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Учебное пособие для слушателей программы дополнительного (к высшему) образования Переводчик в сфере профессиональной коммуникации
Fakes found in major museums
Oscar White Muscarella, a (1) ... respected archeologist at New York's Metropolitan Museum, claims that more than 1,250 forgeries are on display in the world's leading museums and art galleries. In his latest book Muscarella specifically names 37 forgeries in the Louvre, 16 in the British Museum and 45 in his own museum in New York. Muscarella's earlier claims have been heavily (2) ... by some museum officials who are (3) ... opposed to his arguments. But Muscarella has (4) ... good scientific evidence for his claims, showing that over 40 per cent of the objects examined by the Oxford Thermo-luminescence laboratory are fakes. The reason for the quantity of forgeries is (5) ... simple. Because many of the objects in our museums were found by amateurs and illegally exported from their countries of origin they have no official provenance or documented history. Museums are painfully (6) ... of this embarrassing problem and as a result they have been known to overlook the lack of written records before accepting or buying antiquities. This makes it (7)... impossible to detect forgeries, especially if they are accurate copies. But in fact many forgeries are (8) ... obvious as they are often copied from a photograph which only shows the front of an object. When examining the back of the forgery they can look (9) ... different from the original. But museum officials tend to be (10) ... conservative and hate to question objects which have been sitting in their collections for many years. Muscarella specialises in the ancient Middle East, and this is the area of archaeology in which he has found so many forgeries. But his research has had the effect of undermining the reputation of some of our most (11) ... regarded institutions, and this should be of concern to anyone who values our cultural heritage.
A absolutely B highly С very
A discussed В rejected С criticised
A bitterly В highly С rather
A perfectly В absolutely С somewhat
A virtually В quite С really
A conscious В understanding С aware
A very В virtually С pretty
A a bit В entirely С deeply
A completely B absolutely С almost
A heavily В dead С deeply
A very В highly C absolutely
7. Put in adjectives and adverbs from the box.
daily early fast friendly hard hardly late lonely silly
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I don’t like getting up ……. so I usually stay in bed too long, and then have to eat breakfast very …….. and ran for my train. On the train I read the ……. paper, because after I get to work there’s no more time for reading. The boss is nice, but she makes us work
very ………, and I often have to stay ……..to finish everything. There’s a nice newsecretary in the office. I ……. know her, but she always gives me a …….. smile whenI arrive. She hasn’t lived here long. Perhaps it’s a …….. idea, but I wonder if she’s …….. I think I’ll ask her out.
8. Fill in each space with an appropriate adjective or adverb. Use some words twice. In some cases, more than one answer is possible.
fast hard incorrectly free lately close wrong well wide loud recently hardly difficult good wrongly
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If she tries……, she may succeed in breaking the world record.
I was so shocked I could……………..speak.
The teacher gave us a very…………task to do but we managed it quite well.
The road isn’t…………enough for the lorry to get through.
The dentist asked her to open her mouth…………. .
The name of the suspect is ……… known in town – nearly everyone knows who it is.
She did very…………in the test.
Her results were so…….…..that she got into Cambridge University.
Don’t drive so………………, slow down!
He drove in the……..….lane on the motorway because he was in a hurry.
If you answer………………, cross it out and write it again.
She gave me the…………..address and I got lost.
They sat very…………..to each other to keep warm.
He had a very………voice which you could hear a mile away.
Feel…………….to ask me any questions you like.
It hasn’t rained much………..; the last time was two month ago.
Quite - Fairly - Rather – Pretty
* Quite (fairly, to some degree) is used in favourable comments.
She's quite good at painting.
Quite meaning "completely" is used with adverbs, some verbs and adjectives such as: alone, amazing, brilliant, certain, dead, dreadful, different, exhausted, extraordinary, false, horrible, impossible, perfect, ridiculous, right, sure, true, useless etc.
I’m quite sure he stole the money.
Quite is used before a/an.
She's quite a good dancer. I quite enjoyed the film.
*Rather is used:
a) in unfavourable comments. He's rather mean with money.
b) in favourable comments meaning "to an unusual degree".
The lecture was rather informative. (It was more informative than
we expected)
c) with comparative degree. It's rather sunnier today than yesterday.
Rather is used before or after a/an.
He's a rather rude person. He's rather a rude person.
*Fairly and pretty are synonymous with quite and rather. They can
be used after a.
He's a fairly/pretty well-behaved person.
9. Complete the sentences using quite, fairly, rather or pretty.
Example: It's ...quite... wet out today. You'd better wear your boots.
