Английский язык для направления гороное дело. Облова И. Учебное пособие СанктПетербург 2020 удк 811. 111 (075. 8) Ббк 81. 2Англ я73 О18
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Career as a Mining Engineer Mining engineers plan mining operations and design underground and surface mines. They also design mining equipment and supervise technicians and workers who use it. Most mining engineers work for firms in the coal and metal industries. Some specialize in just one of these industries. Engineers can work for companies that make mining equipment. Others work for government agencies that regulate the mining industry. When new deposits of ore are discovered, mining companies send engineers to determine whether the deposits can be mined profitably. Engineers study maps, waterways, and samples of rock. They also meet with scientists and government officials. If the mining engineers decide that the deposits are worthy to mine, they begin to plan mining operations. If an underground mine is to be used, engineers design mine shafts and tunnels. If the situation calls for surface mining, the engineers decide where to dig the pits and where to put the rock and soil that are removed during the mining process. Mining engineers supervise the mining operation. They train crews of workers and supervisors. Engineers and engineering technicians inspect mines to make sure that the roofs of underground mines are supported correctly and that the air in mine shafts does not contain poisonous gases. These engineers may also inspect and repair mining equipment. Some mining engineers help to plan ways of restoring the land around mine sites so that it can be used for other purposes. Mining engineers may specialize in designing equipment used to excavate and operate mines. This equipment includes ventilation systems, earth- and rock -moving conveyors, and underground railroads and elevators. Engineers also design equipment that chips and cuts rocks / coal and select explosives used to blast ore deposits. The First Mining School in Russia Moscow Mining Academy was established1 in 1918 The main task of the Academy was to train mining engineers and technicians, to popularize technological achievements among miners, to work on important problems of mining and metallurgical engineering and to direct scientific research. There were three departments in the Academy: mining, geological prospecting and metallurgy. The Moscow Mining Academy introduced a new course in coal mining mechanization which provided the basis for the development of mining engineering. The two scientists A.M. Terpigorev and M.M. Protodyakonov wrote the first textbook on machinery for mining bedded deposits. Much credit for the establishment of the Moscow Mining academy and the development of cooperation among outstanding scientists-and educators is due to2 Academician I.M.Gubkin, a prominent geologist and oil expert. In 1925 the Moscow Mining Academy was one of the best-known educational institutions in Russia. It had well-equipped laboratories, demonstration rooms and a library which had many volumes of Russian and foreign scientific books and journals. The Academy established close contacts with the coal and ore mining industries. The scientists carried out scientific research and worked on important mining problems. The rapid growth of the mining industry called for the training of more highly-qualified specialists and the establishment of new educational institutions. New collieries and open-cast mines, concentration plants, metallurgical works and metal-working factories for processing non-ferrous and ferrous metals appeared in the country. The people took an active part in the construction of new industrial enterprises. The Academy alone could not cope with the problem of training specialists. In 1930 the Moscow Mining Academy was transformed3 into six independent institutes. Among the new colleges which grew out of the Academy’s departments was the Moscow mining Institute and the Moscow Institute of Geological Prospecting. Later, the scientific research Institute of Mining appeared near Moscow. 1.was established – была основана, 2.much credit... is due to – большая заслуга ... принадлежит 3.was transformed – была преобразована Mining and Geological Higher Schools in Russia In Russia young people get mining education at special institutes which train geologists and mining engineers for coal and ore mining. The total number of students of an institute includes full-time students, part-time students and postgraduate students. Russian higher educational establishments offer different specializations for the students. Thus, at the geological institutes, the students specialize in geology, the science which deals with different problems connected with the Earth, its history, the study of rocks, their physical and chemical properties. One of the main tasks of geology is to prospect, discover and study the deposits of useful minerals. Geology is both a theoretical and an applied science. Mining geology is of great importance to the mining engineer. The outstanding Russian geologist V.A. Obruchev says that geology is the science of the Earth which reveals to us how the Earth took shape, its composition and its changes. Geology helps prospect for ores, coal, oil, salt and other useful minerals. Higher mining schools (universities, academies, institutes and colleges) develop a wide range of courses and programmers that meet the requirements of the society. They offer courses in mining technology, machinery and transport, hydraulic engineering, electrical engineering, industrial economics, automation, surveying, geodesy, information technology, etc. The main trend in the development of higher mining education is the introduction of courses in environmental protection, management (environmental human resources), economics and management of mining enterprises, marketing studies, computer-aided design (CAD)' and others. Computer science is also of great importance. The course aims at providing students with understanding how software and hardware technology