Английский язык для направления гороное дело. Облова И. Учебное пособие СанктПетербург 2020 удк 811. 111 (075. 8) Ббк 81. 2Англ я73 О18
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| Cast | A directed throw; in strip-mining, the overburden is cast from the coal to the previously mined area. | |
| Certified | Describes a person who has passed an examination to do a required job. | |
| Chain conveyor | A conveyor on which the material is moved along solid pans (troughs) by the action of scraper crossbars attached to powered chains. | |
| Chain pillar | The pillar of coal left to protect the gangway or entry and the parallel airways. | |
| Check curtain | Sheet of brattice cloth hung across an airway to control the passage of the air current. | |
| Chock | Large hydraulic jacks used to support roof in longwall and shortwall mining systems. | |
| Clay vein | A body of clay-like material that fills a void in a coal bed. | |
| Cleat | The vertical cleavage of coal seams. The main set of joints along which coal breaks when mined. | |
| Clean coal technologies | A number of innovative, new technologies designed to use coal in a more efficient and cost-effective manner while enhancing environmental protection. Several promising technologies include: fluidized-bed combustion, integrated gasification combined cycle, limestone injection multi-stage burner, enhanced flue gas desulfurization (or "scrubbing"), coal liquefaction and coal gasification. | |
| Coal | A solid, brittle, more or less distinctly stratified combustible carbonaceous rock, formed by partial to complete decomposition of vegetation; varies in color from dark brown to black; not fusible without decomposition and very insoluble. | |
| Coal dust | Particles of coal that can pass a No. 20 sieve. | |
| Coal gasification | The conversion of coal into a gaseous fuel. | |
| Coal mine | An area of land and all structures, facilities, machinery, tools, equipment, shafts, slopes, tunnels, excavations, and other property, real or personal, placed upon, under, or above the surface of such land by any person, used in extracting coal from its natural deposits in the earth by any means or method, and the work of preparing the coal so extracted, including coal preparation facilities. British term is "colliery". | |
| Coal reserves | Measured tonnages of coal that have been calculated to occur in a coal seam within a particular property. | |
| Coal washing | The process of separating undesirable materials from coal based on differences in densities. Pyritic sulfur, or sulfur combined with iron, is heavier and sinks in water; coal is lighter and floats. | |
| Coke | A hard, dry carbon substance produced by heating coal to a very high temperature in the absence of air. | |
| Collar | The term applied to the timbering or concrete around the mouth or top of a shaft. The beginning point of a shaft or drill hole at the surface. | |
| Colliery | British name for coal mine. | |
| Column flotation | A precombustion coal cleaning technology in which coal particles attach to air bubbles rising in a vertical column. The coal is then removed at the top of the column. | |
| Comminution | The breaking, crushing, or grinding of coal, ore, or rock. | |
| Competent rock | Rock which, because of its physical and geological characteristics, is capable of sustaining openings without any structural support except pillars and walls left during mining (stalls, light props, and roof bolts are not considered structural support). | |
| Contact | The place or surface where two different kinds of rocks meet. Applies to sedimentary rocks, as the contact between a limestone and a sandstone, for example, and to metamorphic rocks; and it is especially applicable between igneous intrusions and their walls. | |
| Continuous miner | A machine that constantly extracts coal while it loads it. This is to be distinguished from a conventional, or cyclic, unit which must stop the extraction process in order for loading to commence. | |
| Contour | An imaginary line that connects all points on a surface having the same elevation. | |
| Conventional mining | The first fully-mechanized underground mining method involving the insertion of explosives in a coal seam, the blasting of the seam, and the removal of the coal onto a conveyor or shuttle car by a loading machine. | |
| Conveyor | An apparatus for moving material from one point to another in a continuous fashion. This is accomplished with an endless (that is, looped) procession of hooks, buckets, wide rubber belt, etc. | |
| Core sample | A cylinder sample generally 1-5" in diameter drilled out of an area to determine the geologic and chemical analysis of the overburden and coal. | |
| Cover | The overburden of any deposit. | |
| Creep | The forcing of pillars into soft bottom by the weight of a strong roof. In surface mining, a very slow movement of slopes downhill. | |
| Crib | A roof support of prop timbers or ties, laid in alternate cross-layers, log-cabin style. It may or may not be filled with debris. Also may be called a chock or cog. | |
