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Reported Speech Reported Statements If the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change the tenses in the reported speech: “I like ice cream” - She said she liked ice cream
* doesn’t change Occasionally, we don’t need to change the present tense into the past if the information in direct speech is still true (but this is only for things which are general facts, and even then usually we like to change the tense): “The sky is blue” - She said that the sky is/was blue Reported Questions The tense changes are the same, and we keep the question word. The very important thing though is that, once we tell the question to someone else, it isn't a question any more. So we need to change the grammar to a normal positive sentence. "Where do you live?" - She asked me where I lived. "Where is Julie?" - She asked me where Julie was.
What if you need to report a 'yes / no' question? We don't have any question word to help us. It's easy, instead use 'if': "Do you like chocolate?" - She asked me if I liked chocolate.
Reported Requests "Close the window, please" "Could you close the window please?" "Would you mind closing the window please?" All of these requests mean the same thing, so we don't need to report every word when we tell another person about it. We simply use 'ask me + to + infinitive': She asked me to close the window. Here are a few more examples:
To report a negative request, use 'not': "Please don't be late" - She asked us not to be late. Reported Orders "Sit down!" - She told me to sit down In fact, we make this into reported speech in the same way as a request. We just use ‘tell’ instead of ‘ask’.
The Zero Conditional We can make a zero conditional sentence with two present simple verbs (one in the 'if clause' and one in the 'main clause'): If + present simple, .... present simple. This conditional is used when the result will always happen. So, if water reaches 100 degrees, it always boils. It's a fact. The result of the 'if clause' is always the main clause. The 'if' in this conditional can usually be replaced by 'when' without changing the meaning. For example: If water reaches 100 degrees, it boils. (It is always true, there can't be a different result sometimes). If I eat peanuts, I am sick. (This is true only for me, maybe, not for everyone, but it's still true that I'm sick every time I eat peanuts) If people eat too much, they get fat. People die if they don't eat. If you touch a fire, you get burned. If babies are hungry, they cry. You get water if you mix hydrogen and oxygen. Snakes bite if they are scared. The First Conditional has the present simple after 'if', then the future simple in the other clause: if + present simple, ... will + infinitive It's used to talk about things which might happen in the future. Of course, we can't know what will happen in the future, but this describes possible things, which could easily come true. If I study today, I'll go to the party tonight. If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes. If I see her, I'll tell her. If it rains, I won't go to the park. She'll be late if the train is delayed. She'll miss the bus if she doesn't leave soon. First vs. Zero Conditional The first describes a particular situation, whereas the zero conditional describes what happens in general. For example (zero conditional): If you sit in the sun, you get burned (I'm talking about every time a person sits in the sun - the burning is a natural consequence of the sitting) But (first conditional): If you sit in the sun, you'll get burned (here I'm talking about a what will happen today, another day might be different) First vs. Second Conditional The first conditional describes things that I think are likely to happen in the future, whereas the second conditional talks about things that I don't think will really happen. It's subjective; it depends on my point of view. For example (first conditional): If she studies harder, she'll pass the exam (I think it's possible she will study harder and so she'll pass) But (second conditional): If she studied harder, she would pass the exam (I think that she won't study harder, or it's very unlikely, and so she won't pass) The Second Conditional uses the past simple after if, then 'would' and the infinitive: if + past simple, ...would + infinitive (We can use 'were' instead of 'was' with 'I' and 'we'. It's strange, but correct!) It has two uses. 1) we can use it to talk about things in the future that are probably not going to be true. Maybe I'm imagining some dream for example. If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house.(I probably won't win the lottery) If I met the Queen of England, I would say hello. She would travel all over the world if she were rich. She would pass the exam if she ever studied.(She never studies, so this won't happen) 2) we can use it to talk about something in the present which is impossible, because it's not true. If I had his number, I would call him. (I don't have his number now, so it's impossible for me to call him). If I were you, I wouldn't go out with that man. This kind of conditional sentence is different from the first conditional because this is a lot more unlikely. For example (second conditional): If I had enough money I would buy a house with twenty bedrooms and a swimming pool (I'm probably not going to have this much money, it's just a dream, not very real) But (first conditional): If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes (It's much more likely that'll have enough money to buy some shoes) The Third Conditional We make the third conditional by using the past perfect after 'if' and then 'would have' and the past participle in the second part of the sentence: if + past perfect, ...would + have + past participle It talks about the past. It's used to describe a situation that didn't happen, and to imagine the result of this situation. If she had studied, she would have passed the exam (but, really we know she didn't study and so she didn't pass) If I hadn't eaten so much, I wouldn't have felt sick (but I did eat a lot, and so I did feel sick). If we had taken a taxi, we wouldn't have missed the plane She wouldn't have been tired if she had gone to bed earlier He would have been on time for the interview if he had left the house at nine. Mixed conditionals In addition to all the tense variations that we can use in first, second and third conditionals, it is also possible to mix conditionals so that, for example, the if clause uses a verb form used in the first conditional and the main clause uses a verb form used in the third conditional. The context defines the meaning. The most common mixed conditional is: 3rd 2nd if + past perfect would/could/might + infinitive Examples of mixed conditionals: 3rd 2nd If I had worked harder at university, I would have a degree now. 1st 2nd If you come to the party tomorrow, I wouldn't bring Mike with you. 2nd 3rd If she loved him, she would have stayed with him. Implied conditionals Conditions are not always expressed in the form of conditional clauses, particularly in spoken English. They can be expressed in another way or they may be evident from the context: Please come out with us tonight. I'm sure you'll enjoy it. (implied condition: if you come out with us) With a bit more help, I would have finished it on time. (with a bit more help = if I had had more help) I'm sure we'd really enjoy going on holiday with you but we just can't afford it. (implied condition: if we went) I'm glad you didn't tell Matthew about it. He would have been furious. (implied condition: if you had told him) О.А. Просяновская Задания по основам теории английского языка Редактор – Компьютерная верстка – О.А. Просяновская Лицензия ЛР № 020675 от 09.12.1997 г. Подписано в печать 2011 г. Формат 60х84 1/16 Печать офсетная И - Объем п.л. Тираж Заказ Московский государственный строительный университет. Типография МГСУ, 129337, Ярославское ш., 26 |