Английский язык для направления гороное дело. Облова И. Учебное пособие СанктПетербург 2020 удк 811. 111 (075. 8) Ббк 81. 2Англ я73 О18

• Название: Учебное пособие СанктПетербург 2020 удк 811. 111 (075. 8) Ббк 81. 2Англ я73 О18
• Анкор: Английский язык для направления гороное дело
• Дата: 20.10.2022
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• Тип: Учебное пособие; #743797
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R

Raise		A secondary or tertiary inclined opening, vertical or near-vertical opening driven upward form a level to connect with the level above, or to explore the ground for a limited distance above one level.
Ramp		A secondary or tertiary inclined opening, driven to connect levels, usually driven in a downward direction, and used for haulage.
Ranks of coal		The classification of coal by degree of hardness, moisture and heat content. "Anthracite" is hard coal, almost pure carbon, used mainly for heating homes. "Bituminous" is soft coal. It is the most common coal found in the United States and is used to generate electricity and to make coke for the steel industry. "Subbituminous" is a coal with a heating value between bituminous and lignite. It has low fixed carbon and high percentages of volatile matter and moisture. "Lignite" is the softest coal and has the highest moisture content. It is used for generating electricity and for conversion into synthetic gas. In terms of Btu or "heating" content, anthracite has the highest value, followed by bituminous, subbituminous and lignite.
Reclamation		The restoration of land and environmental values to a surface mine site after the coal is extracted. Reclamation operations are usually underway as soon as the coal has been removed from a mine site. The process includes restoring the land to its approximate original appearance by restoring topsoil and planting native grasses and ground covers.
Recovery		The proportion or percentage of coal or ore mined from the original seam or deposit.
Red dog		A nonvolatile combustion product of the oxidation of coal or coal refuse. Most commonly applied to material resulting from in situ, uncontrolled burning of coal or coal refuse piles. It is similar to coal ash.
Regulator		Device (wall, door) used to control the volume of air in an air split.
Reserve		That portion of the identified coal resource that can be economically mined at the time of determination. The reserve is derived by applying a recovery factor to that component of the identified coal resource designated as the reserve base.
Resin bolting		A method of permanent roof support in which steel rods are grouted with resin.
Resources		Concentrations of coal in such forms that economic extraction is currently or may become feasible. Coal resources broken down by identified and undiscovered resources. Identified coal resources are classified as demonstrated and inferred. Demonstrated resources are further broken down as measured and indicated. Undiscovered resources are broken down as hypothetical and speculative.
Respirable dust sample		A sample collected with an approved coal mine dust sampler unit attached to a miner, or so positioned as to measure the concentration of respirable dust to which the miner is exposed, and operated continuously over an entire work shift of such miner.
Retreat mining		A system of robbing pillars in which the robbing line, or line through the faces of the pillars being extracted, retreats from the boundary toward the shaft or mine mouth.
Return		The air or ventilation that has passed through all the working faces of a split.
Return idler		The idler or roller underneath the cover or cover plates on which the conveyor belt rides after the load which it was carrying has been dumped at the head section and starts the return trip toward the foot section.
Rib		The side of a pillar or the wall of an entry. The solid coal on the side of any underground passage. Same as rib pillar.
Rider		A thin seam of coal overlying a thicker one.
Ripper		A coal extraction machine that works by tearing the coal from the face.
Roll		1. A high place in the bottom or a low place in the top of a mine passage; 2. a local thickening of roof or floor strata, causing thinning of a coal seam.
Roll protection		A framework, safety canopy, or similar protection for the operator when equipment overturns.
Roof		The stratum of rock or other material above a coal seam; the overhead surface of a coal working place. Same as "back" or "top."
Roof jack		A screw- or pump-type hydraulic extension post made of steel and used as temporary roof support.
Roof sag		The sinking, bending, or curving of the roof, especially in the middle, from weight or pressure.
Roof stress		Unbalanced internal forces in the roof or sides, created when coal is extracted
Roof support		Posts, jacks, roof bolts and beams used to support the rock overlying a coal seam in an underground mine. A good roof support plan is part of mine safety and coal extraction.
Roof trusses		A combination of steel rods anchored into the roof to create zones of compression and tension forces and provide better support for weak roof and roof over wide areas.
Room and pillar mining		A method of underground mining in which approximately half of the coal is left in place to support the roof of the active mining area. Large "pillars" are left while "rooms" of coal are extracted.