| Cribbing | The construction of cribs or timbers laid at right angles to each other, sometimes filled with earth, as a roof support or as a support for machinery. | |
| Crop coal | Coal at the outcrop of the seam. It is usually considered of inferior quality due to partial oxidation, although this is not always the case. | |
| Crossbar | The horizontal member of a roof timber set supported by props located either on roadways or at the face. | |
| Crosscut | A passageway driven between the entry and its parallel air course or air courses for ventilation purposes. Also, a tunnel driven from one seam to another through or across the intervening measures; sometimes called "crosscut tunnel", or "breakthrough". In vein mining, an entry perpendicular to the vein. | |
| Cross entry | An entry running at an angle with the main entry. | |
| Crusher | A machine for crushing rock or other materials. Among the various types of crushers are the ball mill, gyratory crusher, Handsel mill, hammer mill, jaw crusher, rod mill, rolls, stamp mill, and tube mill. | |
| Cutter; Cutting machine - | A machine, usually used in coal, that will cut a 10- to 15-cm slot. The slot allows room for expansion of the broken coal. Also applies to the man who operates the machine and to workers engaged in the cutting of coal by prick or drill. | |
| Cycle mining | A system of mining in more than one working place at a time, that is, a miner takes a lift from the face and moves to another face while permanent roof support is established in the previous working face. | |
| D | ||
| Demonstrated reserves | A collective term for the sum of coal in both measured and indicated resources and reserves. | |
| Deposit | Mineral deposit or ore deposit is used to designate a natural occurrence of a useful mineral, or an ore, in sufficient extent and degree of concentration to invite exploitation. | |
| Depth | The word alone generally denotes vertical depth below the surface. In the case of incline shafts and boreholes it may mean the distance reached from the beginning of the shaft or hole, the borehole depth, or the inclined depth. | |
| Detectors | Specialized chemical or electronic instruments used to detect mine gases. | |
| Detonator | A device containing a small detonating charge that is used for detonating an explosive, including, but not limited to, blasting caps, exploders, electric detonators, and delay electric blasting caps. | |
| Development mining | Work undertaken to open up coal reserves as distinguished from the work of actual coal extraction. | |
| Diffusion | Blending of a gas and air, resulting in a homogeneous mixture. Blending of two or more gases. | |
| Diffuser fan | A fan mounted on a continuous miner to assist and direct air delivery from the machine to the face. | |
| Dilute | To lower the concentration of a mixture; in this case the concentration of any hazardous gas in mine air by addition of fresh intake air. | |
| Dilution | The contamination of ore with barren wall rock in stopping. | |
| Dip | The inclination of a geologic structure (bed, vein, fault, etc.) from the horizontal; dip is always measured downwards at right angles to the strike. | |
| Dragline | A large excavation machine used in surface mining to remove overburden (layers of rock and soil) covering a coal seam. The dragline casts a wire rope-hung bucket a considerable distance, collects the dug material by pulling the bucket toward itself on the ground with a second wire rope (or chain), elevates the bucket, and dumps the material on a spoil bank, in a hopper, or on a pile. | |
| Drainage | The process of removing surplus ground or surface water either by artificial means or by gravity flow. | |
| Draw slate | A soft slate, shale, or rock from approximately 1 cm to 10 cm thick and located immediately above certain coal seams, which falls quite easily when the coal support is withdrawn. | |
| Drift | A horizontal passage underground. A drift follows the vein, as distinguished from a crosscut that intersects it, or a level or gallery, which may do either. | |
| Drift mine | An underground coal mine in which the entry or access is above water level and generally on the slope of a hill, driven horizontally into a coal seam. | |
| Drill | A machine utilizing rotation, percussion (hammering), or a combination of both to make holes. If the hole is much over 0.4m in diameter, the machine is called a borer. | |
| Drilling | The use of such a machine to create holes for exploration or for loading with explosives. | |
| Dummy | A bag filled with sand, clay, etc., used for stemming a charged hole. | |
| Dump | To unload; specifically, a load of coal or waste; the mechanism for unloading, e.g. a car dump (sometimes called tipple); or, the pile created by such unloading, e.g. a waste dump (also called heap, pile, tip, spoil pike, etc.). | |
| E | ||
| Electrical grounding | To connect with the ground to make the earth part of the circuit. | |
