Учебное пособие для слушателей программы дополнительного (к высшему) образования Переводчик в сфере профессиональной коммуникации
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Stative verbs do not usually have a continuous form: He needs your help. That coat belongs to me. We may use present/ past/ future continuous with some stative verbs when we want to emphasize that a situation is temporary, just for a period of time around the present: I’ve been wanting one of those computers for ages. Some stative verbs have continuous forms but there is a difference in meaning:
The to-infinitive is used *to express purpose. You should take a few days off to recover. *after certain verbs (agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, plan, promise, refuse etc). He agreed to meet us tonight. *after certain adjectives (happy, glad, sorry etc). I was sorry to hear about your accident. *after I would like/would love/would prefer to express specific preference. I'd love to visit India. *after certain nouns. It's such a pleasure to be with you. *after too/enough constructions. It's too early to leave the party. He's rich enough to afford a Porsche. There's enough food to go round. *with: it + be + adjective (+ of + noun/pronoun). It was unkind of her to say that. *with: so + adjective + as. Would you be so kind as to pass the sauce? *with "only" to express an unsatisfactory result. He won in the lottery only to lose at the casino. *after: be + the first/second etc/next/last/best etc. She was the first to congratulate him. *in the expression: for + noun/pronoun+ to -inf. For John to lend you his car was very unusual. *in expressions such as: to tell you the truth, to begin with, to be honest etc. To be honest, I didn't know how to react. Note: If two infinitives are joined by "and" or "or", the "to" of the second infinitive can be omitted. I'd prefer to go to a disco and dance or talk to my friends. The -ing form is used *as a noun. Smoking is harmful. *after certain verbs (admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, continue, delay, deny, discuss, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, go (physical activities), imagine, involve, keep (= continue), mention, mind, miss, object to, postpone, practise, prevent, quit, recall, recollect, report, resent, resist, risk, save, stand, suggest, tolerate, understand etc). They have postponed moving house till next week. *after: dislike, enjoy, hate, like, love, prefer to express general preference. I like swimming. (in general) Note: like + to-inf = it's a good idea I like to help people. *after: I'm busy, it's no use, it's (no) good, it's (not) worth, what's the use of, can't help, there's no point (in), can't stand, have difficulty (in), in addition to, as well as, have trouble, have a hard/difficult time. There's no point in arguing. What's the use of crying? It was your fault. *after: spend/waste (time, money etc). You waste too much time watching TV. *after prepositions. He became rich by working hard and without borrowing from anyone. *after: look forward to, be/get used to, be/get accustomed to, object to, admit (to) etc I object to being told what to do with my life. *after: hear, listen, notice, see, watch to express an incomplete action, an action in progress or a long action. I saw him throwing rubbish out of the window. (I saw part of the action. I didn't wait until he had finished. Perhaps he threw more rubbish.) BUT: hear, listen, see, watch + infinitive without "to" express a complete action, something that one saw or heard from beginning to end. I saw him throw rubbish out of the window. (I saw all of the rubbish being thrown out of the window.) The infinitive without to is used *after most modal verbs (can, could, may etc). He can go if he wants to. *after had better/would rather/would sooner. You'd better go to bed. *after make/let/see/hear/feel in the active. She made the baby eat all his soup. But in the passive: be made/be heard/be seen + to-inf. The baby was made to eat all his soup. Note that "let" turns into "was/were allowed to" in the passive. Her parents let her stay out midnight. She was allowed to stay out till midnight. Verbs taking to-infinitive or -ing form without a change in meaning: *begin, continue, intend, start + to-inf or -ing form. We don't normally have two -ing forms together. He began speaking/to speak. *advise, allow, encourage, permit, require + object + to-inf. She doesn't allow them to talk in class. *advise, allow, encourage, permit, require + -ing form. She doesn't allow talking in class. *be advised, be allowed, be encouraged, be permitted, be required + to-inf. They aren't allowed to talk in class. *need, require, want + to-inf./-ing form/passive inf. You need to wash the car. Your car needs washing. Your car needs to be washed. Verbs faking to-infinitive or -ing form with a change in meaning
COMPLEX OBJECT (objective with the infinitive)
Exclamations Exclamations are used to express anger, fear, shock, surprise etc. They always take an exclamation mark (!). Some exclamations are: Oh dear!, Ah!, Oh!, Good gracious! etc. * What + a(n) + (adjective) + singular countable noun What a sweet baby! * What + (adjective) + uncountable/plural noun What utter nonsense! What beautiful paintings! * How + adjective/adverb How tall he is! How quickly she walks! * How + adjective + a(n) + noun How clever a boy! (not common) * You + (adjective) + noun You lucky girl! * such (a/an) + (adjective) + noun She's such an arrogant person! * so + adjective/adverb She's so arrogant! * adverb/adverbial particle + subject + verb of movement Off the competitors went! * Here/There + subject + verb Here she is! (But when the subject is a proper noun, it follows the verb. We say: Here is Ann!) *interrogative - negative question at the beginning of the sentence Aren't they nice children! | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||