Вступний фонетикоорфоепічний курс вступ
 Скачать 25.36 Mb.
|
|
Exercise 2. Find terms of Latin or Greek origin, explain their meaning. Write them down in your copy-book. Exercise 3. Ask questions based on the text. UNIT SEVEN
I. Speaking: Joints After careful study of this unit you should be able to:
Exercise 1. Learn the following words. amphiarthrosis [,asmfia:'9rausis] напіврухомий суглоб; амфіартроз arthritis [a:'9raitis] артрит diarthrosis [,daia:'9reusis] (справжній) суглоб; діартроз synarthrosis [,sina:'9r9usis] синартроз synovial [sai'nsuvisl] синовіальний articulation [a:,tikju'leijn] суглоб cartilaginous [kaiti'bdjinss] хрящовий bursa ['b3:sa] сумка bursitis [b3:'saitis] бурсит (запалення синовіальної сумки) ellipsoid [i'lipsoid] еліпсоїд hinge [Ьіпаз] завіса; шарнір trochoid ['trsukoid] трохоїдний condyloid ['knndi.bid] виростковий (bicondylar) saddle ['sa;dl] сідловидний, сідлоподібний spheroidal [sfiaraidsl] кулястий (суглоб) flexion ['flekfn] згинання extension [iks'tenfn] розгинання abduction [Eeb'dAkJh] відведення, абдукція adduction [е'сІлкГп] приведення, аддукція sprains [sprein] розтягнення зв'язок dislocation [rdislo'keiJh] вивих gout [gaot] подагра angle ['aerjgl] кут Exercise 2. Read the text and try to understand it without a dictionary (your vocabulary will help you). Joints An articulation, or a joint unites two or more bones together. Joints are divided into three main groups according to the material between the bones. Also they are classified according to the degree of movement permitted:
- synovial joints are placed between the bones, where there is a space betv/een them, called the joint cavity; the cavity is filled with a synovial fluid and the joints can freely move. These joints are called diarthrosis (Table 7-1). Table 7-І. Types of Joints
Most joints are synovial. The bones connected by these joints are held together by ligaments. Near some joints there are small sacks called bursae, which are also filled with synovial fluid. Inflammation of a bursa is called bursitis. Synovial joints may be classified according to the types of movement: spheroidal, trochoid, ellipsoid, bicondylar, hinge and sellar. The chief function of the freely movable joints is to allow for changes of position and so provide for motion. Here are some examples of movement that changes the angles between bones; for example, flexion is bending the fingers to close the hand, extension is straightening the fingers to open the hand, abduction is moving the arms straight out to the sides, adduction is bringing the arms back to their original position beside the body. There are some other movements of bones: to turn the head, to turn the palm down or backward, to turn the sole inward or outward, etc. Joints are subject to certain disorders of mechanical nature: dislocations and sprains. But the most common joint disease is arthritis or inflammation of the joints. There are different kinds of arthritis: -osteoarthritis, which occurs mostly in joints of the hips, knees, and spinal column; degenerative changes include the formation of spurs, thickening of the synovial membrane, atrophy of the cartilage, and calcification of the ligaments; -rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by swelling of joints of the hands, feet and other parts of the body; -infectious arthritis can be brought on by such infection as rheumatic fever and gonorrhea; -gout is a kind of arthritis caused by a disturbance of metabolism. Any joint can be involved, but the one most commonly affected is the big toe. Exercise 3. a) Give definitions of the terms:
b) List three types of joints. Exercise 4. Give English equivalents of the Latin words. Articulatio, ligamentum, cartilago, dislocatio, arthritis, articulationes synoviales. articulatio ellipsoidea. articulatio sellaris. bursa, bursitis. (Find them in the text.) Exercise 5. Look at Table 7-1. Make up a dialog with your fellow student about types of joints, their movement, material between the bones and examples where such joints are found. Exercise 6. Differentiate between the terms in each of the following pairs:
Exercise 7. Speak about joint disorders according to the plan.
Exercise 8. Answer the following questions.
II. Grammar Exercises Exercise 1. Form and translate new words using the given suffixes. -ion/-ation, -sion, -tion: fix, prepare, decide, add, inform, infect, protect -ment: require, achieve, treat, appoint, excite -(i)ty: responsible, human, special, possible -(i)ly: day, successful, necessary, clear, deep, main -y: word, sleep, health, air, ease Exercise 2. Turn the following sentences into negative.
3.1 returned to the hostel at 2 p.m. 4. He feels tired after his classes. Exercise 3. Complete the sentences using the Objective Infinitive Complex. як ви розмовляєте англійською. 1.1 have як він робить ін'єкції, never як цей хворий кашляє, heard щоб цей хворий скаржився. щоб хворий переніс операцію добре. 2. I'd like щоб вони підтвердили наш діагноз. щоб медсестра зміряла температуру, щоб хірург допоміг зробити перев'язку. Exercise 4. Put special questions to the following sentences using the given interrogative words.
Exercise 5. Change these complex sentences into simple ones using the Objective Infinitive Complex as in the example. We didn't expect that the patient would become alert so soon. - We didn't expect the patient to become alert so soon. 1.1 haven't seen how surgeons close wounds in layers.
Exercise 6. Translate the following sentences into English, use the Objective Infinitive Complex.
III. Independent Work: Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Exercise 1. Read the text, translate it, write down new words into your vocabulary. Anti-Inflammatory Drugs There are numerous medicines which are used to relieve pain in bones and joints. Doctors very often administer "Butadionum" in such cases as arthritis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis. The action of "Butadionum" is anti-inflammatory and against local pain. "Reopirinum" has softer action than "Butadionum" and it is used in the same cases as the latter. There are many new drags which are compatible with "Butadionum" and "Reopirinum". They are used to intensify their action or to substitute them. For example, the ointment "Indometacinum" is more effective than "Butadionum". Its action is more intense. This drug is also characterized as anti-inflammatory, anti-fever and sedative medicine. A common side effect of all these medicines is rash on the skin. In such a case you must stop using the ointment at once and consult a doctor. Maybe the doctor will prescribe you other drugs or use the ointment in combination with vitamins or something else. The newest ointment "Finalgonum" is the best for your muscles, bones and joints. It immediately stops even severe pain and its action continues during three to six hours. Notes: anti-inflammatory - протизапальний tO relieve 'ШСГІ0К0ПИ local pain місцевий біль to substitute замінити anti-fever - жарознижуючий Exercise 2. Make up a dialog: you are a traumatologist and you receive a patient with severe pain in his knee. 1. Ask him: a) his name, age; information about his family, etc.; b) what's happened; what troubles him; when he fell ill.
UNIT EIGHT
I. Speaking: Musculoskeletal System After careful study of this unit you should be able to:
Exercise 1. Read and learn the following words.
|