Room neck		The short passage from the entry into a room.
Round		Planned pattern of drill holes fired in sequence in tunneling, shaft sinking, or stopping. First the cut holes are fired, followed by relief, lifter, and rib holes.
Run-of-mine		Raw material as it exists in the mine; average grade or quality.
S
Safety fuse		A train of powder enclosed in cotton, jute yarn, or waterproofing compounds, which burns at a uniform rate; used for firing a cap containing the detonation compound which in turn sets off the explosive charge.
Sampling		Cutting a representative part of an ore (or coal) deposit, which should truly represent its average value.
Sandstone		A sedimentary rock consisting of quartz sand united by some cementing material, such as iron oxide or calcium carbonate.
Scaling		Removal of loose rock from the roof or walls. This work is dangerous and a long bar (called a scaling bar)is often used.
Scoop		A rubber tired-, battery- or diesel-powered piece of equipment designed for cleaning runways and hauling supplies.
Scrubber		Any of several forms of chemical/physical devices that remove sulfur compounds formed during coal combustion. These devices, technically know as flue gas desulfurization systems, combine the sulfur in gaseous emissions with another chemical medium to form inert "sludge," which must then be removed for disposal.
Seam		A stratum or bed of coal.
Section		A portion of the working area of a mine.
Selective mining		The object of selective mining is to obtain a relatively high-grade mine product; this usually entails the use of a much more expensive stopping system and high exploration and development costs in searching for and developing the separate bunches, stringers, lenses, and bands of ore.
Self-contained breathing apparatus		A self-contained supply of oxygen used during rescue work from coal mine fires and explosions; same as SCSR (self-contained self rescuer).
Self-rescuer		A small filtering device carried by a coal miner underground, either on his belt or in his pocket, to provide him with immediate protection against carbon monoxide and smoke in case of a mine fire or explosion. It is a small canister with a mouthpiece directly attached to it. The wearer breathes through the mouth, the nose being closed by a clip. The canister contains a layer of fused calcium chloride that absorbs water vapor from the mine air. The device is used for escape purposes only because it does not sustain life in atmospheres containing deficient oxygen. The length of time a self-rescuer can be used is governed mainly by the humidity in the mine air, usually between 30 minutes and one hour.
Severance		The separation of a mineral interest from other interests in the land by grant or reservation. A mineral dead or grant of the land reserving a mineral interest, by the landowner before leasing, accomplishes a severance as does his execution of a mineral lease.
Shaft		A primary vertical or non-vertical opening through mine strata used for ventilation or drainage and/or for hoisting of personnel or materials; connects the surface with underground workings.
Shaft mine		An underground mine in which the main entry or access is by means of a vertical shaft.
Shale		A rock formed by consolidation of clay, mud, or silt, having a laminated structure and composed of minerals essentially unaltered since deposition.
Shearer		A mining machine for longwall faces that uses a rotating action to "shear" the material from the face as it progresses along the face.
Shift		The number of hours or the part of any day worked.
Shortwall		An underground mining method in which small areas are worked (15 to 150 feet) by a continuous miner in conjunction with the use of hydraulic roof supports.
Shuttle car		A self-discharging truck, generally with rubber tires or caterpillar-type treads, used for receiving coal from the loading or mining machine and transferring it to an underground loading point, mine railway or belt conveyor system.
Sinking		The process by which a shaft is driven.
Skid		1. A track-mounted vehicle used to hold trips or cars from running out of control; 2. It is a flat-bottom personnel or equipment carrier used in low coal.
Skip		A car being hoisted from a slope or shaft.
Slack		Small coal; the finest-sized soft coal, usually less than one inch in diameter.
Slag		The waste product of the process of smelting.
Slate		A miner's term for any shale or slate accompanying coal. Geologically, it is a dense, fine-textured, metamorphic rock, which has excellent parallel cleavage so that it breaks into thin plates or pencil-like shapes.
Slate bar		The proper long-handled tool used to pry down loose and hazardous material from roof, face, and ribs.
Slickenside		A smooth, striated, polished surface produced on rock by friction.
Slip		A fault. A smooth joint or crack where the strata have moved on each other.
Slope mine		An underground mine with an opening that slopes upward or downward to the coal seam.
Sloughing		The slow crumbling and falling away of material from roof, rib, and face.
Solid		Mineral that has not been undermined, sheared out, or otherwise prepared for blasting.
Sounding		Knocking on a roof to see whether it is sound and safe to work under.
