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| 1 | Speaking | Skin (Integumentary System) |
| II | Grammar | 1. Prepositional Infinitive Complex (§99). 2. Особливості перекладу інфінітивних комплексів (§100) |
| III | Independent Work | Taking Care of Skin and Its Appendages |
I. Speaking: Skin (Integumentary System)
After careful study of this unit you should be able to:
describe the layers of the integumentary system;
describe the appendages of the skin, their function and location;
list the main functions of the skin;
give the information about observation of the skin;
list the main diseases of the skin.
Exercise 1. Read and learn the following words, remember their Latin/Greek equivalents.
| English | Latin/Greek | Ukrainian |
| skin | cutis/dermato- | шкіра |
| epidermis | epidermis | епідерміс |
| dermis | dermis | дерміс |
| dermatitis | dermatitis | дерматит |
| eczema | eczema | екзема |
| hair | capilli | волосся |
| eyebrows | supercilia | брови |
| cilia | cilia | вії |
| beard [bisd] | barba | борода |
| nail [neil] | ungius | ніготь |
| papillae | papillae | сосочки |
| sweat [swet] | sudor/hidr(o)- | піт |
| sweat glands | glandulae sudoris | потові залози |
| integument | integumentum | покрив |
| sebum ['skbsm] | sebum/lipo-, steato- | сало, лій |
| sebaceous [si'beifas] | sebaceous | сальний |
| perspiration [,p3:sp3'r3ijh] | perspiratio | потовиділення |
| sunburn | combustio | опік |
| furuncles ['Аиоглпкіг] | furunculi | фурункули |
| carbuncles ['ка:Ьлпк1г] | carbunculi | карбункули |
| herpes ['li3:pi:z] | herpes | герпес, лишай |
| urticaria [,3:ti'keorio] | urticaria | кропивниця |
| decubitus ulcers [di'kju:bit?s'Als3z] | decubitus ulcus | пролежні |
Exercise 2. Read the text and translate it.
Skin
The skeleton is covered by the skin, by the layer of subcutaneous tissue and fat, and by the muscles.
The skin consists of two layers: an outer layer termed the epidermis, and an inner layer termed the dermis.
The epidermis is composed of a number of layers of cells which vary in shape from above downward. The cells in the surface layers are flat. Those in the layers lower down are round or many-sided; the cells in the deeper layers are column-shaped, and possess great vitality and power of reproduction.
The dermis is composed of a mass of loosely connected fibers which can be divided into two layers.
An outer layer is raised into a great number of conical or finger-like projections termed papillae. Each papilla contains blood vessels and nerve endings and also the rudiment of a hair. An inner layer consists of bands of connective tissue interlacing with each other and permeated by blood vessels, glands and fat.
The skin contains two sets of glands: the sweat glands and the sebaceous glands. The nails and hair are special structures developed from the epidermis.
The functions of the skin are of great importance and are as follows: to enclose contained parts, to act as a protective covering, to contain special nerve endings, which receive and convey certain waste products in the form of perspiration which consists of water with a proportion of mineral matter dissolved in it and a small quantity of carbonic acid. •
Observation of the skin can tell you much: what does its color indicate? Are there any lesions ['hVjsnz]: wounds, or local damage, or trauma, or eruption?
A general term referring to any skin disease is dermatitis. Inflammation of the skin is called dermatitis. Sunlight may cause chemical and biological changes in the skin, and it may lead to skin cancer. Eczema is a very unpleasant disease that may be found in all age groups of people, and eczema may affect any and all parts of the skin surface. It is noncontagious disease.
There are many other skin diseases, such as furuncles, carbuncles, psoriasis (a chronic disease with the skin covered by silvery scales), herpes, cancer of the skin, urticaria (an allergic reaction characterized by red patches (hives) often accompanied by severe itching), decubitus ulcers, or bedsores, or pressure ulcer - areas of dead skin and subcutaneous tissues. The nurse who cares for a bed patient must prevent the beginning of such a disease by frequent position change of this bed patient, because it is far easier than treatment of an established ulcer.
Exercise 3. Look at Fig. 9-1 and describe the structure of the skin.
Exercise 4. Name the skin glands and appendages.
Exercise 5. Describe the structure of the epidermis and dermis.
Exercise 6. Explain the main functions of the skin.
Exercise 7. List skin diseases.
Exercise 8. Answer the following questions.
What are the layers of the skin?
What is the difference between the cells of the surface layer and the deeper layer?
What does each papilla contain?
What does perspiration consist of?
What is the role of observation of the skin?
What is the difference in the terms dermatosis and dermatitis!
What disease may sunburn cause?
