Лаба. Англ. Учебное пособие Москва Издательство мгту им. Н. Э. Баумана 2022 удк 81 378(075) ббк 81. 2 Англ С00
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SPEAKING 2 29. Work in pairs. Discuss the following statements with your partner and be ready to report the results of the discussion in the class during the round-table talk. The popularity of computer networks increased sharply with the creation of the World Wide Web (WWW) in the 1990s. The classification of network in computers can be done according to their size as well as their purpose. Geographic location often defines a computer network. As networking needs evolved, so did the computer network types that serve those needs (WAN/LAN). There's no doubt that computer networking is extremely complex. All the devices on a network have to follow clearly defined rules (called protocols) when they communicate to ensure they understand one another. Data Communication and network have changed the way business and other daily affair works. Security is also a very important characteristic for Networks. An Internet connection can be shared. The largest WAN is the Internet, a collection of networks and gateways linking billions of computer users on every continent. READING 3 30. Read Text 3 C and explain the meaning of the following word combinations in English: HyperText Markup Language (HTML), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), World Wide Web (WWW), website, web servers, web browser, address bar, graphical interface. TEXT 3 C The World Wide Web Though the Internet was developed decades ago, the web is a relatively recent creation. In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee of CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research) began to develop a technology for sharing information via hyperlinked text documents. Berners-Lee called his invention the HyperText Markup Language (HTML). He also wrote communication protocols to form the backbone of his new information system, which he called the World Wide Web. In particular, he wrote the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) ₋ a communications protocol used to send information over the web. The World Wide Web (WWW) is a part of the Internet. World Wide Web, which is also known as a Web, is a collection of websites or web pages stored in web servers and connected to local computers through the Internet. These websites contain text pages, digital images, audios, videos, etc. Users can access the content of these sites from any part of the world over the Internet using their devices such as computers, laptops, cell phones, etc. The WWW, along with the Internet, enables the retrieval and display of text and media to your device. Web is not a collection of networks. Rather, it is information that is connected or linked together like a web. You access this information through one interface or tool called a Web browser. A web browser, which is commonly known as a browser, is a program that displays text, data, pictures, videos, animation, and more. It provides a software interface that allows you to click hyperlinked resources on the World Wide Web. When you double click the Browser icon installed on your computer to launch it, you get connected to the World Wide Web and can search Google or type a URL into the address bar. In the beginning, browsers were used only for browsing due to their limited potential. Today, they are more advanced; along with browsing you can use them for e-mailing, transferring multimedia files, using social media sites, and participating in online discussion groups and more. Some of the commonly used browsers include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, and more. The number of resources and services that are part of the World Wide Web is growing extremely fast. In 1996 there were more than 20 million users of the WWW, and more than half the information that is transferred across the Internet is accessed through the WWW. By using hardware connected to a network that is a part of the Internet, and by using a program (software) to browse or retrieve information that is a part of the World Wide Web, the people connected to the Internet and World Wide Web through the local providers have access to a variety of information. Each browser provides a graphical interface. You move from place to place, from site to site on the Web by using a mouse to click on a portion of text, icon or region of a map. These items are called hyperlinks or links. These links are electronic connections that link related pieces of information so that users can access the desired information quickly. Hypertext offers the advantage to select a word or phrase from text and thus to access other pages that provide additional information related to that word or phrase. Each link you select represents a document, an image, a video clip or an audio file somewhere on the Internet. The user doesn't need to know where it is, the browser follows the link. All sorts of things are available on the WWW. One can use the Internet for recreational purposes. Many TV and radio stations broadcast live on the WWW. Essentially, if something can be put into digital format and stored in a computer, then it's available on the WWW. You can even visit museums, gardens, cities throughout the world, learn foreign languages and meet new friends. And, of course, you can play computer games through WWW, competing with partners from other countries and continents. 31. Match the most suitable endings with the beginnings given in Table 3.2. using information from Text 3 C. Table 3.2. Matching Terms and Definitions
