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Английский язык для направления гороное дело. Облова И. Учебное пособие СанктПетербург 2020 удк 811. 111 (075. 8) Ббк 81. 2Англ я73 О18
2. Mining Quiz
Test your mining knowledge. See how many of the following questions you can answer correctly.
Answers: 1-10, 2-5, 3-7, 4-9, 5-13, 6-3, 7-4, 8-11, 9-6, 10-1, 11-8, 12-2, 13-12
Appendix IV
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Mining Glossary
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A
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Abutment
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In coal mining,
1. the weight of the rocks above a narrow roadway is transferred to the solid coal along the sides, which act as abutments of the arch of strata spanning the roadway;
2. the weight of the rocks over a longwall face is transferred to the front abutment, that is, the solid coal ahead of the face and the back abutment, that is, the settled packs behind the face.
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Acid deposition or acid rain
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Refers loosely to a mixture of wet and dry "deposition" (deposited material) from the atmosphere containing higher than "normal" amount of nitric and sulfuric acids. The precursors or chemical forerunners of acid rain formation result from both natural sources, such as volcanoes and decaying vegetation, and man-made sources, primarily emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides resulting from fossil fuel combustion.
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Acid mine water
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Mine water that contains free sulfuric acid, mainly due to the weathering of iron pyrites.
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Active workings
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Any place in a mine where miners are normally required to work or travel and which are ventilated and inspected regularly.
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Adit
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A nearly horizontal passage from the surface by which a mine is entered and dewatered. A blind horizontal opening into a mountain, with only one entrance.
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Advance
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Mining in the same direction, or order of sequence; first mining as distinguished from retreat.
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Air split
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The division of a current of air into two or more parts.
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Airway
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Any passage through which air is carried. Also known as an air course.
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Anemometer
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Instrument for measuring air velocity.
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Angle of dip
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The angle at which strata or mineral deposits are inclined to the horizontal plane.
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Angle of draw
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In coal mine subsidence, this angle is assumed to bisect the angle between the vertical and the angle of repose of the material and is 20° for flat seams. For dipping seams, the angle of break increases, being 35.8° from the vertical for a 40° dip. The main break occurs over the seam at an angle from the vertical equal to half the dip.
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Angle of repose
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The maximum angle from horizontal at which a given material will rest on a given surface without sliding or rolling.
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Anticline
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An upward fold or arch of rock strata.
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Aquifer
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A water-bearing bed of porous rock, often sandstone.
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Arching
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Fracture processes around a mine opening, leading to stabilization by an arching effect.
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Area (of an airway)
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Average width multiplied by average height of airway, expressed in square feet.
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Auger
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A rotary drill that uses a screw device to penetrate, break, and then transport the drilled material (coal).
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Auxiliary operations
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All activities supportive of but not contributing directly to mining.
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Auxiliary ventilation
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Portion of main ventilating current directed to face of dead-end entry by means of an auxiliary fan and tubing.
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Azimuth
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A surveying term that references the angle measured clockwise from any meridian (the established line of reference). The bearing is used to designate direction. The bearing of a line is the acute horizontal angle between the meridian and the line.
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B
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Back
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The roof or upper part in any underground mining cavity.
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Backfill
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Mine waste or rock used to support the roof after coal removal.
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Barren
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Said of rock or vein material containing no minerals of value, and of strata without coal, or containing coal in seams too thin to be workable.
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Barricading
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Enclosing part of a mine to prevent inflow of noxious gasses from a mine fire or an explosion.
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Barrier
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Something that bars or keeps out. Barrier pillars are solid blocks of coal left between two mines or sections of a mine to prevent accidents due to inrushes of water, gas, or from explosions or a mine fire.
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Beam
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A bar or straight girder used to support a span of roof between two support props or walls.
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Beam building
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The creation of a strong, inflexible beam by bolting or otherwise fastening together several weaker layers. In coal mining this is the intended basis for roof bolting.
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Bearing
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A surveying term used to designate direction. The bearing of a line is the acute horizontal angle between the meridian and the line. The meridian is an established line of reference. Azimuths are angles measured clockwise from any meridian.
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Bearing plate
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A plate used to distribute a given load. In roof bolting, the plate used between the bolt head and the roof.
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Bed
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A stratum of coal or other sedimentary deposit.
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Belt conveyor -
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A looped belt on which coal or other materials can be carried and which is generally constructed of flame-resistant material or of reinforced rubber or rubber-like substance.
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Belt idler
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A roller, usually of cylindrical shape, which is supported on a frame and which, in turn, supports or guides a conveyor belt. Idlers are not powered but turn by contact with the moving belt.