Is eczema a contagious disease?
pore (opening of sweat gland)
stratum corneum (horny layer)
stratum lucidium
epidermis
stratum germinati\-u (growing layer) papilla
sebaceous (oil) gland
dermis (corium)
muscle
sudoriferous " (oil) gland
subcutaneous layer
fibrous
connective tissue blood vessels
Fig. 9-1. Skin structure
9) What is urticaria?
10)What is the duty of the nurse who cares for bed patients?
II. Grammar Exercises
Exercise 1. Form adjectives using the suffix -j, translate them.
Air, word, health, water, risk, sun.
Exercise 2. Match the given adjectives and nouns.
Adjectives: hard, several, successful, whole, human, deep, clear.
Nouns: head, body, knowledge, work, subjects, day, examination, observation, skin.
Exercise 3. Name the part of speech of the words in bold type. Translate the sentences.
A. 1. Last month they had practical classes at the Chair of Therapy. 2. These experimen:-usually last for about two hours. 3. There are two terms in an academic year. 4. First-yea: students study many anatomical terms. 5. In summer I usually rest in the village. 6. My frier, c and I went to the theater and the rest of our group went to the cinema. 7. What kind of books do you like? 8. We know that this doctor is a very kind and intellectual person.
B.1.1 need your help very much. 2. A friend in need is a friend indeed (друзі пізнаються
в біді). 3. Nurses take care of patients. 4. She nurses patients with great care.
C. 1. At the end of the winter term we will take two examinations and at the end of the
spring term we will have five.
Exercise 4. Make up 10 sentences using the tables.
The best thing
We
She/he They
is
was will be
is
was will be would be
wait(s) waited will wait
important necessary dangerous better
for
for
for
me you him them
you us
them me
me
you
them
to stay here, to buy it. to take this
drug, to visit a
doctor.
to invite Richard, to wait for them, to go away, to think a little.
to have a talk.
to come back.
to answer the question.
to go out.
Exercise 5. Transform the following complex sentences into the Prepositional Infinitive Complex.
It is necessary that we start the operation today.
It is necessary that she recovers soon.
It is important that he works regularly.
It is necessary that you go to your doctor twice a year.
Exercise 6. Translate into Ukrainian:
The disease was too serious for that patient to recover soon.
It is cold for the children to go out.
The first thing for the doctor to do is to find out the child's case history.
It is very important for the nurse to know her duties.
The manipulation was too difficult for the nurse to do it without the help of the doctor.
It is necessary for many hypertension patients to be registered.
It is necessary for the eye to be operated on and treated for a long time.
The first thing for him to do is to consult a doctor.
Exercise 7. Translate into English.
Нам краще залишитись сьогодні вдома.
Йому важливо проконсультуватись у лікаря ще раз.
3. 4. 5.
Єдина правильна річ для них - це припинити палити. Вони зачекають, поки ми повернемося. Мені вже час іти додому.
ill. Independent Work: Taking Care of Skin and Its Appendages
Exercise 1. Read and translate the text.
Taking Care of Skin and Its Appendages
The most important factors for people to keep the skin and hair attractive are those that ensure good general health. Proper nutrition and adequate circulation are vital to the health of the skin. Cleansing soap-and-water bath or shower is an important part of good grooming and health. Careful hand washing with soap and water, with attention to the under nail areas, is a simple measure to reduce the spread of disease.
Dairly brushing of the hair removes dirt and dead skin cells and distributes hair oils. Shampooing the hair prevents accumulated dirt and oils from irritating the scalp.
The skin needs protection from continued exposure to sunlight to prevent premature aging and cancerous changes. Appropriate application of sunscreens before sun exposure can prevent skin damage.
Exercise 2. Write out sentences with the infinitive or its complexes. State their forms.
Exercise 3. Translate into Ukrainian, pay attention to the infinitive complexes.
For you to breathe fresh and pure air is very important.
It is not difficult for the doctor to treat the disease.
The patient is said to be operated in the operating room.
The nurse gave the patient sedative to relive the pain.
It is necessary for the ear to be treated for a long time.
The main thing for him is to consult a doctor.
The injection of this drug caused the temperature to rise for a short time.
He ordered everything to be prepared for blood transfusion.
Everybody knows morphine to be dangerous in conditions of low metabolism.
10. Scientists seem to find new methods in the treatment of cancer.
Exercise 5. Translate into English using infinitive complexes.
1. Ми бачили, як хірург робив цю операцію. 2. Він сподівається, що вона повернеться в неділю. 3. Кажуть, що вони обстежують хворих за допомогою комп'ютера. 4. Було чути, як дитина співала у дитячій кімнаті. 5. Нам краще було б використати цей метод лікування. 6. Я хочу, щоб ти швидко переклав цей текст.