helps solve problems. Laboratory work is an important part in training specialists. Experiments in laboratories and workshops will help students to develop their practical skills. They have a short period of field work to gain working experience. The students go through practical training at mines, plants and other industrial enterprises. They become familiar with all stages of production and every job from worker to engineer. Here they get practical knowledge and experience necessary for their diploma (graduation) papers. A lot of students belong to students’ scientific groups. They take part in the research projects which their departments usually conduct. Postgraduates carry out research in different fields of science and engineering. Students graduate from mining and geological higher schools as mining engineers, mining mechanical engineers, ecologists, mining electrical engineers, geologists, economists and managers for mining industry. Notes: 1computer-aided design (CAD) –автоматизированное проектирование Drifting and Tunnelling The Tamrock face drilling product line covers a wide range of mining applications, starting from the compact single-boom Quasar (1,2 m wide) to the Paramatic class with up to three booms and 95m coverage area. For civil engineering projects even larger size machines are available, up to 160 m coverage. Size ranges for mining applications: Quasar Mercury Monomatic Axera D06 Minimatic, Mini Paramatic, Para Most mining jumbos are delivered with robust and proven fully hydraulic controls. For high-speed applications, the Tamrock Superdrilling jumbos have advanced electric pilot controls and high capacity components to ensure world class performance. At the smaller end of the range the need for multipurpose rigs is often apparent. For the Quasar and Mercury, Tamrock offers Combi and Narrow Vein versions. Solo – a Rock Solid Choice for Production Drilling For 1999 Tamrock offers a new range of Solo production drilling rigs. The new 700- and 1500-series rock drills, together with existing 1000-series ensure optimum drilling solutions for selected hole size. The new stabilator technology applied in HL 1500 LH rock drill enables high percussion power without sacrificing drill steel life. Production Drilling in Underground Applications Tamrock offers the most comprehensive product range for underground production drilling applications covering hole size range from 48mm to 127mm and hole lengths up to 60m in length. Used drill steels are 30,45 and 51mm rods and 64,76 and 87mm tubes. Quasar and Mercury long hole rigs offer compact and effective solutions for selective mining in small and medium size operations. The Solo range offers competitive alternatives from medium to large-scale operations with high productivity. DOSCO Overseas Engineering Ltd The range of Dosco roadheading machines has some significant improvements in recent years, including: For light/medium duty, the MD 1100 series has up-rated specifications, improved operational efficiency and high capacity cutting and loading with either axial or transverse cutting booms. TheMD 1100 series can also have on board drill rigs for roof and rib bolting. For medium duty, the new SL 120 series has reduced height and narrow width for ease of manoeuvring. The cutting boom can be either axial or transverse, including pick tip flushing, which is phased on the transverse boom. SL 120 also has the ability to be converted to a jib cutting continuous miner (врубово-погрузочная машина с баром), SL 120 M. In this mode the machine is fitted with a 3,2 m wide cutting jib powered by two 134 kW water cooled electric motors. SL 120 M can also have on board drill rigs for roof and rib bolting. For medium / heavy duty drivages the Mk 2 B general purpose roadheader, or the low height LH 300 H are available. LH 1300 H series now has the option of electric traction utilizing the JOY SCR drive controller. Both Mk 2 B and LN 1300 H have the option of axial or transverse cutting booms and can have on board drills for roof and rib bolting. Dosco pioneered the use of twin boom machines for production operations in coal, salt, gypsum, iron ore, bauxite, etc. where the flexible boom cutting pattern and high productivity are used to good effect. The most recent development in twin boom machines is TB 2500, a 120 tonne machine developed in cooperation with Joy Manufacturing in South Africa. The machine combines the best in both technologies and has radio control and automatic profiling. In its first underground application, TB 2500 has already achieved production rates of 13,000 tonnes per week in coal. Westfalia Machinery For many generations member companies the WESTFALIA group of companies have offered and delivered underground mining equipment to all parts of the world. Today, the name WESTFALIA is used as the synonym for high-tech longwall mining equipment. However, this is not only based on the wide product range for longwall mining: powered roof supports heavy-duty armoured face conveyors coal plows This is also true for other machinery like crushers, recycling equipment, machines for nuclear power plants, etc. Since the development of plowing technology and its introduction to longwall mines more than 50 years ago by Westfalia, this technology has been continuously updated and refined to provide an efficient mining method. Reisshakenhobel and Glaithobel plows have been applied successfully in the seam height range of 20 to 120 inches. Today, both plows come as all-welded units and used in combination with heavy duty armoured face conveyors. High production Westfalia plow longwalls are in operation in seams as thin as 24 in., as well as in extremely hard coal. Intelligent gearboxes ensure optimum utilization of the installed powers of both plow and conveyor by load-sharing and also provide effective protection against overload. The use of Westfalia shield supports with electrohydraulic control systems allows the operation of fully automated plow and shearer longwalls, which are remote controlled by only one head gate operator via a master control