1. The party on Saturday was ............... enjoyable. I'm glad I went.
2. The food in this restaurant is ........... good although it's ............ expensive.
3. His new film is ................ interesting but it's ................. a long one.
4. That exercise may be ........... difficult but it will be ........... good for your vocabulary.
5. Although his speech was ............... short it was still ............ boring.
6. We …….... enjoyed our holiday in Finland though the weather was ............ cold.
7. John is ............... a short man but he's ................... good looking.
8. She's a ........ intelligent girl but she is ........ difficult to get to know.
9. We wanted to walk but it was ............ a long way to go on foot.
Comparisons
a) further/farther (adv) = longer (in distance)
His house is further/farther away than John's.
further (adj) = more I need no further help from you.
b) very + positive degree I'm very happy in my job.
c) even/much/far/a bit + comparative degree
The weather’s even less bearable today: it's much worse than last year.
d) most + adj/adv of positive degree = very
He was most helpful and answered all my questions.
e) any + comparative (used in negatives and questions)
Can you write any quicker, please?
10. Fill in the relevant adverbs in their comparative or superlative forms.
Bicycles look set to become 1) ...the most commonly.. (common) used form of transport in Britain. Not only are bicycles better for the environment than cars, but they allow you to travel 2) ........................... (convenient). You can get from point A to point B 3) .................. (quick) than by car and you can find somewhere to leave your bike much 4) ...................... (easy). Many younger people now ride a bike to work because they find it 5) .................. (good) suits their lifestyle and enables them to get around 6) ............ (practical). In addition, they often arrive 7) .................. (early) than their colleagues who drive to work and who have to wait 8) .................. (long) in traffic jams than they do.
11. Underline the correct word.
She drove very / even quickly along the lane.
We will give you further / farther news as we receive it.
Her parents were more / most pleased when she won the prize.
Can’t he speak any / much louder than that? No one can hear him.
She plays very / much more noisily than any child I’ve ever met.
Task 9. Pronoun
1. Choose words from the boxes to complete the text.
each other her his its themselves they your
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My brother and 1… girlfriend have known 2……. for about five years, but 3…….‘ve only been going out together for six months.
he her him she their they we
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Before that, he didn’t like 4……. and 5 …….didn’t like him, but later
6 …….became good friends, and started going out together.
her hers his its it’s our their they they’re
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7 …….both have small flats. His flat is in the centre, and 8…… very comfortable. 9 …….is a long way out, and it’s not so nice. So they spend most of 10 ……. free time at 11 …….place.
he her hers herself him himself its it's she’s
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He works in a garage, and 12 ….. a teacher, but she doesn’t let 13……
touch 14 …… car - she looks after it 15 ……. .
each other I my they them their themselves they’re
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I like 16 …….both very much, and I think 17…….good for 18 ………..so 19 ……. hope 20 …….. will stay together.
We can use they/them/ their to refer to a person whose sex is unknown.
Suppose a friend of yours asked you to lend them some money, what would you do?
(Also: … to lend him or her some money... - less usual)
Compare: My grandmother celebrated her 70th birthday last week.
We also use they/them/their after words such as somebody, anybody, nobody, whoever, no, each, every, a person.
If anybody calls while I'm out, ask them to leave a message.
Whoever told you that? They must have been lying.
2. Fill in the gaps with the correct pronoun or possessive adjective.
Someone called for you today, but .......... didn't leave ............ name.
If you saw a person in trouble, would you help ........?
Somebody has parked .............. car across the drive. I can't get out.
My aunt left .................. bag here when she visited us this morning.
If a colleague of mine got promoted, I'd be happy for .................. .
Everyone brings .................... own lunch to work with .................. .
My brother has crashed ...................... car. It is at the garage now.
He told each person to order whatever .....................wanted.
The police inspector asked everybody in the room to give ............... names.
3. Fill in the gaps with this, that, these or those.
............... car over there belongs to the mayor.
........... people over there are waiting for the bus.
We're moving house ..................... month.
................ diamond earrings here are priceless.
'I've got a new job.' ' .....................'s wonderful news.'
'Mum, ......................... is my teacher, Miss Jones.'
........ are my holiday photographs. Would you like to look at them?
'Hello, ................... is Jane Black speaking.'
.................... house here was built in 1500.
The day I got married was wonderful. I will remember ...... day for ever.
I had a wonderful childhood. We did things differently in ..... days.
'Hello, this is Alan. Who's ................, please?'
4. Underline the correct item.
Neither / Either Sam or David studied physics at school.
I finished the all / whole exercise in five minutes.
I've kept in touch with all / every my old school friends.
Neither / Either of the girls passed the exam. They both failed.
None / Each of the people he contacted were interested.
We have to pay our telephone bill each / every three months.
You'll get fat if you eat all / none those biscuits.
Either / Both Tom and Lynn had a good time.
She spent the whole / all afternoon lying on the beach.
Each / All of candidate will be interviewed individually.
None of / Every the students believed that the exam results would be released so early.
I don't like either / neither of these coats. I'll look for one somewhere else.
