Английский язык для направления гороное дело. Облова И. Учебное пособие СанктПетербург 2020 удк 811. 111 (075. 8) Ббк 81. 2Англ я73 О18
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G | ||
| Gallery | A horizontal or a nearly horizontal underground passage, either natural or artificial. | |
| Gasification | Any of various processes by which coal is turned into low, medium, or high Btu gases. | |
| Gathering conveyor; gathering belt | Any conveyor which is used to gather coal from other conveyors and deliver it either into mine cars or onto another conveyor. The term is frequently used with belt conveyors placed in entries where a number of room conveyors deliver coal onto the belt. | |
| Geologist | One who studies the constitution, structure, and history of the earth's crust, conducting research into the formation and dissolution of rock layers, analyzing fossil and mineral content of layers, and endeavoring to fix historical sequence of development by relating characteristics to known geological influences (historical geology). | |
| Gob (goaf) | The term applied to that part of the mine from which the coal has been removed and the space more or less filled up with waste. Also, the loose waste in a mine. Also called | |
| Grain | In petrology, that factor of the texture of a rock composed of distinct particles or crystals which depends upon their absolute size. | |
| Ground pressure | The pressure to which a rock formation is subjected by the weight of the superimposed rock and rock material or by diastrophic forces created by movements in the rocks forming the earth's crust. Such pressures may be great enough to cause rocks having a low compressional strength to deform and be squeezed into and close a borehole or other underground opening not adequately strengthened by an artificial support, such as casing or timber. | |
| Gunite | A cement applied by spraying to the roof and sides of a mine passage. | |
| H | ||
| Haulage | The horizontal transport of ore, coal, supplies, and waste. The vertical transport of the same is called hoisting. | |
| Haulageway | Any underground entry or passageway that is designed for transport of mined material, personnel, or equipment, usually by the installation of track or belt conveyor. | |
| Headframe | The structure surmounting the shaft which supports the hoist rope pulley, and often the hoist itself. | |
| Heading | A vein above a drift. An interior level or airway driven in a mine. In longwall workings, a narrow passage driven upward from a gangway in starting a working in order to give a loose end. | |
| Heaving | Applied to the rising of the bottom after removal of the coal; a sharp rise in the floor is called a "hogsback". | |
| Highwall | The unexcavated face of exposed overburden and coal in a surface mine or in a face or bank on the uphill side of a contour mine excavation. | |
| Highwall miner | A highwall mining system consists of a remotely controlled continuous miner which extracts coal and conveys it via augers, belt or chain conveyors to the outside. The cut is typically a rectangular, horizontal cut from a highwall bench, reaching depths of several hundred feet or deeper. | |
| Hoist | A drum on which hoisting rope is wound in the engine house, as the cage or skip is raised in the hoisting shaft. | |
| Hoisting | The vertical transport coal or material | |
| Horizon | In geology, any given definite position or interval in the stratigraphic column or the scheme of stratigraphic classification; generally used in a relative sense. | |
| Horseback | A mass of material with a slippery surface in the roof; shaped like a horse's back. | |
| Hydraulic | Of or pertaining to fluids in motion. Hydraulic cement has a composition which permits it to set quickly under water. Hydraulic jacks lift through the force transmitted to the movable part of the jack by a liquid. Hydraulic control refers to the mechanical control of various parts of machines, such as coal cutters, loaders, etc., through the operation or action of hydraulic cylinders. | |
| Hydrocarbon | A family of chemical compounds containing carbon and hydrogen atoms in various combinations, found especially in fossil fuels. | |
| I | ||
| Inby | In the direction of the working face. | |
| Incline | Any entry to a mine that is not vertical (shaft) or horizontal (adit). Often incline is reserved for those entries that are too steep for a belt conveyor (+17 degrees -18 degrees), in which case a hoist and guide rails are employed. A belt conveyor incline is termed a slope. Alt: Secondary inclined opening, driven upward to connect levels, sometimes on the dip of a deposit; also called "inclined shaft". | |
| Incompetent | Applied to strata, a formation, a rock, or a rock structure not combining sufficient firmness and flexibility to transmit a thrust and to lift a load by bending. | |
| In situ | In the natural or original position. Applied to a rock, soil, or fossil when occurring in the situation in which it was originally formed or deposited. | |
| Intake | The passage through which fresh air is drawn or forced into a mine or to a section of a mine. | |
| J | ||
| Jackleg | A percussion drill used for drifting or stopping that is mounted on a telescopic leg which has an extension of about 2.5 m. The leg and machine are hinged so that the drill need not be in the same direction as the leg. | |
| Jackrock | A caltrop or other object manufactured with one or more rounded or sharpened points, which when placed or thrown present at least one point at such an angle that it is peculiar to and designed for use in puncturing or damaging vehicle tires. Jackrocks are commonly used during labor disputes. | |
| Joint | A divisional plane or surface that divides a rock and along which there has been no visible movement parallel to the plane or surface. | |
| K | ||
| Kettle bottom | A smooth, rounded piece of rock, cylindrical in shape, which may drop out of the roof of a mine without warning. The origin of this feature is thought to be the remains of the stump of a tree that has been replaced by sediments so that the original form has been rather well preserved. | |
| Kerf | The undercut of a coal face. | |
| L | ||
| Layout | The design or pattern of the main roadways and workings. The proper layout of mine workings is the responsibility of the manager aided by the planning department. | |