Spad		A spad is a flat spike hammered into a wooden plug anchored in a hole drilled into the mine ceiling from which is threaded a plumbline. The spad is an underground survey station similar to the use of stakes in marking survey points on the surface. A pointer spad, or sight spad, is a station that allows a mine foreman to visually align entries or breaks from the main spad.
Span		The horizontal distance between the side supports or solid abutments along sides of a roadway.
Specific gravity		The weight of a substance compared with the weight of an equal volume of pure water at 4 degrees Celsius.
Split		Any division or branch of the ventilating current. Also, the workings ventilated by one branch. Also, to divide a pillar by driving one or more roads through it.
Squeeze		The settling, without breaking, of the roof and the gradual upheaval of the floor of a mine due to the weight of the overlying strata.
Steeply inclined		Said of deposits and coal seams with a dip of from 0.7 to 1 rad (40 degrees to 60 degrees).
Stemming		The noncombustible material used on top or in front of a charge or explosive.
Strike		The direction of the line of intersection of a bed or vein with the horizontal plane. The strike of a bed is the direction of a straight line that connects two points of equal elevation on the bed.
Stripping ratio		The unit amount of overburden that must be removed to gain access to a similar unit amount of coal or mineral material.
Stump		Any small pillar.
Subbituminous		Coal of a rank intermediate between lignite and bituminous.
Subsidence		The gradual sinking, or sometimes abrupt collapse, of the rock and soil layers into an underground mine. Structures and surface features above the subsidence area can be affected.
Sump		The bottom of a shaft, or any other place in a mine, that is used as a collecting point for drainage water.
Sumping		To force the cutter bar of a machine into or under the coal. Also called a sumping cut, or sumping in.
Support		The all-important function of keeping the mine workings open. As a verb, it refers to this function; as a noun it refers to all the equipment and materials--timber, roof bolts, concrete, steel, etc.--that are used to carry out this function.
Surface mine		A mine in which the coal lies near the surface and can be extracted by removing the covering layers of rock and soil.
Suspension		Weaker strata hanging from stronger, overlying strata by means of roof bolts.
Syncline		A fold in rock in which the strata dip inward from both sides toward the axis. The opposite of anticline.
T
Tailgate		A subsidiary gate road to a conveyor face as opposed to a main gate. The tailgate commonly acts as the return airway and supplies road to the face.
Tailpiece		Also known as foot section pulley. The pulley or roller in the tail or foot section of a belt conveyor around which the belt runs.
Tail section		A term used in both belt and chain conveyor work to designate that portion of the conveyor at the extreme opposite end from the delivery point. In either type of conveyor, it consists of a frame and either a sprocket or a drum on which the chain or belt travels, plus such other devices as may be required for adjusting belt or chain tension.
Tension		The act of stretching.
Tertiary		Lateral or panel openings (e.g., ramp, crosscut).
Through-steel		A system of dust collection from rock or roof drilling. The drill steel is hollow, and a vacuum is applied at the base, pulling the dust through the steel and into a receptacle on the machine.
Timber		A collective term for underground wooden supports.
Timbering		The setting of timber supports in mine workings or shafts for protection against falls from roof, face, or rib.
Tipple		Originally the place where the mine cars were tipped and emptied of their coal, and still used in that same sense, although now more generally applied to the surface structures of a mine, including the preparation plant and loading tracks.
Ton		A short or net ton is equal to 2,000 pounds; a long or British ton is 2,240 pounds; a metric ton is approximately 2,205 pounds.
Top		A mine roof; same as "back."
Torque wrench		A wrench that indicates, as on a dial, the amount of torque (in units of foot-pounds) exerted in tightening a roof bolt.
Tractor		A battery-operated piece of equipment that pulls trailers, skids, or personnel carriers. Also used for supplies.
Tram		Used in connection with moving self-propelled mining equipment. A tramming motor may refer to an electric locomotive used for hauling loaded trips or it may refer to the motor in a cutting machine that supplies the power for moving or tramming the machine.
Transfer		A vertical or inclined connection between two or more levels and used as an ore pass.
Transfer point		Location in the materials handling system, either haulage or hoisting, where bulk material is transferred between conveyances.
Trip		A train of mine cars.
Troughing idlers		The idlers, located on the upper framework of a belt conveyor, which support the loaded belt. They are so mounted that the loaded belt forms a trough in the direction of travel, which reduces spillage and increases the carrying capacity of a belt for a given width.
Tunnel		A horizontal, or near-horizontal, underground passage, entry, or haulageway, that is open to the surface at both ends. A tunnel (as opposed to an adit) must pass completely through a hill or mountain.