unit. The output figures – especially in the fully automated plow faces in the USA (all equipment supplied by Westfalia) – are remarkable: up to 12,000US tons per day are mined from a 48-inch-high seam. Shearer longwalls with Westfalia shields and high capacity Westfalia conveyors produce up to 3,500 US tons per hour and as much as over 30,000 US tons per day in thicker seams. In the last 20 years, customer requirements for longwall AFC have changed rapidly in respect to panel width and lengths and the actual yearly output per longwall has increased steadily. Consequently, Westfalia has developed new AFC’s considering the high requirements in respect to: high output performance high system availability increased motor power increased lifetime of all components automated chain tensioning systems intelligent drive systems. As a supplier of complete systems, Westfalia offers all the equipment and technology necessary for high-performance longwall coal mining. And the well-trained service personnel support the customers before, during and after the installation of the longwall. The decade-long know-how of operating mining machinery under the most difficult geological conditions in Germany helps today’s operators in longwall mining worldwide. The reliable, high-tech Westfalia products allow longwall mining with maximum output and minimum costs. Loading Machines of Alexandrovsky Machine-Building Works Track loaders of AMW are irreplaceable for driving new underground workings; they are widely used both in coal industry and in the underground railway construction. Loaders are equipped with electric and air powered drive. Loading Machine 1 ППH 5 This is designed to load cut rock mass into hauling units when driving level workings with slope up to 0,050. The electric equipment allows its operation in gassy and dusty mines. Specifications Loading capacity, m3/min – 1,25 Bucket capacity, m3/min – 0,32 Effective width, mm – 4000 Gauge, mm – 600, 750, 900 Transporter belt width, mm – 650 Drive type – electric Aggregate power, kW – 14 Overall dimensions, mm – 7535¼1700¼2250 Mass, t – 9 Weathering of Rocks All rocks which are exposed on the Earth’s surface (high mountain peaks, deserts) are decomposed to a certain degree. The process of rock disintegration by the direct influence of local atmospheric conditions on the Earth’s surface is called weathering. This phenomenon is often referred to in geology because weathering is an active process. It takes place in the upper layers of the Earth’s crust. The main cause of physical weathering is the change in temperature that takes place with the succession of day and night. This phenomenon can best be observed in the deserts and high mountains where the changes in temperature are common. During the day under the influence of heat, rocks expend whereas at night they begin to contract. As rocks are generally composed of different minerals, their expansion and contraction do not occur uniformly. As a result of this rocks crack. At the beginning these cracks or fissures are hardly noticeable but gradually they become wider and deeper until the whole surface of rock is finally transformed into gravel, sand or dust. In the regions of a moderate or cold climate where the temperature in winter goes down below 0 (zero), the decomposition of rocks is greatly facilitated by action of water. When water freezes it increases in volume and develops enormous lateral pressure. Under the action of water, rocks decompose to pieces of varied forms and sizes. The decomposition of rocks under the direct influence of heat and cold is called physical weathering. Rocks are subjected not only to physical decomposition but also to chemical weathering, i.e. to the action of chemical agents, such as water, carbon dioxide and oxygen. In a general way, chemical weathering is an acid attack on the rocks of the Earth’s crust, in particular an attack on the most abundant minerals - quartz (sand) and aluminium silicates (clays) Only few minerals and rocks are resistant to the action of natural waters. The solvent action of water is stronger when it contains carbon dioxide. Water causes more complex and varied changes. With the participation of oxygen and carbon dioxide up to 90 per cent of rocks is transformed into soluble minerals, which are carried away by the waters. Organisms and plants also take part in the disintegration of rocks. Certain marine organisms accelerate the destruction of rocks by making holes in them to live in. The action of plants can often be even more destructive. Their roots penetrate into the fissures of rocks and develop the lateral pressure which fractures and destroys rocks. The Earth’s Crust Most mineral resources are derived from the Earth’s crust. The crust is composed of minerals that are crystalline solids with specific and rather simple composition. Minerals in the Earth’s crust are concentrated into specific groups which are called rocks. Two distinctly different types of crust are recognized: oceanic and continental. Since it is difficult to investigate the floor of the ocean, the composition of the oceanic crust is not known completely. Scientists say that it is relatively constant in composition. The oceanic floor consists largely of minerals rich in calcium, magnesium, iron and silicon, and it is formed by the cooling of laves extruded on the sea floor to form a type of rock called basalt. It is subjected to the same forces of erosion and weathering. The continental crust contains less iron and magnesium than the oceanic crust, but relatively more silicon, aluminium, sodium and potassium. The continental crust is more complicated and has a more variable thickness and a less well-defined structure. A systematic examination of all known types shows that the rocks of the Earth’s crust are divided into three main groups: sedimentary rocks, which consist of fragments or particles of pre-existing rocks; igneous rocks which have solidified from magma and metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rocks have been derived from either igneous or sedimentary rocks. |