UNIT TEN
| I | Speaking | Cardiovascular System. Blood |
| II | Grammar | Infinitive and Its Complexes (Revision) (§§95-100) |
| III | Independent Work | Blood Tests |
I. Speaking: Cardiovascular System. Blood
After careful study of this unit you should be able to:
list the functions of the blood;
list the main ingredients in the plasma;
name three elements of the blood;
define blood type;
explain the effect of blood type on transfusions;
define anemia and leukemia;
describe the tests used to study blood.
Exercise 1. Learn the following words by heart, remember their Latin/Greek equivalents.
| English | Latin/Greek | Ukrainian |
| anemia [s'nkmjs] | anaemia | анемія |
| corpuscle ['k3:pAs(s)l] | corpusculum | тільце |
| erythrocyte [i'ri9r3u,sait] (red blood cell) | erythrocytus | еритроцит |
| leukocyte [ iju:k3u,sait] (white blood cell) | leukocytus | лейкоцит |
| thrombocyte ['Orombs.sait], platelet ['pleitbt] | thrombocytus | тромбоцит |
| elasticity [^ilaes'tissti] | | еластичність |
| hemoglobin [.hiimsu'glaubin] | haemoglobinum | гемоглобін |
| maximal ['maeksimsl] | maximus | максимальний |
| hemolysis [hi:'irrolisis] | haemolysis | гемоліз |
| leukemia [lju:'kimis] | leukaemia | лейкемія |
| plasma ['plaezms] | plasma | плазма |
| serum ['siarsm] | serum | сироватка |
| thrombocytopenia | thrombocytopenia | тромбоцитопенія |
Exercise 2. Read the text, translate it, make up its detailed plan.
Blood
It is considered that the blood is a connective tissue, because nearly half of it is made up of cells. But the cells of the blood are not fixed in position, they move freely in the liquid portion of the blood called plasma.
The blood is the thick fluid of red color (it can be from bright scarlet to dark red. depending on how much oxygen it is carrying). The blood volume accounts for about 8 % of total body weight (about 5 liters).
The blood is carried through a closed system of vessels pumped by the heart and serves the body in three ways: transportation, regulation and protection.
The blood transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, minerals, vitamins, waste products and hormones.
The blood regulates fluid balance, body
,„ ., , ,, temperature; it protects the body from blood
Fig. 10-1. Blood cells , , • Л- • ■
loss and against foreign organisms.
The constituents of the blood are the
plasma and formed elements. The plasma is a liquid composed of water, proteins, nutrients.
minerals, waste products, hormones and other materials.
The elements of blood are erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets (or thrombocytes). There are some types of white cells: granulocytes (include neutrophils ['nju:tra,filz], eosinophils [,i:ou'sinafilz] and basophils ['beissfilz]), and agranulocytes (include lymphocytes and monocytes) (Fig. 10-1).
Each element has its own function:
erythrocytes transport oxygen;
leukocytes destroy pathogens, so they protect the body against infection;
thrombocytes participate in blood clotting.
There are cases when the amount of blood is severely reduced. The body cells suffer from lack of oxygen and nutrients. With the help of transfusion we can increase the amount of the blood. Transfusion is a procedure of administering blood from another person and giving it to the patient. The person who gives the blood is called the donor, and the person who receives it is called the recipient.
Human blood is divided into four groups: group AB, group A, group B, group 0. These letters indicate the type of antigen present in the red cells, with 0, indicating that neither A nor В antigen is present. It is these antigens in the donor's red cells that react with the antibodies in the patient's plasma and cause a transfusion reaction.
Persons with group 0 are said to be universal donors and the persons with group AB are called universal recipients.
To blood disorders belong anemia, leukemia, hemophilia and thrombocytopenia. Anemia is the lack of hemoglobin. Leukemia is the excess production of white corpuscles. Hemophilia is the lack of clotting factors. Thrombocytopenia is the lack of platelets.
Exercise 3. List the functions of the blood.
Exercise 4. Look at Fig. 10-1, name all the components of the blood.
Exercise 5. Find sentences describing the composition of the plasma (use the text).
Exercise 6. What is the main function of:
erythrocytes?
leukocytes?
thrombocytes?
Exercise 7. Speak about groups of blood (use Table 10-1 and Fig. 10-2).
Table 10-1. Blood Groups
| | О (I) | A (II) | В (III) | AB (IV) |
| Antigens | | A | В | А, В |
| Antibodies | a, (3 | P | a | - |