U
Ultimate analysis		Precise determination, by chemical means, of the elements and compounds in coal.
Undercut		To cut below or undermine the coal face by chipping away the coal by pick or mining machine. In some localities the terms "undermine" or "underhole" are used.
Underground mine		Also known as a "deep" mine. Usually located several hundred feet below the earth's surface, an underground mine's coal is removed mechanically and transferred by shuttle car or conveyor to the surface.
Underground station		An enlargement of an entry, drift, or level at a shaft at which cages stop to receive and discharge cars, personnel, and material. An underground station is any location where stationary electrical equipment is installed. This includes pump rooms, compressor rooms, hoist rooms, battery-charging rooms, etc.
Unit train		A long train of between 60 and 150 or more hopper cars, carrying only coal between a single mine and destination.
Universal coal cutter		A type of coal cutting machine which is designed to make horizontal cuts in a coal face at any point between the bottom and top or to make shearing cuts at any point between the two ribs of the place. The cutter bar can be twisted to make cuts at any angle to the horizontal or vertical.
Upcast shaft		A shaft through which air leaves the mine.
V
Valuation		The act or process of valuing or of estimating the value or worth; appraisal.
Velocity		Rate of airflow in lineal feet per minute.
Ventilation		The provision of a directed flow of fresh and return air along all underground roadways, traveling roads, workings, and service parts.
Violation		The breaking of any state or federal mining law.
Void		A general term for pore space or other reopenings in rock. In addition to pore space, the term includes vesicles, solution cavities, or any openings either primary or secondary.
Volatile matter		The gaseous part, mostly hydrocarbons, of coal.
W
Waste		That rock or mineral which must be removed from a mine to keep the mining scheme practical, but which has no value.
Water Gauge (standard U-tube)		Instrument that measures differential pressures in inches of water.
Wedge		A piece of wood tapering to a thin edge and used for tightening in conventional timbering.
Weight		Fracturing and lowering of the roof strata at the face as a result of mining operations, as in "taking weight".
White damp		1. Carbon monoxide, CO. A gas that may be present in the afterdamp of a gas- or coal-dust explosion, or in the gases given off by a mine fire; 2. One of the constituents of the gases produced by blasting. Rarely found in mines under other circumstances. It is absorbed by the hemoglobin of the blood to the exclusion of oxygen. One-tenth of 1% (.001) may be fatal in 10 minutes.
Width		The thickness of a lode measured at right angles to the dip.
Winning		The excavation, loading, and removal of coal or ore from the ground; winning follows development.
Winze		Secondary or tertiary vertical or near-vertical opening sunk from a point inside a mine for the purpose of connecting with a lower level or of exploring the ground for a limited depth below a level.
Wire rope		A steel wire rope used for winding in shafts and underground haulages. Wire ropes are made from medium carbon steels. Various constructions of wire rope are designated by the number of strands in the rope and the number of wires in each strand. The following are some common terms encountered: airplane strand; cable-laid rope; cane rope; elevator rope; extra-flexible hoisting rope; flat rope; flattened-strand rope; guy rope; guy strand; hand rope; haulage rope; hawser; hoisting rope; lay; left lay rope; left twist; nonspinning rope; regular lay; reverse-laid rope; rheostat rope; right lay; right twist; running rope; special flexible hoisting rope; standing rope; towing hawser; transmission rope.
Working		When a coal seam is being squeezed by pressure from roof and floor, it emits creaking noises and is said to be "working". This often serves as a warning to the miners that additional support is needed.
Working face		Any place in a mine where material is extracted during a mining cycle.
Working place		From the outby side of the last open crosscut to the face.
Workings		The entire system of openings in a mine for the purpose of exploitation.
Working section		From the faces to the point where coal is loaded onto belts or rail cars to begin its trip to the outside.

REFERENCES

1. Бюллетень компании Joy Mining Machinery LS24-0406-R1. – Joy Mining Machinery, 2006.

2. Бюллетень компании Joy Mining Machinery RP01-0406. – Joy Mining Machinery, 2006.

3. Wikipedia. -http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining

4. Английский для горняков. English For Mining Technology. Бакалавриат. Специалитет. Учебное пособие / Журавлева Р.И. - Москва: КноРус, 2020. - 202 с.

Учебное издание


Облова Ирина Сергеевна

Сищук Юлия Мирославовна

ENGLISH FOR MINING STUDENTS
АНГЛИйсКИЙ язык для ГОРНЯКОВ
УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

Редактор ………………………… И.Г. Клочкова

Технический редактор…………… В.А..Федорова

Корректор………… И.О. Калашников

Верстка, дизайн……П.П. Прохоров

Лицензия ИД № 154609

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