You'd better read through the all / whole contract before you sign it.
There's a leak in both / each the hot water tank and the cold water tank.
Neither / Either of the tapes you bought is the one I really wanted.
None of / All of the girls were ready for the dance on time. They got there late.
There's no / none space for a washing machine in my kitchen.
All / Every that she wants is another baby. She simply adores big families.
5. Fill in: all, both, whole, either, neither, none, every, each or one(s).
…….. of the toxic waste has been cleared up by the company.
He’s studying ….politics and modern languages at university.
I think these are the ................. you like.
They spent the .................. day packing for their holiday.
She spends ....................her time studying for her exams.
In .................... game there is an element of risk.
John and Anna had a lot of work yesterday . ...... of them went out.
"Do you like this skirt?" "I think that ................. is more flattering."
The members of the club were ……...…given copies of the regulations.
Both of these dictionaries are excellent. ........... one of them will help you in your studies.
6. Fill in: a lot (of), much or many.
It takes ....... patience to bring up children.
There can't be ...... people who haven't seen Jurassic Park.
She doesn't have ................. time to herself these days.
Why haven't you washed the dishes? You didn't have ….. else to do.
He's very popular. He always has ........... people at his house.
We don't get on very well as we haven't got ............. in common.
Will there be ................... guests at the wedding?
You need ................... courage to be a firefighter.
Have ................... new people joined the club this year?
There are too ................... mistakes in your composition.
There's still ................... food left over from the party last night.
I hope we didn't make ....... noise when we came in late last night.
She's eaten too ............... sweets so she doesn't feel well.
There's ................... poverty in some African countries.
She must have ................. money to afford such expensive clothes.
7. Underline the correct item.
We have very little/very few/few spaghetti, so I can't make Spaghetti Bolognese.
I'm tired. I didn't get many/much/few sleep last night.
This coffee is bitter. It needs a few/a little/little more sugar.
I have invited a few/a lot of/much people to the party. I hope there will be room for them all.
I don't have many/much/few time at the moment. I'll talk to you later.
I have had a few/very few/ very little success in my search for a job.
There are much/a lot of/a little reasons why he should go to university.
I'd love to come to the beach. I just need a few/a little/many minutes to get ready.
I have little/a little/ a few work to do before I can leave.
I made a lot/a little/a few biscuits this morning. Would you like to try one?
There is a little/little/a few chance of his getting the job. He has no experience.
8. Fill in many, few, much or little.
Claire pushed the door open a 1) ................ and looked inside. The house was small and there was not 2)............... furniture. There were a 3) ................. chairs and a table, but there were very 4) .................... signs of comfort. There was not 5) ........................... light, but Claire could see that there were not 6) ........................ pictures or ornaments. It was as though the owner of the house spent very 7) ...................... time there. After a 8) ................. more moments, she quietly closed the door and walked away.
9. Add of where necessary.
A lot ..... people have mobile phones these days.
Many .............. her books are very old.
Most .............. children enjoy watching cartoons.
I've met several .............. his colleagues.
A few .............. birds were singing in the tree.
Have you ever seen any .............. Bruce Willis' films?
Some .............. my friends live abroad.
One .............. her books has won an award.
I have hardly any .............. free time at the moment.
A few .............. the guests arrived early.
10. Fill in: some, any, no, every or their compounds.
Example:
...Everyone... knows that the sky is blue, but few people know why.
If you have ............. questions, I'll be in my office.
............. wanted to miss the match so ............... arrived early.
The teacher asked if ............. knew the answer to her question.
Would you like ............. cheese or maybe ............. sweeter?
Have you seen Jim .............? I've been looking ............. for him.
If you have ...... spare time, there's ..... I want to talk to you about.
........ is looking for John but ...... has seen him since this morning.
I've never been ........... without finding ............. interesting to see.
If ........ is going to the supermarket could they get me ........ milk?
Don't speak to me. There is ..... you can say to me that will make ....... difference to how I feel.
We never go … for our holidays. Why don't we go … this year?
Jerry is very tidy; he won't tolerate ................ being out of place.
11. Fill in: whoever, whatever, whichever, whenever, wherever or however.
I'm not sure how to advise you. I suggest you do ........ you think best.
....... mum decides to put the washing out, it always starts raining.
My pen is missing! ………. has borrowed it kindly return it, immediately.
"Welcome! Come in and sit down ....you can find an empty seat."
Red and green both look good on you. ............ colour you choose, I'm sure it will suit you.
The interview is informal so you can dress .................. you want.
You know where to find me - come round .............. you want and we'll talk over your problem.
............... wins the elections is sure to be the best candidate.
You must get some advice about the career you wish to follow so that ................. one you choose, you won't regret it.
There are two different routes from here to Manchester. Why not take ...................... is the shortest to save time?
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