by means of force or intimidation. Unlike burglary or larceny-theft, robbery takes place in the presence of the victim. Robbery rates tend to increase in proportion to the density of the population. The volume of bank robbery has increased greatly since the days when Bonnie and Clyde were redistributing the wealth. Law enforcement agencies are successful in making an arrest in about one out of four robbery offences which are reported. Упр. 6. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту С 1 What is robbery? 2 In what way does robbery differ from burglary? 3 How does population density influence robbery rates? 4 What were Bonnie and Clyde? 5 What is the proportion of success of police operations in fighting robbery? ТЕКСТ D Упр. 7. Переведите текст D со словарем. LARCENY – THEFT AND MOTOR VEHICLE THEFT Larceny-theft is defined as the unlawful taking or stealing of property without the use of force, violence, or fraud. It includes such offences as shoplifting, pocket-picking, purse-snatching thefts from autos, and bicycle thefts. The volume of these crimes and lack of witnesses make larceny-theft a difficult offence for police officers to solve. Motor vehicle theft is defined as the unlawful taking or stealing of a motor vehicle. Most part of these offences is performed by juveniles. Crime continues to rise. Упр. 8. Выберите правильные окончания к данным предложениям 1. Larceny-theft is the stealing of property a). with violence; b). without violence; c). by use of force. 2. Larceny-theft is such an offence as a). assault; b). purse-snatching; c). burglary. 3. Larceny-theft is a difficult offence to solve because a). it takes place at night; b). it takes place with violence; c). it takes place without witnesses. 4. Most of the motor vehicle thefts are carried out by a). young people; b). armed gangs; c). kidnappers. УРОК 12 ТЕКСТ, ЛЕКСИКО-ГАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ Упр. 1. Прочитайте вслух следующие слова, принимая во внимание, что сочетание «gh» не читается high, higher, highest, highly, right, fight, night, might, sight, though, through, manslaughter. Упр. 2. Подберите русские эквиваленты данных интернациональных слов to arrest, conflict, contact, evolution, fact, function, Greek, operation, potential, preventive, procedure. Упр. 3. Перепишите, переведите на русский язык и запомните следующие слова area, to be aware, to base, to begin, to believe, car, to complain, to be concerned, to connect, to detain, to detect, early, emergence, to enter, evidence, to face, to follow, foot, gambling, to investigate, to mean, near, next, to observe, to occur, premises, random, rate, search, to seize, stage, step, undercover, unit, variety, vehicle, victim, visible, whether, witness, word. Упр. 4. Перед чтением текста 12 обратите внимание на перевод следующих выражений on foot – пешком; undercover operation – тайная (секретная) операция; uniformed police – полиция охраны общественного порядка. Упр. 5. Прочитайте текст и определите две основные функции полиции. ТЕКСТ 12 POLICE ACTIVITY The term «police» comes from the Greek word «polis» or «polisma» meaning «town» or «city». In fact, the evolution of police systems has followed the emergence and development of cities. Field Patrol. The most important function of police activity is crime prevention. The prevention aspect of police work is based on planned random patrol by uniformed officers on foot, in cars or other vehicles. Most of the problems facing the police and most of the conflicts within the community occur at this level. The patrol unit is the most visible representative of the police and has the most direct contact with the public. Patrol units concentrate their activities in areas that have the highest crime rates. The crimes that patrol units are most concerned with are «street crimes», such as robbery, burglary, assault, and a variety of so-called «victimless crimes» (those in which there is no complaining victim), such as prostitution, drug use, and gambling. Crime Detection and Arrest. These are the next steps in police work and the early stages of the criminal justice process. This process begins when the police become aware that a crime has been committed or suspect that a crime might be committed in the near future. There are three major ways that this process may begin. The first is through a complaint from a citizen, either the victim or a witness. The second is through police patrol and personal observation by the police. The third is through undercover operations. |