| Lift | The amount of coal obtained from a continuous miner in one mining cycle. | |
| Liquefaction | The process of converting coal into a synthetic fuel, similar in nature to crude oil and/or refined products, such as gasoline. | |
| Lithology | The character of a rock described in terms of its structure, color, mineral composition, grain size, and arrangement of its component parts; all those visible features that in the aggregate impart individuality of the rock. Lithology is the basis of correlation in coal mines and commonly is reliable over a distance of a few miles. | |
| Load | To place explosives in a drill hole. Also, to transfer broken material into a haulage device. | |
| Loading machine | Any device for transferring excavated coal into the haulage equipment. | |
| Loading pocket | Transfer point at a shaft where bulk material is loaded by bin, hopper, and chute into a skip. | |
| Longwall Mining | One of three major underground coal mining methods currently in use. Employs a steal plow, or rotation drum, which is pulled mechanically back and forth across a face of coal that is usually several hundred feet long. The loosened coal falls onto a conveyor for removal from the mine. | |
| Loose coal | Coal fragments larger in size than coal dust. | |
| M | ||
| Methane | A potentially explosive gas formed naturally from the decay of vegetative matter, similar to that which formed coal. Methane, which is the principal component of natural gas, is frequently encountered in underground coal mining operations and is kept within safe limits through the use of extensive mine ventilation systems. | |
| Mine development - | The term employed to designate the operations involved in preparing a mine for ore extraction. These operations include tunneling, sinking, cross-cutting, drifting, and raising. | |
| Miner | One who is engaged in the business or occupation of extracting ore, coal, precious substances, or other natural materials from the earth's crust. | |
| Mineral | An inorganic compound occurring naturally in the earth's crust, with a distinctive set of physical properties, and a definite chemical composition. | |
| Mining Engineer | A person qualified by education, training, and experience in mining engineering. A trained engineer with knowledge of the science, economics, and arts of mineral location, extraction, concentration and sale, and the administrative and financial problems of practical importance in connection with the profitable conduct of mining. | |
| Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) | the federal agency which regulates coal mine health and safety. | |
| Mud cap | A charge of high explosive fired in contact with the surface of a rock after being covered with a quantity of wet mud, wet earth, or sand, without any borehole being used. Also termed adobe, dobie, and sandblast (illegal in coal mining). | |
| N | ||
| Natural ventilation | Ventilation of a mine without the aid of fans or furnaces. | |
| Nip | Device at the end of the trailing cable of a mining machine used for connecting the trailing cable to the trolley wire and ground. | |
| O | ||
| Open end pillaring | A method of mining pillars in which no stump is left; the pockets driven are open on the gob side and the roof is supported by timber. | |
| Outby; outbye | Nearer to the shaft, and hence farther from the working face. Toward the mine entrance. The opposite of inby. | |
| Outcrop | Coal that appears at or near the surface. | |
| Overburden | Layers of soil and rock covering a coal seam. Overburden is removed prior to surface mining and replaced after the coal is taken from the seam. | |
| Overcast (undercast) | Enclosed airway which permits one air current to pass over (under) another without interruption. | |
| P | ||
| Panel | - A coal mining block that generally comprises one operating unit. | |
| Peat | The partially decayed plant matter found in swamps and bogs, one of the earliest stages of coal formation. | |
| Percussion drill | A drill, usually air powered, that delivers its energy through a pounding or hammering action. | |
| Permissible | That which is allowable or permitted. It is most widely applied to mine equipment and explosives of all kinds which are similar in all respects to samples that have passed certain tests of the MSHA and can be used with safety in accordance with specified conditions where hazards from explosive gas or coal dust exist. | |
| Permit | As it pertains to mining, a document issued by a regulatory agency that gives approval for mining operations to take place. | |
| Piggy-back | A bridge conveyor. | |
| Pillar | An area of coal left to support the overlying strata in a mine; sometimes left permanently to support surface structures. | |
| Pillar robbing | The systematic removal of the coal pillars between rooms or chambers to regulate the subsidence of the roof. Also termed "bridging back" the pillar, "drawing" the pillar, or "pulling" the pillar. | |
| Pinch | 1. A compression of the walls of a vein or the roof and floor of a coal seam so as to "squeeze" out the coal; 2. A compression of the roof and floor of a coal seam so as to "squeeze" out the coal. | |
| Pitch | The inclination of a seam; the rise of a seam. | |
| Pneumoconiosis | A chronic disease of the lung arising from breathing coal dust. | |
| Preparation plant | A place where coal is cleaned, sized, and prepared for market | |
| Primer (booster) | A package or cartridge of explosive which is designed specifically to transmit detonation to other explosives and which does not contain a detonator. | |
| Proximate analysis | A physical, or non-chemical, test of the constitution of coal. Not precise, but very useful for determining the commercial value. Using the same sample (1 gram) under controlled heating at fixed temperatures and time periods, moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash content are successfully determined. Sulfur and Btu content are also generally reported with a proximate analysis. | |
| Pyrite | A hard, heavy, shiny, yellow mineral, FeS2 or iron disulfide, generally in cubic crystals. Also called iron pyrites, fool's gold, sulfur balls. Iron pyrite is the most common sulfide found in coal mines. | |