32. Complete the sentences using information from Text 3 C. 1. Communication protocols were written ________. 2. The World Wide Web is a collection of______. 3. Users can access the websites _____. 4. A web browser provides _____. 5. People can have access to a variety of information by _______. 6. Hyperlinks and links allow users _______. 7. WWW enables people to ______. 33. Make up 8 questions to Text 3 C and discuss the answers with your partners. VOCABULARY DRILLING 3 34. Choose the right word or word combination to make the sentences complete. The World Wide Web The World Wide Web, the WWW or the Web refers to an information space where documents and other (1) web resources / bulletin board are identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), interlinked by (2) hypertext links / packet switching, and can be accessed via the Internet. It was invented by the English scientist Tim Berners-Lee in 1989. He wrote the first (3) web browser / provider computer program in 1990. The World Wide Web has been central to the development of the Information Age and is the primary tool billions of people use to interact on the (4) Internet / site. (5) Web pages / protocols are primarily text documents formatted and annotated with Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). In addition to formatted text, web pages may contain images, video, audio, and software components that are rendered in the user's web browser as coherent pages of multimedia content. Embedded (6) hyperlinks / data permit users to navigate between web pages. Multiple web pages with a common domain name make up a (7) website / WWW. Its content can largely be provided by the publisher or by users who contribute content online. Recently, many people have criticized today's (8) misuse / use of the web. The inventor of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee himself has warned of the dangers of the Internet. According to him, the web has become a (9) tool / security in the hand of the powerful to get what they want. For example, he warns that (10) fake news / forgery news is disseminated either to generate a lot of money or to attempt to manipulate people's opinions. Another worry was the gross invasion of privacy. Tim Berners-Lee is also concerned about governments' misuse of the Internet to collect personal data to manipulate or oppress people. 35. Enlarge your vocabulary on WWW: Choose the best answers to complete the sentences. 1. Many companies want to ensure that their websites ______ accessibility standards. adhere to hear live up to 2. Accessibility makes web services ______ to everyone. valuable available validated 3. ______ (Chrome, IE, Firefox, Opera, etc.) can correct some errors in code, but not all of them. Browsers Networks Search engines 4. ______ is a process of checking your documents against a formal web standard (such as the one set up by the W3C). Evaluation Validation Evolution 5. I've created a Flash-based ______ bar. navigate click navigation/ nav 6. Denny is a very talented web designer. He always comes up with great ______. looks views designs 7. I don't like this ______. You should use "Arial" instead. font text lettering 8. When will I receive the new ______ for the site? context content contact 9. The text that will appear on a site is known as the ______. In a big corporation, the editorial department provides the web designers with the ______. copies document copy 10. All our pages are currently ______. We would like to make them dynamic. static statistical still 11. SEO (Search Engine Optimization) is all about making your site easier to _______ in searches. search discover find 12. My site doesn't _______ (= appear) in any search results. come off come up come out 13. I _______ it (= did a search on Google), but I couldn't find any information. Google-input Googled Googlified 14. Meta tags are important, but not as important as they used to be, so you shouldn't put too much _______ on them. emphasis empathy empire 15. The search _______ 10,000 hits. = There were 10,000 results for the search. turned down turned around turned up 16. I submitted my site to the directory, but it hasn't been _______ yet (= it hasn't yet appeared in the directory). listed put listing 17. The Alexa traffic rank is based on a 3-month _______ of traffic to a particular website. analysis analytics customers 18. The site's "reach" is the actual number of _______ that visit the site during a particular period. usability usefulness users 19. _______ refers to how easy it is for people to navigate the site. Users Usability Usefulness 20. I'm _______ my recommendations on an in-depth analysis of your traffic reports. basing testing resulting 36. Read the text and fill in the gaps by choosing the best option. What is the Internet? The Internet is a (1)_______ system of (2) _______ computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite, a set of communications protocols, to serve billions of users worldwide. The Internet has reshaped and redefined most traditional (3) _______media including telephone, music, film, and television. This has given birth to new (4) _______. Newspaper, book and other print publishing are adapting (5) _______ technology, or are reshaped into (6) _______and web feeds. The Internet has enabled or accelerated new forms of human interactions through instant (7) _______, Internet forums, and social (8) _______. Online shopping has boomed both for major retail outlets and small artisans and traders. Business-to-business and financial services on the (9) _______affect supply chains across entire industries. The origins of the Internet reach back to research of the 1960s, commissioned by the United States government in collaboration with private commercial interests to build robust, fault-tolerant, and (10) _______computer networks. The commercialization of what was by the 1990s an international network resulted in its popularization and incorporation into virtually every aspect of modern human life. As of 2011, more than 2.1 billion people — nearly a third of Earth's population — use the services of the Internet.
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