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Belt take-up
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A belt pulley, generally under a conveyor belt and inby the drive pulley, kept under strong tension parallel to the belt line. Its purpose is to automatically compensate for any slack in the belting created by start-up, etc.
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Bench
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One of two or more divisions of a coal seam separated by slate or formed by the process of cutting the coal.
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Beneficiation
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The treatment of mined material, making it more concentrated or richer.
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Berm
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A pile or mound of material capable of restraining a vehicle.
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Binder
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A streak of impurity in a coal seam.
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Bit
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The hardened and strengthened device at the end of a drill rod that transmits the energy of breakage to the rock. The size of the bit determines the size of the hole. A bit may be either detachable from or integral with its supporting drill rod.
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Bituminous coal
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A middle rank coal (between subbituminous and anthracite) formed by additional pressure and heat on lignite. Usually has a high Btu value and may be referred to as "soft coal."
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Black damp
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A term generally applied to carbon dioxide. Strictly speaking, it is a mixture of carbon dioxide and nitrogen. It is also applied to an atmosphere depleted of oxygen, rather than having an excess of carbon dioxide.
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Blasting agent
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Any material consisting of a mixture of a fuel and an oxidizer.
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Blasting cap
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A detonator containing a charge of detonating compound, which is ignited by electric current or the spark of a fuse. Used for detonating explosives.
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Blasting circuit
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Electric circuits used to fire electric detonators or to ignite an igniter cord by means of an electric starter.
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Bleeder or bleeder entries
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Special air courses developed and maintained as part of the mine ventilation system and designed to continuously move air-methane mixtures emitted by the gob or at the active face away from the active workings and into mine-return air courses.
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Bolt torque
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The turning force in foot-pounds applied to a roof bolt to achieve an installed tension.
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Borehole
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Any deep or long drill-hole, usually associated with a diamond drill.
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Bottom
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Floor or underlying surface of an underground excavation.
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Brattice or brattice cloth
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Fire-resistant fabric or plastic partition used in a mine passage to confine the air and force it into the working place. Also termed "line brattice," "line canvas," or "line curtain."
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Break line
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The line that roughly follows the rear edges of coal pillars that are being mined. The line along which the roof of a coal mine is expected to break.
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Breakthrough
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A passage for ventilation that is cut through the pillars between rooms.
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Bridge carrier
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A rubber-tire-mounted mobile conveyor, about 10 meters long, used as an intermediate unit to create a system of articulated conveyors between a mining machine and a room or entry conveyor.
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Bridge conveyor
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A short conveyor hung from the boom of mining or lading machine or haulage system with the other end attached to a receiving bin that dollies along a frame supported by the room or entry conveyor, tailpiece. Thus, as the machine boom moves, the bridge conveyor keeps it in constant connection with the tailpiece.
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Brow
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A low place in the roof of a mine, giving insufficient headroom.
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Brushing
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Digging up the bottom or taking down the top to give more headroom in roadways.
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Btu
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British thermal unit. A measure of the energy required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one-degree Fahrenheit.
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Bug dust
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The fine particles of coal or other material resulting from the boring or cutting of the coal face by drill or machine.
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Bump (or burst)
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A violent dislocation of the mine workings which is attributed to severe stresses in the rock surrounding the workings.
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Butt cleat
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A short, poorly defined vertical cleavage plane in a coal seam, usually at right angles to the long face cleat.
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Butt entry
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A coal mining term that has different meanings in different locations. It can be synonymous with panel entry, submain entry, or in its older sense it refers to an entry that is "butt" onto the coal cleavage (that is, at right angles to the face).
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C
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Cage
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In a mine shaft, the device, similar to an elevator car, that is used for hoisting personnel and materials.
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Calorific value
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The quantity of heat that can be liberated from one pound of coal or oil measured in BTU's.
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Cannel coal
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A massive, non-caking block coal with a fine, even grain and a conchoidal fracture which has a high percentage of hydrogen, burns with a long, yellow flame, and is extremely easy to ignite.
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Canopy
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A protective covering of a cab on a mining machine.
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Cap
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A miner's safety helmet. Also, a highly sensitive, encapsulated explosive that is used to detonate larger but less sensitive explosives.
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Cap block
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A flat piece of wood inserted between the top of the prop and the roof to provide bearing support.
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Car
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A railway wagon, especially any of the wagons adapted to carrying coal, ore, and waste underground.
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Car-dump
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The mechanism for unloading a loaded car.
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Carbide bit
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More correctly, cemented tungsten carbide. A cutting or drilling bit for rock or coal, made by fusing an insert of molded tungsten carbide to the cutting edge of a steel bit shank.
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