| Entry | An underground horizontal or near-horizontal passage used for haulage, ventilation, or as a mainway; a coal heading; a working place where the coal is extracted from the seam in the initial mining; same as "gate" and "roadway," both British terms. | |
| Evaluation | The work involved in gaining a knowledge of the size, shape, position and value of coal. | |
| Exploration | The search for mineral deposits and the work done to prove or establish the extent of a mineral deposit. Alt: Prospecting and subsequent evaluation. | |
| Explosive | Any rapidly combustive or expanding substance. The energy released during this rapid combustion or expansion can be used to break rock. | |
| Extraction | The process of mining and removal of cal or ore from a mine. | |
| F | ||
| Face | The exposed area of a coal bed from which coal is being extracted. | |
| Face cleat | The principal cleavage plane or joint at right angles to the stratification of the coal seam. | |
| Face conveyor | Any conveyor used parallel to a working face which delivers coal into another conveyor or into a car. | |
| Factor of safety | The ratio of the ultimate breaking strength of the material to the force exerted against it. If a rope will break under a load of 6000 lbs., and it is carrying a load of 2000 lbs., its factor of safety is 6000 divided by 2000 which equals 3. | |
| Fall | A mass of roof rock or coal which has fallen in any part of a mine. | |
| Fan, auxiliary | A small, portable fan used to supplement the ventilation of an individual working place. | |
| Fan, booster | A large fan installed in the main air current, and thus in tandem with the main fan. | |
| Fault | A slip-surface between two portions of the earth's surface that have moved relative to each other. A fault is a failure surface and is evidence of severe earth stresses. | |
| Fault zone | A fault, instead of being a single clean fractur. The fault zone consists of numerous interlacing small faults or a confused zone of gouge, breccia, or mylonite. | |
| Feeder | A machine that feeds coal onto a conveyor belt evenly. | |
| Fill | Any material that is put back in place of the extracted ore to provide ground support. | |
| Fire damp | The combustible gas, methane, CH4. Also, the explosive methane-air mixtures with between 5% and 15% methane. A combustible gas formed in mines by decomposition of coal or other carbonaceous matter, and that consists chiefly of methane. | |
| Fissure | An extensive crack, break, or fracture in the rocks. | |
| Fixed carbon | The part of the carbon that remains behind when coal is heated in a closed vessel until all of the volatile matter is driven off. | |
| Flat-lying | Said of deposits and coal seams with a dip up to 5 degrees. | |
| Flight | The metal strap or crossbar attached to the drag chain-and-flight conveyor. | |
| Float dust | Fine coal-dust particles carried in suspension by air currents and eventually deposited in return entries. Dust consisting of particles of coal that can pass through a No. 200 sieve. | |
| Floor | That part of any underground working upon which a person walks or upon which haulage equipment travels; simply the bottom or underlying surface of an underground excavation. | |
| Flue Gas Desulfurization | Any of several forms of chemical/physical processes that remove sulfur compounds formed during coal combustion. The devices, commonly called "scrubbers," combine the sulfur in gaseous emissions with another chemical medium to form inert "sludge" which must then be removed for disposal. | |
| Fluidized Bed Combustion | A process with a high degree of ability to remove sulfur from coal during combustion. Crushed coal and limestone are suspended in the bottom of a boiler by an upward stream of hot air. The coal is burned in this bubbling, liquid-like (or "fluidized") mixture. Rather than released as emissions, sulfur from combustion gases combines with the limestone to form a solid compound recovered with the ash. | |
| Fly ash | The finely divided particles of ash suspended in gases resulting from the combustion of fuel. Electrostatic precipitators are used to remove fly ash from the gases prior to the release from a power plant's smokestack. | |
| Formation | Any assemblage of rocks which have some character in common, whether of origin, age, or composition. Often, the word is loosely used to indicate anything that has been formed or brought into its present shape. | |
| Fossil fuel | Any naturally occurring fuel of an organic nature, such as coal, crude oil and natural gas. | |
| Fracture | A general term to include any kind of discontinuity in a body of rock if produced by mechanical failure, whether by shear stress or tensile stress. Fractures include faults, shears, joints, and planes of fracture cleavage. | |
| Friable | Easy to break, or crumbling naturally. Descriptive of certain rocks and minerals. | |
| Fuse | A cord-like substance used in the ignition of explosives. Black powder is entrained in the cord and, when lit, burns along the cord at a set rate. A fuse can be safely used to ignite a cap, which is the primer for an explosive. | |